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1,186 results for “defensiveness”
Data from: Sweet tetra-trophic interactions: multiple evolution of nectar secretion, a defensive extended phenotype in cynipid gall wasps
Many herbivores employ reward-based mutualisms with ants to gain protection from natural enemies. We examine the evolutionary dynamics of a tetra-trophic interaction in which gall wasp herbivores induce their host oaks to produce nectar-secreting galls, which attract ants that provide protection from parasitoids. We show that, consistent with other gall defensive traits, nectar secretion has evolved repeatedly across the oak gall wasp tribe and also within a single genus (Disholcaspis) that includes many nectar-inducing species. Once evolved, nectar secretion is never lost in Disholcaspis, consistent with high defensive value of this trait. We also show that evolution of nectar secretion is correlated with a transition from solitary to aggregated oviposition, resulting in clustered nectar-secreting galls, which produce a resource that ants can more easily monopolize. Such clustering is commonly seen in ant guard mutualisms. We suggest that correlated evolution between maternal oviposition and larval nectar induction traits has enhanced the effectiveness of this gall defense strategy.
Data from: Step-wise evolution of complex chemical defenses in millipedes: a phylogenomic approach
With fossil representatives from the Silurian capable of respiring atmospheric oxygen, millipedes are among the oldest terrestrial animals, and likely the first to acquire diverse and complex chemical defenses against predators. Exploring the origin of complex adaptive traits is critical for understanding the evolution of Earth's biological complexity, and chemical defense evolution serves as an ideal study system. The classic explanation for the evolution of complexity is by gradual increase from simple to complex, passing through intermediate "stepping stone" states. Here we present the first phylogenetic-based study of the evolution of complex chemical defenses in millipedes by generating the largest genomic-based phylogenetic dataset ever assembled for the group. Our phylogenomic results demonstrate that chemical complexity shows a clear pattern of escalation through time. New pathways are added in a stepwise pattern, leading to greater chemical complexity, independently in a number of derived lineages. This complexity gradually increased through time, leading to the advent of three distantly related chemically complex evolutionary lineages, each uniquely characteristic of each of the respective millipede groups.
Data from: Defensive chemicals of neighboring plants limit visits of herbivorous insects: associational resistance within a plant population
Despite our understanding of chemical defenses and their consequences for plant performance and herbivores, we know little about whether defensive chemicals in plant tissues, such as alkaloids, and their spatial variation within a population play unappreciated and critical roles in plant-herbivore interactions. Neighboring plants can decrease or increase attractiveness of a plant to herbivores, an example of a neighborhood effect. Chemical defensive traits may contribute to neighborhood effects in plant-herbivore interactions. We examined the effects of nicotine in leaves (a non-emitted defense chemical) on plant-herbivore interactions in a spatial context, using two varieties of <i>Nicotiana tabacum</i> with different nicotine levels. A common garden experiment demonstrated that visits by grasshoppers decreased with increasing density of neighboring plants with a greater nicotine level. In contrast, visits of leaf caterpillars were not affected by neighbors, irrespective of nicotine levels. Thus, our results clearly highlighted that the neighborhood effect caused by the nicotine in leaves depended on the insect identity, and it was mediated by plant-herbivore interactions, rather than plant-plant interactions. This study demonstrates that understanding of effects of plant defensive traits on plant-herbivore interactions requires careful consideration of the spatial distribution of plant defenses, and provides support for the importance of spatial context to accurately capture the ecological and evolutionary consequences of plant-herbivore interactions.
Data from: Integration of two herbivore-induced plant volatiles results in synergistic effects on plant defense and resistance
Plants can use induced volatiles to detect herbivore‐ and pathogen‐attacked neighbors and prime their defenses. Several individual volatile priming cues have been identified, but whether plants are able to integrate multiple cues from stress‐related volatile blends remains poorly understood. Here, we investigated how maize plants respond to two herbivore‐induced volatile priming cues with complementary information content, the green leaf volatile (Z)‐3‐hexenyl acetate (HAC) and the aromatic volatile indole. In the absence of herbivory, HAC directly induced defense gene expression, while indole had no effect. Upon induction by simulated herbivory, both volatiles increased jasmonate signaling, defense gene expression and defensive secondary metabolite production and increased plant resistance. Defenses and resistance in dual‐volatile exposed plants were more strongly induced than in plants exposed to single volatiles. Induced defense levels in dual volatile‐exposed plants were significantly higher than predicted from the added effects of the individual volatiles, with the exception of induced plant volatile production, which showed no increase upon dual‐exposure relative to single exposure. Thus, plants can integrate different volatile cues into strong and specific responses that promote herbivore defense induction and resistance. Integrating multiple volatiles may be beneficial, as volatile blends are more reliable indicators of future stress than single cues.
Unveiling the inhibition mechanism of host-defense peptide cathelicidin LL-37 on the amyloid aggregation of human islet amyloid polypeptide
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Supplementary material to "Manipulation of Robustness in Self-Organizing Systems on the the Example of UAV Defense"
<p>Supplementary material to the bachelor thesis "Manipulation of Robustness in Self-Organizing Systems on the the Example of UAV Defense".</p>
Functional changes in fortified places: Strategy and defensive architecture in the Medieval and Early Modern Era
<p><strong>Data for Scott Kirk's Doctoral Dissertation.</strong></p> <p><strong>Dissertation Abstract:</strong></p> <p>Defined as fortified elite Houses, castles are a cross-cultural phenomenon, best understood by pairing Niche Construction Theory (NCT) with the Lévi-Straussian concept of the House. NCT can be thought of as a theory of the built environment, thus the material configuration of castles and their placement on the landscape reflect elite socio-cultural requirements. My dissertation asks: How do changes in castle morphology and landscape placement reflect broad shifts in function diachronically and cross-culturally?</p> <p>Wherever elites are militarized, castles typically appear. Similarities in castle design and function are best understood through anthropological frameworks and comparative, interdisciplinary approaches. Using a sample of castles from medieval European, western colonial, and nonwestern societies, I hypothesize that: (1) castle building is a common, cross-cultural behavior, (2) geography and the environment constrain castle location, allowing for a landscape-based typology of castles, and (3) changes in castle placement and design reflect large-scale social competition between elites.</p> <p>These hypotheses contradict much of the current regionally-focused work in castle studies, which are often grounded in national ideologies. Early 20th century studies were more aligned with my hypotheses. Revisiting these earlier investigations, my dissertation uses anthropological theories within an interdisciplinary approach. It combines architectural, statistical, and geospatial analyses to quantitatively test how similar castle placement and co-occurring architectural features are cross-culturally, and how these attributes change over time in relation to elite competition.</p> <p>This research has general and theoretical significance for assessing mechanisms of elite status reinforcement, behavior, and decision-making across space and time. Building a typology that characterizes castles as resource control points, examining how similar architectural features appear in disparate cultures, and exploring social change driven by elite competition, my dissertation takes aim at nationalistic policies by illustrating cross-cultural similarities that are applicable to the modern world in terms of increasing wealth disparities and socioeconomic inequality.</p>
PREPARING YOUNG PEOPLE FOR THE DEFENSE OF THE MOTHERLAND
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Fig. 3 Catapotia laevissima Thomson, larval morphology. a–h, i–k in The debris-cloaking larva of Catapotia laevissima and the origin of defensive strategies in Anamorphidae and other Coccinelloidea (Coleoptera)
Fig. 3 Catapotia laevissima Thomson, larval morphology. a–h, i–k fourth instar; h third instar. a Fourth instar, dorsal with head removed. b Ventral view of head. c Apex of maxilla. d Left mandible, ventral.
Fig. 2 Catapotia laevissima Thomson, larval morphology. a First instar, dorsal. b Second instar, dorsal. c Third instar, dorsal with exuvial skin attached. d in The debris-cloaking larva of Catapotia laevissima and the origin of defensive strategies in Anamorphidae and other Coccinelloidea (Coleoptera)
Fig. 2 Catapotia laevissima Thomson, larval morphology. a First instar, dorsal. b Second instar, dorsal. c Third instar, dorsal with exuvial skin attached. d Fourth instar (mature larva), dorsal. e Fourth instar (mature larva), ventral
Fig. 5 in The debris-cloaking larva of Catapotia laevissima and the origin of defensive strategies in Anamorphidae and other Coccinelloidea (Coleoptera)
Fig. 5 Graphical summary of defensive strategies and habits in the coccinellid group of Coccinelloidea arranged following the phylogenetic framework of Robertson et al. (2015). Clades are collapsed to subfamily level and to genera for Anamorphidae. Variation within a group was indicated with bicolored squares and represented within each by relative proportion. For the defensive strategies a scoring with question mark, "?", indicates that a trait is unknown but is considered likely for a taxon based on the biology of its relatives. For
Fig. 4 in The debris-cloaking larva of Catapotia laevissima and the origin of defensive strategies in Anamorphidae and other Coccinelloidea (Coleoptera)
Fig. 4 Natural history of members of the coccinellid group. a, b debris-cloaked Anamorphidae larvae; c, d gut content of second instar Catapotia laevissima; e, f aposematic colouration in Stenotarsus globosus Guérin–Méneville. a Catapotia laevissima third instar larva with exuvial skin attached and covered with debris (Xalapa, Mexico). b Bystus aff. fibulatus (Gorham) first instar larva with debris
Fig 7 from: Fargeaud K, Gardiner T (2018) The response of Orthoptera to grazing on flood defense embankments in Europe. Journal of Orthoptera Research 27(1): 53-60. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.27.25183
Fig 7 Uncut grassland and scrub on a sea wall folding (Brightlingsea, Essex, UK); credit T. Gardiner.
Fig 4 from: Fargeaud K, Gardiner T (2018) The response of Orthoptera to grazing on flood defense embankments in Europe. Journal of Orthoptera Research 27(1): 53-60. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.27.25183
Fig 4 Sheep grazing on a sea wall folding creating a heterogeneous, patchy sward favorable for Orthoptera (Brightlingsea, Essex, UK); credit T. Gardiner.
Fig 3 from: Fargeaud K, Gardiner T (2018) The response of Orthoptera to grazing on flood defense embankments in Europe. Journal of Orthoptera Research 27(1): 53-60. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.27.25183
Fig 3 Light sheep grazing on a sea wall creating a heterogeneous, patchy sward favorable for Orthoptera (Little Oakley, Essex, UK); credit T. Gardiner.
Defense Meteorology Satellite Program (DMSP) Electron Precipitation (SSJ) Auroral Boundaries, 2010-2014
<p>This dataset contains comma seperated value (CSV) files describing the equatorward and poleward edges of the auroral oval in magnetic and geocentric coordinates as determined in Kilcommons et al. 2017 (https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JA023342), using the ssj_auroral_boundary Python package version 1 (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3267414) This dataset spans 15 satellite years 2010-2014, DMSP spacecraft flights 16, 17 and 18.</p>
Fig. 3 in Molecular cloning of the trypsin inhibitor from the skin secretion of the Madagascan Tomato Frog, Dyscophus guineti (Microhylidae), and insights into its potential defensive role
Fig. 3 MALDI-TOF mass spectrum of the protease inhibitor-containing fraction
A-destructive-active-defense-algorithm-for-deepfake-face-images
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Temperature differentially influences the capacity of Trichoderma species to induce plant defense responses in tomato against insect pests
<p>Species of the ecological opportunistic, avirulent fungus, <em>Trichoderma</em> are widely used in agriculture for their ability to protect crops from the attack of pathogenic fungi and for plant growth promotion activity. Recently, it has been shown that they may also have complementary properties that enhance plant defense barriers against insects. However, the use of these fungi is somewhat undermined by their variable level of biocontrol activity, which is influenced by environmental conditions. Understanding the source of this variability is essential for its profitable and wide use in plant protection. Here, we focus on the impact of temperature on <em>Trichoderma afroharzianum</em> T22, <em>Trichoderma atroviride</em> P1, and the defense response induced in tomato by insects. The <em>in vitro</em> development of these two strains was differentially influenced by temperature, and the observed pattern was consistent with temperature-dependent levels of resistance induced by them in tomato plants against the aphid, <em>Macrosiphum euphorbiae</em>, and the noctuid moth, <em>Spodoptera littoralis</em>. Tomato plants treated with <em>T. afroharzianum</em> T22 exhibited enhanced resistance toward both insect pests at 25°C, while <em>T. atroviride</em> P1 proved to be more effective at 20°C. The comparison of plant transcriptomic profiles generated by the two <em>Trichoderma</em> species allowed the identification of specific defense genes involved in the observed response, and a selected group was used to assess, by real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR), the differential gene expression in <em>Trichoderma</em>-treated tomato plants subjected to the two temperature regimens that significantly affected fungal biological performance. These results will help pave the way toward a rational selection of the most suitable <em>Trichoderma</em> isolates for field applications, in order to best face the challenges imposed by local environmental conditions and by extreme climatic shifts due to global warming.</p>
Data from: Global patterns of leaf defenses in oak species
Plant defensive traits drive patterns of herbivory and herbivore diversity among plant species. Over the past 30 years, several prominent hypotheses have predicted the association of plant defenses with particular abiotic environments or geographic regions. We used a strongly supported phylogeny of oaks to test whether defensive traits of 56 oak species are associated with particular components of their climatic niche. Climate predicted both the chemical leaf defenses and the physical leaf defenses of oaks, whether analyzed separately or in combination. Oak leaf defenses were higher at lower latitudes, and this latitudinal gradient could be explained entirely by climate. Using phylogenetic regression methods, we found that plant defenses tended to be greater in oak species that occur in regions with low temperature seasonality, mild winters, and low minimum precipitation, and that plant defenses may track the abiotic environment slowly over macroevolutionary time. The pattern of association we observed between oak leaf traits and abiotic environments was consistent with a combination of a seasonality gradient, which may relate to different herbivore pressures, and the resource availability hypothesis, which posits that herbivores exert greater selection on plants in resource-limited abiotic environments.
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