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FIGURE 8 in Systematics of big-eyed bats, genus Chiroderma Peters, 1860 (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae)
FIGURE 8. Dorsal, ventral, and lateral views of skull and lateral view of the mandible of Chiroderma villosum (USNM 408644) from San Juan, Amazonas, Venezuela.
FIGURE 7 in Systematics of big-eyed bats, genus Chiroderma Peters, 1860 (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae)
FIGURE 7. Collecting localities of the Chiroderma specimens analyzed in this study. The localities are compiled in the gazetteer (Appendix 1).
FIGURE S2 in Systematics of big-eyed bats, genus Chiroderma Peters, 1860 (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae)
FIGURE S2. Tree obtained from the maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis of Chiroderma inferred from partial sequences of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI). Pie charts on the nodes indicate the support values (UltraFast Bootstrap), where the completely gray circle corresponds to 100%.
FIGURE 28 in Systematics of big-eyed bats, genus Chiroderma Peters, 1860 (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae)
FIGURE 28. Collecting localities of the analyzed specimens of Chiroderma improvisum, C. v. villosum and C. v. jesupi. The locality numbers are referenced in the gazetteer (Appendix 1).
FIGURE 35. Phylogenetic relationships between Chiroderma improvisum and C in Systematics of big-eyed bats, genus Chiroderma Peters, 1860 (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae)
FIGURE 35. Phylogenetic relationships between Chiroderma improvisum and C. villosum, based on 141 sequences of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene. Localities in parentheses are detailed in the gazetteer (Appendix 1). This subtree is a detailed version of the clades named "improvisum" and "villosum" in figure 4.
FIGURE 30 in Systematics of big-eyed bats, genus Chiroderma Peters, 1860 (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae)
FIGURE 30. Skull and mandible, in lateral view, of A) Chiroderma improvisum (TTU 31403—Montserrat) and B) C. villosum (USNM 520557—Panamá).
FIGURE 3 in Systematics of big-eyed bats, genus Chiroderma Peters, 1860 (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae)
FIGURE 3. Schematic drawing of the cranium of an adult Chiroderma villosum, based on specimen AMNH 235314, showing the limits of the cranial and dental measurements.
FIGURE 1 in Systematics of big-eyed bats, genus Chiroderma Peters, 1860 (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae)
FIGURE 1. Adult male Chiroderma trinitatum captured in Santana do Araguaia, Pará, Brazil, in February 2017 (MZUSP 36012). Note the conspicuous facial stripes and ears with whitish margins.
FIGURE 4 in Systematics of big-eyed bats, genus Chiroderma Peters, 1860 (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae)
FIGURE 4. Bayesian phylogeny obtained from the analysis of cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) of Chiroderma. The diagram represents the MCC (Maximum Clade Credibility) tree summarizing 22,501 molecular phylogenies. The vertical dashed line indicates the threshold between the between-species Poisson tree processes (PTP) and the within-species PTP. The triangle base lengths are proportional to the sample size of each clade. The posterior probability values are shown above the corresponding branches.
FIGURE 2 in Systematics of big-eyed bats, genus Chiroderma Peters, 1860 (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae)
FIGURE 2. Adult female Chiroderma villosum captured in Puerto Maldonado, Madre de Dios, Perú, in August 2016 (ROM F63087). Note the faint facial stripes, the long guard hairs on the head, and the noseleaf with notched tip.
Eye size and investment in frogs and toads correlate with adult habitat, activity pattern and breeding ecology
<p></p><p>Frogs and toads (Amphibia: Anura) display diverse ecologies and behaviours, which are often correlated with visual capacity in other vertebrates. Additionally, anurans exhibit a broad range of relative eye sizes, which have not previously been linked to ecological factors in this group. We measured relative investment in eye size and corneal size for 220 species of anurans representing all 55 currently recognized families and tested whether they were correlated with six natural history traits hypothesized to be associated with the evolution of eye size. Anuran eye size was significantly correlated with habitat, with notable decreases in eye investment among fossorial, subfossorial and aquatic species. Relative eye size was also associated with mating habitat and activity pattern. Compared to other vertebrates, anurans have relatively large eyes for their body size, indicating that vision is probably of high importance. Our study reveals the role that ecology and behaviour may have played in the evolution of anuran visual systems and highlights the usefulness of museum specimens, and importance of broad taxonomic sampling, for interpreting macroecological patterns.</p><p></p>
Longitudinal changes in the retinal microstructures of eyes with chiasmal compression
<p><b>Objective:</b> To test the hypothesis that there was a temporal change in the retinal microstructure after decompression surgery for chiasmal compression, the 1-year longitudinal changes in the inner and outer retinal thickness after decompression surgery were analyzed using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) with linear mixed-effects models.</p> <p><span><b>Methods:</b> SD-OCT was obtained from 87 eyes with chiasmal compression and compared to 100 healthy controls. The preoperative and 1-year postoperative longitudinal changes in the retinal layer thickness were measured. The thickness of each of the following retinal layers was analyzed: the macular retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), the ganglion cell layer (GCL), the inner plexiform layer (IPL), the inner nuclear layer, the outer plexiform layer, the outer nuclear layer, and the photoreceptor layer.</span></p> <p><span><b>Results:</b> The RNFL, GCL, and IPL showed thinning at a rate of 1.068 μm/year (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.523, 1.613), 1.189 μm/year (95% CI, 0.452, 1.925), and 1.177 μm/year (95% CI, 0.645, 1.709), respectively, after decompression surgery. The preoperative thickness of the intra-retinal layer was associated with postoperative visual field (VF) recovery (RNFL, odds ratio [OR] = 1.221, 95% CI, 1.058, 1.410; GCL, OR = 1.133, 95% CI, 1.024, 1.254; and IPL, OR = 1.174, 95% CI, 1.002, 1.376).</span></p> <p><span><b>Conclusions:</b> The changes in retinal microstructure persisted and progressed in eyes with chiasmal compression after decompression surgery. The findings provide insight into the biological and anatomical sequelae following chiasmal compression. The preoperative thickness of the inner retinal layers was associated with postoperative VF recovery. </span></p>
FIGURE 3 in A new species of cat-eyed snake (Serpentes: Dipsadinae: Leptodeirini) from the Andes of southern Ecuador
FIGURE 3. General view of Leptodeira misinawui sp. nov. in life. Top: holotype (MZUA-RE 0253); bottom: paratype (QCAZ 16510), adult male from Azuay province, road Santa Isabel-Pasaje. Photographs by E. Celi (top) and G. Pazmiño (bottom).
FIGURE 1 in A new species of cat-eyed snake (Serpentes: Dipsadinae: Leptodeirini) from the Andes of southern Ecuador
FIGURE 1. Phylogeny of Leptodeira. Maximum likelihood tree obtained from a RAXML analysis of three mitochondrial (16S, cytb, ND4) and two nuclear genes (NT3, DNAH3). Numbers next to branches are bootstrap support values; for clarity, support values on short branches are not shown. Voucher number is indicated for each terminal. In addition, country (if available) preceded by Department or Province are shown for taxa in the Leptodeira annulata/septentrionalis complex except L. maculata, L. rhombifera, and L. polysticta. Clade numbers (see Results) are shown next to vertical bars. Specimens sequenced in this paper are colored in brown. GenBank accession numbers along with more detailed locality data of newly sequenced specimens are presented in Table 1. Outgroup species Dipsas pratti is not shown.
FIGURE 2 in A new species of cat-eyed snake (Serpentes: Dipsadinae: Leptodeirini) from the Andes of southern Ecuador
FIGURE 2. Male holotype (MZUA-RE 0253) and female paratype (MZUA-RE 0252) of Leptodeira misinawui sp. nov. in preservative. Dorsal (A) and ventral (B) views of body, and dorsal, ventral and lateral views of head (C) of the holotype. Dorsal (D) and ventral (E) views of body, and dorsal, ventral and lateral views of head (F) of the paratype. Photographs by J.C. Sánchez. Scale bar (C, F) = 10 mm.
FIGURE 3 in Apennocoris pilosulus: rediscovery of a forgotten big-eyed bug taxon from New Caledonia (Heteroptera: Lygaeoidea: Geocoridae)
FIGURE 3. Details of Apennocoris pilosulus, macropterous male: A. labial trough, B. metapleurite with structures of metathoracic scent efferent apparatus (indicated with red arrow), C. detail of thorax and abdomen in lateral view with dorsal setosity. (scale bar: 1 mm).
FIGURE 2. Apennocoris pilosulus Montandon, 1907 in Apennocoris pilosulus: rediscovery of a forgotten big-eyed bug taxon from New Caledonia (Heteroptera: Lygaeoidea: Geocoridae)
FIGURE 2. Apennocoris pilosulus Montandon, 1907, macropterous male (MNHN): A. dorsal habitus, B. lateral view (scale bar: 1 mm).
FIGURE 1. Apennocoris pilosulus Montandon, 1907 in Apennocoris pilosulus: rediscovery of a forgotten big-eyed bug taxon from New Caledonia (Heteroptera: Lygaeoidea: Geocoridae)
FIGURE 1. Apennocoris pilosulus Montandon, 1907, coleopterous female (lectotype, KNHM): A. dorsal habitus, B. lateral view, C. labels (scale bar: 1 mm).
FIGURE 4. Stylogeocoris biroi Montandon, 1913 in Apennocoris pilosulus: rediscovery of a forgotten big-eyed bug taxon from New Caledonia (Heteroptera: Lygaeoidea: Geocoridae)
FIGURE 4. Stylogeocoris biroi Montandon, 1913 (lectotype, HNHM): A. dorsal habitus, B. labels, C. Thoracic pleurites, with metathoracic scent efferent apparatus (indicated with red arrow) (scale bar: 1 mm).
FIGURE 2 in Beauty in the eye of the beholder: a new species of gecko (Diplodactylidae Lucasium) from inland north Queensland, Australia
FIGURE 2. Maximum-likelihood phylogeny of Lucasium and related genera inferred with RAxML using mitochondrial ND2 sequences. Lucasium iris sp. nov. is recovered as well-supported and deeply divergent monophyletic lineage. With the exception of Lucasium occultum, all currently recognised species of Lucasium are represented. The genus Diplodactylus is collapsed for graphical purposes. Individuals sequenced herein include the specimen or tissue number after the respective GenBank accession number.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.