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1,003 results for “darkness”
Combined dark, 1000 sec exposure, Andor Aspen CG16M
<p>Combination of 100 dark images, each with exposure time 100 seconds.</p>
Figure 9 from: Vahtera V, Stoev P, Akkari N (2020) Five million years in the darkness: A new troglomorphic species of Cryptops Leach, 1814 (Chilopoda, Scolopendromorpha) from Movile Cave, Romania. ZooKeys 1004: 1-26. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1004.58537
Figure 9 Map of Europe showing geographic distribution of Cryptops specimens analyzed herein. Asterisk – C. speleorex sp. nov. Dot – other Cryptops spp. used in the study (see Table 1 for details).
Figure 5 from: Vahtera V, Stoev P, Akkari N (2020) Five million years in the darkness: A new troglomorphic species of Cryptops Leach, 1814 (Chilopoda, Scolopendromorpha) from Movile Cave, Romania. ZooKeys 1004: 1-26. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1004.58537
Figure 5 Cryptops spp., Coxopleural pore field ACryptops speleorex sp. nov., holotype BCryptops anomalans, Pirin Mts (Bulgaria).
Figure 6 from: Vahtera V, Stoev P, Akkari N (2020) Five million years in the darkness: A new troglomorphic species of Cryptops Leach, 1814 (Chilopoda, Scolopendromorpha) from Movile Cave, Romania. ZooKeys 1004: 1-26. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1004.58537
Figure 6 Cryptops speleorex sp. nov., legs. A holotype, walking leg B paratype (ZMUT), walking leg, close-up of apical claw C holotype, ultimate legs, lateral view D, E paratype (NHMW), distal articles of ultimate teeth showing saw teeth.
Figure 7 from: Vahtera V, Stoev P, Akkari N (2020) Five million years in the darkness: A new troglomorphic species of Cryptops Leach, 1814 (Chilopoda, Scolopendromorpha) from Movile Cave, Romania. ZooKeys 1004: 1-26. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1004.58537
Figure 7 The single most parsimonious tree of length 1586 steps with jackknife resampling values > 50% shown on the nodes. Branch lengths represent the number of optimized character-state changes.
Figure 4 from: Vahtera V, Stoev P, Akkari N (2020) Five million years in the darkness: A new troglomorphic species of Cryptops Leach, 1814 (Chilopoda, Scolopendromorpha) from Movile Cave, Romania. ZooKeys 1004: 1-26. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1004.58537
Figure 4 Cryptops spp., sternites 8–9 and spiracles A, B sternites 8–9 ACryptops speleorex sp. nov., holotype, arrow indicating the endosternite BCryptops anomalans, Pirin Mts (Bulgaria) C, D spiracles CCryptops speleorex sp. nov., holotype DCryptops anomalans, Pirin Mts (Bulgaria).
Figure 3 from: Vahtera V, Stoev P, Akkari N (2020) Five million years in the darkness: A new troglomorphic species of Cryptops Leach, 1814 (Chilopoda, Scolopendromorpha) from Movile Cave, Romania. ZooKeys 1004: 1-26. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1004.58537
Figure 3 Cryptops spp., forcipular coxosternum, ventral view ACryptops speleorex sp. nov., holotype BCryptops anomalans, Pirin Mts (Bulgaria).
Figure 1 from: Vahtera V, Stoev P, Akkari N (2020) Five million years in the darkness: A new troglomorphic species of Cryptops Leach, 1814 (Chilopoda, Scolopendromorpha) from Movile Cave, Romania. ZooKeys 1004: 1-26. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1004.58537
Figure 1 Cryptops speleorex sp. nov. A holotype, habitus, dorsal view B paratype (ZMUT), posteriormost segments and ultimate legs, dorsal view.
Figure 2 from: Vahtera V, Stoev P, Akkari N (2020) Five million years in the darkness: A new troglomorphic species of Cryptops Leach, 1814 (Chilopoda, Scolopendromorpha) from Movile Cave, Romania. ZooKeys 1004: 1-26. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1004.58537
Figure 2 Cryptops spp., head and anteriormost segments ACryptops speleorex sp. nov., holotype, dorsal view BCryptops anomalans, Pirin Mts (Bulgaria), dorsolateral view (slightly apical).
FIGURE 26 in Spinirta gen. nov., a new dark sac spider genus from southern China (Araneae: Corinnidae)
FIGURE 26. Distribution of Spinirta gen. nov. species treated in this paper.
FIGURE 25 in Spinirta gen. nov., a new dark sac spider genus from southern China (Araneae: Corinnidae)
FIGURE 25. Spinirta rugosa sp. nov.: A. epigyne, ventral view; B. vulva, dorsal view.
FIGURE 23 in Spinirta gen. nov., a new dark sac spider genus from southern China (Araneae: Corinnidae)
FIGURE 23. Spinirta qizimeiensis sp. nov.: A. epigyne, ventral view; B. vulva, dorsal view.
FIGURE 21 in Spinirta gen. nov., a new dark sac spider genus from southern China (Araneae: Corinnidae)
FIGURE 21. Spinirta leigongshanensis sp. nov.: A. epigyne, ventral view; B. vulva, dorsal view.
Data from: Anthropogenic disruption of the night sky darkness in urban and rural areas
The growing emissions of artificial light to the atmosphere are producing, among other effects, a significant increase of the night sky brightness (NSB) above its expected natural values. A permanent sensor network has been deployed in Galicia (northwest of Iberian peninsula) to monitor the anthropogenic disruption of the night sky darkness in a countrywide area. The network is composed of 14 detectors integrated in automated weather stations of MeteoGalicia, the Galician public meteorological agency. Zenithal NSB readings are taken every minute and the results are openly available in real time for researchers, interested stakeholders and the public at large through a dedicated website. The measurements allow one to assess the extent of the loss of the natural night in urban, periurban, transition and dark rural sites, as well as its daily and monthly time courses. Two metrics are introduced here to characterize the disruption of the night darkness across the year: the significant magnitude (m1/3) and the moonlight modulation factor (γ). The significant magnitude shows that in clear and moonless nights the zenithal night sky in the analysed urban settings is typically 14–23 times brighter than expected from a nominal natural dark sky. This factor lies in the range 7–8 in periurban sites, 1.6–2.5 in transition regions and 0.8–1.6 in rural and mountain dark sky places. The presence of clouds in urban areas strongly enhances the amount of scattered light, easily reaching amplification factors in excess of 25, in comparison with the light scattered in the same places under clear sky conditions. The periodic NSB modulation due to the Moon, still clearly visible in transition and rural places, is barely notable at periurban locations and is practically lost at urban sites.
Data from: Coarse dark patterning functionally constrains adaptive shifts from aposematism to crypsis in strawberry poison frogs
Ecological specialization often requires tight co-evolution of several traits, which may constrain future evolutionary pathways and make species more prone to extinction. Aposematism and crypsis represent two specialized adaptations to avoid predation. We tested whether the combined effects of color and pattern on prey conspicuousness functionally constrain or facilitate shifts between these two adaptations. We combined data from 17 natural populations of Strawberry poison frogs, Oophaga pumilio with an experimental approach using digitalized images of frogs and chickens as predators. We show that bright coloration often co-occurs with coarse patterning among the natural populations. Dull green frogs with coarse patterning are rare in nature but in the experiment they were as easily detected as bright red frogs suggesting that this trait combination represent a transient evolutionary state towards aposematism. Hence, a gain of either bright color or coarse patterning leads to conspicuousness but a transition back to crypsis would be functionally constrained in populations with both bright color and coarse patterning by requiring simultaneous changes in two traits. Thus, populations (or species) signaling aposematism by conspicuous color should be less likely to face an evolutionary dead-end and more likely to radiate than populations with both conspicuous color and coarse patterning.
Data from: Communication value of mistakes in dark-eyed junco song
Sexual signals contain information on individual quality or motivation, and most explanations for their reliability are based on signal costs. A recent suggestion is that signaling mistakes, defined as deviations from typical signal design, provide cues on individual quality, contributing to reliable communication even when signal design is not costly. We describe several atypical song traits in dark-eyed juncos (Junco hyemalis) that may be mistakes during song production or development and occur in up to 6% of songs. These putative mistakes were more frequent in an urban versus a wildland population, and individuals differed in their frequency of mistakes. Some atypical signals were more frequent in younger males or were negatively related to paternity success, supporting the hypothesis that fewer mistakes indicate individual quality. We also discuss unexpected results, such as some atypical signals being more frequent in more ornamented males and in songs with lower performance demands. Song consistency (similarity across syllable renditions) was positively related to male age and paternity success; nonetheless, relations with paternity were stronger when looking at the most deviant syllable renditions, suggesting that the perceptual salience of large mistakes may mediate receiver responses to song consistency. Results indicate that signaling mistakes reveal relevant information to play a role in communication.
Data from: Transcriptome and proteome dynamics of a light-dark synchronized bacterial cell cycle
BACKGROUND: Growth of the ocean's most abundant primary producer, the cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus, is tightly synchronized to the natural 24-hour light-dark cycle. We sought to quantify the relationship between transcriptome and proteome dynamics that underlie this obligate photoautotroph's highly choreographed response to the daily oscillation in energy supply. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Using Illumina RNA-sequencing transcriptomics and mass spectrometry-based quantitative proteomics, we measured timecourses of paired mRNA-protein abundances for 312 genes every 2 hours over a light-dark cycle. These temporal expression patterns reveal strong oscillations in transcript abundance that are broadly damped at the protein level, with mRNA levels varying on average 2.3 times more than the corresponding protein. The single strongest observed protein-level oscillation is in a ribonucleotide reductase, which may reflect a defense strategy against phage infection. The peak in abundance of most proteins also lags that of their transcript by 2-8 hours, and the two are completely antiphase for some genes. While abundant antisense RNA was detected, it apparently does not account for the observed divergences between expression levels. The redirection of flux through central carbon metabolism from daytime carbon fixation to nighttime respiration is associated with quite small changes in relative enzyme abundances. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Our results indicate that expression responses to periodic stimuli that are common in natural ecosystems (such as the diel cycle) can diverge significantly between the mRNA and protein levels. Protein expression patterns that are distinct from those of cognate mRNA have implications for the interpretation of transcriptome and metatranscriptome data in terms of cellular metabolism and its biogeochemical impact.
Fig. 3 in High and lowland dependent wing phenotypic variation of the dark blue tiger butterfly, Tirumala septentrionis (Butler, 1874) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) with FE-SEM wing scales nanomorphology
Fig. 3. Centroid size analysis of (A) Forewing and (B) Hindwing of T. septentrionis.
Supplementary material 1 from: Karakasi D, Paragamian K, Mylonas M, Vardinoyannis K (2024) What`s crawling in the dark? An annotated list of gastropods in Greek caves. Subterranean Biology 48: 73-116. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.48.113383
List of caves and their locality. Caves with an asterisk (*) are artificial caves.
Figure 6 from: Karakasi D, Paragamian K, Mylonas M, Vardinoyannis K (2024) What`s crawling in the dark? An annotated list of gastropods in Greek caves. Subterranean Biology 48: 73-116. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.48.113383
Figure 6 The number of caves in Greece that are reported to host from one to nine cave-dwelling gastropods.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.