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Figure 10 in The osteology and phylogeny of the Hawaiian finch radiation (Fringillidae: Drepanidini), including extinct taxa
Figure 10. Distribution of logarithmic ratios of the height at the coronoid processes to the height at the lateral cotyla. See character 33.
Figure 6 in The osteology and phylogeny of the Hawaiian finch radiation (Fringillidae: Drepanidini), including extinct taxa
Figure 6. Distribution of measurements of the relative breadth of the supranasal bar. See character 11.
Figure 5 in The osteology and phylogeny of the Hawaiian finch radiation (Fringillidae: Drepanidini), including extinct taxa
Figure 5. Distribution of measurements of the degrees of arc of the premaxilla. Taxa with greater>40∞ omitted. See character 5.
Figure 15 in The osteology and phylogeny of the Hawaiian finch radiation (Fringillidae: Drepanidini), including extinct taxa
Figure 15. Crania of selected representatives of clades 1 to 4, from Figure 13. Lateral view of the skull and mandible in Loxioides bailleui MVZ 122621 (1a), Telespiza cantans USNM 502223 (1b), Chloridops kona AMNH 453677 (2a), Rhodancanthis flaviceps AMNH 453644 (2b), Xestospiza fastigialis (3; composite drawing, see material examined), and Melamprosops phaeosoma AMNH 810456 (4). Scale bar = 2 cm.
Figure 1 in The osteology and phylogeny of the Hawaiian finch radiation (Fringillidae: Drepanidini), including extinct taxa
Figure 1. Map of the Hawaiian Islands showing the principal collecting localities for fossil drepanidines. From west to east, the localities are (1) the Makawehi Dunes (Olson & James, 1982; Hearty et al., 2000), (2) Mahaulepu Cave (Burney et al., 2001), (3) sediments of mixed origin exposed near Ohikilolo Point (Storrs Olson, pers. comm.), (4) karstic solution pits and caves on the Ewa Plain near Barber's Point (Olson & James, 1982; Athens et al., 2002), (5) Pleistocene wetland sediments at Ulupau Head (James, 1987), (6) perched dunes at Ilio Point (Olson & James, 1982; Hearty et al., 2000), (7) the Moomomi Dunes (Olson & James, 1982; Hearty et al., 2000), (8) Puu Naio Cave (James et al., 1987), (9) Puu Makua Cave (Olson & James, 1991), (10) Lua Lepo Cave (Olson & James, 1991), (11) Auwahi Cave (Olson & James, 1991), (12) Crystal Cave (Olson & James, 1991), (13) Pukamoa (Medeiros, Loope & James, 1989), (14) Owl Cave (Jon Giffin, pers. comm.), (15) Umii Manu (Giffin, 1993), and (16) Petrel Cave (James & Olson, 2003). Localities (8) to (16) are lava tubes.
Figure 16 in The osteology and phylogeny of the Hawaiian finch radiation (Fringillidae: Drepanidini), including extinct taxa
Figure 16. Crania of selected representatives of clades 5 to 11, from Figure 13. Lateral view of the skull and mandible in Pseudonestor xanthophrys BMNH S/1961-11-40 (5), Vangulifer mirandus USNM 445807 (holotype) and USNM 445808 (6), Paroreomyza montana USNM 502188 (7), Loxops sagittirostris USNM AMNH 453236 (8), Akialoa stejnegeri USNM 19094 (9a), Hemignathus wilsoni MVZ 122610 (9b), Loxops v. virens USNM 553210 (10), Vestiaria coccinea USNM 502204 (11a), and Ciridops anna MCZ 10995 (11b). Scale bar = 2 cm.
Figure 6 in Molecules, morphology, missing data and the phylogenetic position of a recently extinct madtom catfish (Actinopterygii: Ictaluridae)
Figure 6. Results of phylogenetic analyses of the morphology data set. A, majority rule consensus topology of four equally parsimonious trees. Numbers above branches represent non-parametric bootstrap support, numbers below are Bremer (1988) decay indices. Species groups and subgenera recognized by Taylor (1969) are indicated as follows: E = Elegans group, FB = Funebris group, FR = Furiosus group, H = Hildebrandi group, M = Miurus group, N = Noturus, R = Rabida, S = Schilbeodes. B, Bayesian consensus topology; asterisks above branches indicate posterior probabilities ± 0.95.
Figure 8 in Molecules, morphology, missing data and the phylogenetic position of a recently extinct madtom catfish (Actinopterygii: Ictaluridae)
Figure 8. Results of phylogenetic analyses of the combined (morphology + cyt b + RAG2) data set. A, single most parsimonious tree resulting from parsimony analyses including (offset box at left) and excluding Noturus trautmani. Numbers above branches indicate non-parametric bootstrap support, numbers below branches correspond to node numbers in Table 2 which outlines partitioned Bremer (1988) support for each node. Nodes recovered in the morphologyonly analysis are indicated by an open circle, molecular analysis by a closed circle and both analyses by an open square. Clades recognized in this study are indicated as follows: a = albater, e = elegans, fb = funebris, fr = furiosus, g = gyrinus, h = hildebrandi, r = rabida. B, Bayesian consensus topology from analyses including (offset box at left) and excluding N. trautmani. Asterisks above branches indicate posterior probabilities ± 0.95. Nodes recovered with posterior probabilities ± 0.95 in the morphology-only analysis are indicated by an open circle, molecular analysis by a closed circle and both analyses by an open square.
Figure 7 in Molecules, morphology, missing data and the phylogenetic position of a recently extinct madtom catfish (Actinopterygii: Ictaluridae)
Figure 7. Results of phylogenetic analyses of the molecular (cyt b + RAG2) data set. A, single most parsimonious tree resulting from parsimony analysis. Numbers above branches indicate non-parametric bootstrap support, numbers below are Bremer (1988) decay indices. B, Bayesian consensus topology; asterisks above branches indicate posterior probabilities ± 0.95.
Figure 5. A, B in Molecules, morphology, missing data and the phylogenetic position of a recently extinct madtom catfish (Actinopterygii: Ictaluridae)
Figure 5. A, B, tripus and os suspensor, ventral view, anterior at top. A, Noturus maydeni, JFBM 40815; B, N. funebris, JFBM 43002. C–E, caudal vertebrae, lateral view, anterior at left. C, N. funebris, JFBM 43002; D, N. gladiator, JFBM 40771; E, N. elegans, JFBM 41047. c1 = vertebral centrum 1; CC1 = complex centrum – Weberian apparatus; osus = os suspensor; tr = tripus. Numbers refer to characters and states listed in Appendix S2. Scale bar = 1 mm.
Figure 4 in Molecules, morphology, missing data and the phylogenetic position of a recently extinct madtom catfish (Actinopterygii: Ictaluridae)
Figure 4. Weberian complex and associated dorsal fin structures, dorsal view, anterior at bottom. A, Noturus munitus, JFBM 43107; B, N. maydeni, JFBM 39170; C, N. gilberti, JFBM 42496; D, N. funebris, JFBM 43002. dsp1 = dorsal fin spine 1; dsp2 = dorsal fin spine 2; np1 = nuchal plate 1; np2 = nuchal plate 2; ns4 = neural spine 4; pr1 = proximal radial 1; tp4 = transverse process fourth vertebra; tp5 = transverse process fifth vertebra. Numbers refer to characters and states listed in Appendix S2. Scale bar = 1 mm.
Figure 2 in Molecules, morphology, missing data and the phylogenetic position of a recently extinct madtom catfish (Actinopterygii: Ictaluridae)
Figure 2. Suspensorium, lateral view, anterior at left. A, Noturus elegans, JFBM 41047; B, N. gladiator, JFBM 40771; C, N. insignis, JFBM 43239; D, N. funebris, JFBM 41501. enp = endopterygoid; h = hyomandibula; iop = interopercle; mpt = metapterygoid; op = opercle; pop = preopercle; q = quadrate. Numbers refer to characters and states listed in Appendix S2. Scale bar = 1 mm.
Figure 3. A, B in Molecules, morphology, missing data and the phylogenetic position of a recently extinct madtom catfish (Actinopterygii: Ictaluridae)
Figure 3. A, B, pectoral girdle, ventral view, anterior at top. A, Noturus munitus, JFBM 43107; B, N. funebris, JFBM 43002. C–E, posttemporo-supracleithrum, posterior view, anterior into page. C, N. munitus, JFBM 43107; D, N. eleutherus, JFBM 43055; E, N. funebris, JFBM 43002. cl = cleithrum; pr = pectoral radial; ps = pectoral fin spine; sco = scapulo-coracoid. Numbers refer to characters and states listed in Appendix S2. Cartilage shown by grey shading. Scale bar = 1 mm.
Figure 1 in Molecules, morphology, missing data and the phylogenetic position of a recently extinct madtom catfish (Actinopterygii: Ictaluridae)
Figure 1. Neurocranium and associated laterosensory canals, dorsal view, anterior at top. A, Noturus albater, JFBM 39350; B, N. eleutherus, JFBM 43055; C, N. insignis, JFBM 41247; D, N. funebris, JFBM 41501. ep = epioccipital; f = frontal; le = lateral ethmoid; me = mesethmoid; n = nasal; pa-so = parieto-supraoccipital; pto = pterotic; spo = sphenotic. Numbers refer to characters and states listed in Appendix S2. Cartilage shown by grey shading. Scale bar = 1 mm.
Figure 6 in Dental microwear in the orthodentine of the Xenarthra (Mammalia) and its use in reconstructing the palaeodiet of extinct taxa: the case study of Nothrotheriops shastensis (Xenarthra, Tardigrada, Nothrotheriidae)
Figure 6. Hierarchical cluster dendrogram (same method as Fig. 3) including Nothrotheriops shastensis among all extant xenarthran taxa. Note that N. shastensis clusters with extant folivores (Bradypus).
Figure 3 in Dental microwear in the orthodentine of the Xenarthra (Mammalia) and its use in reconstructing the palaeodiet of extinct taxa: the case study of Nothrotheriops shastensis (Xenarthra, Tardigrada, Nothrotheriidae)
Figure 3. Hierarchical cluster dendrogram of microwear variables for all extant xenarthran species in this study. Euclidean distance measure is used. Note that folivores (Bradypus) cluster together (shaded area).
Figure 4 in Dental microwear in the orthodentine of the Xenarthra (Mammalia) and its use in reconstructing the palaeodiet of extinct taxa: the case study of Nothrotheriops shastensis (Xenarthra, Tardigrada, Nothrotheriidae)
Figure 4. Plot of mean scratch and pit values for individual Cabassous centralis specimens (N = 11) in relation to extant xenarthran dietary ecomorphospaces from Fig. 2. The four individuals with highest scratch values are labelled by specimen number for reference within text.
Figure 10 in Skeletal anatomy of the extinct shark Paraorthacodus jurensis (Chondrichthyes; Palaeospinacidae), with comments on synechodontiform and palaeospinacid monophyly
Figure 10. Pelvic girdle of Paraorthacodus jurensis (SMNS 88987/1). A, specimen as preserved. B, cameralucida drawing. Scale bar = 10 mm. Abbreviations: mtp, metapterygium; pb, puboischiadic bar; pop, propterygium; vc, vertebral column.
Figure 7 in Skeletal anatomy of the extinct shark Paraorthacodus jurensis (Chondrichthyes; Palaeospinacidae), with comments on synechodontiform and palaeospinacid monophyly
Figure 7. Teeth of Paraorthacodus jurensis (SMNS 88987/1). A–B, anterior teeth in labial views. C, anterior teeth in labial (left) and lingual (right) views. D, anterior teeth in lingual views. E–H, lateral teeth in labial views. I–N, lateral teeth in lingual views. O, lateral tooth in basal view. P, lateral tooth in lingual view (left) and posterior tooth in labial view (right). Q–R, posterior teeth in lingual views. S, posterior tooth in labial view (scale bar only for S). All scale bars = 1 mm.
Figure 11 in Skeletal anatomy of the extinct shark Paraorthacodus jurensis (Chondrichthyes; Palaeospinacidae), with comments on synechodontiform and palaeospinacid monophyly
Figure 11. Vertebral column of Paraorthacodus jurensis. A, vertebra in transverse section displaying the characteristic palaeospinacid calcification of the asterospondylic type (holotype, GPIT 1210/1). Scale bar = 5 mm. B, abdominal vertebrae with preserved haemal arches (SMNS 88987/1). Scale bar = 10 mm.
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