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Figure 59 in The Palaeozoic Ancestry of Salamanders, Frogs and Caecilians
Figure 59. Sequence of ossification of the bones of the forelimb and hindlimb of Apateon. A, stage V, ATD 264, hindlimb only. B, stage VI, specimen number 16258, Staatl. Museum für Naturkunde, Stuttgart.
Figure 26 in The Palaeozoic Ancestry of Salamanders, Frogs and Caecilians
Figure 26. Two larval stages of the Lower Jurassic pipoidea frog Shomronella jordanica from the Lower Cretaceous. Reproduced from Chipman & Tchernov (2002).
Figure 25. A, B in The Palaeozoic Ancestry of Salamanders, Frogs and Caecilians
Figure 25. A, B, pectoral and pelvic girdles of modern anurans. Reproduced from Duellman & Trueb (1986). This general pattern applies back to the Jurassic. C, D, manus and pes of the primitive living anuran Ascaphus truei. Reproduced from Ritland (1955). E, carpus of the Late Jurassic Notobatrachus degiustoi. Reproduced from Estes & Reig (1973).
Figure 22 in The Palaeozoic Ancestry of Salamanders, Frogs and Caecilians
Figure 22. Changes in the hyobranchial apparatus during metamorphosis in the primitive living frog Pelodytes. Reproduced from Cannatella (1999).
Figure 49. Karaurus, a in The Palaeozoic Ancestry of Salamanders, Frogs and Caecilians
Figure 49. Karaurus, a caudate from the Upper Jurassic of Russia that lies outside the crown-group urodeles. Note sculptured surface of the squamosal, which would preclude the extension of the adductor mandibulae internus out of the adductor chamber. Note also the very close similarity of the configuration of the hyoid apparatus with that of Chunerpeton (Fig. 47B).
Figure 29 in The Palaeozoic Ancestry of Salamanders, Frogs and Caecilians
Figure 29. Mechanics of the buccopharyngeal region in salamanders and frogs. A, B, lateral views of the skull and branchial region of a modern salamander. The movement of the hyobranchial apparatus is primarily posteroventral during inspiration. Reproduced from Deban & Wake (2000). C, lateral view of the chondrocranium of the tadpole of the primitive living frog Alytes obstetricans, showing the essentially vertical orientation of the major muscles that lower the midportion of the ceratohyals and so expand the buccal cavity. Reproduced from Sanderson & Kupferberg (1999), after Wassersug & Hoff (1982). D, E, diagrammatic anterior view of the buccal cavity, showing the antagonistic actions of the muscles that drive the major pumping apparatus in tadpoles. Reproduced from Cannatella (1999).
Figure 45. Caecilian vertebrae. A in The Palaeozoic Ancestry of Salamanders, Frogs and Caecilians
Figure 45. Caecilian vertebrae. A, atlas vertebra of Ichthyophis mindanaoensis in right lateral and anterior views. B, atlas of the Lower Cretaceous Rubricacaecilia monbaroni. C, right lateral view of anterior trunk vertebra of Rubricacaecilia monbaroni. D, atlas of the Lower Jurassic Eocaecilia macropoda. A–D, reproduced from Evans & Sigogneau-Russell (2001). E, lateral views of atlas and posterior trunk vertebra of Typhlonectes natans. Reproduced from Wake (2003).
Figure 21 in The Palaeozoic Ancestry of Salamanders, Frogs and Caecilians
Figure 21. Evolution of the anuran hyoid over 245 million years. A, the primitive living frog Leiopelma (Duellman & Trueb, 1986). B, the Lower Cretaceous Eodiscoglossus. Reproduced from Rodek (2000). C, the Lower Jurassic Vieraella. Reproduced from Báez & Basso (1996). D, Triadobatrachus, from the Lower Triassic. Reproduced from Rodek & Rage (2000).
Figure 19 in The Palaeozoic Ancestry of Salamanders, Frogs and Caecilians
Figure 19. Sequence of ossification of the cranial bones of the pelobatid frog Spea bombifrons. Reproduced from Wiens (1989).
Figure 53. A in The Palaeozoic Ancestry of Salamanders, Frogs and Caecilians
Figure 53. A, pattern of skull roof ossification in the smallest adequately known specimen of the osteolepiform fish Eusthenopteron, in which the dermal bones of the skull ossify essentially simultaneously. Reproduced from Schultze (1984). B, the skeleton of a very small specimen of the branchiosaur Micromelerpeton, in which the skull bones also ossify simultaneously. Scale bars 5 mm in length. Reproduced from Schoch & Carroll (2003).
Figure 23 in The Palaeozoic Ancestry of Salamanders, Frogs and Caecilians
Figure 23. Tongue and hyoid apparatus in frogs. A, cutaway of hyoid and tongue musculature of Bufo marinus at the beginning of the tongue-flip sequence. Reproduced from Gans & Gorniak (1982). B, major muscles of the buccal floor of frogs in oblique dorsal view. Reproduced from Liem (1985).
Figure 56 in The Palaeozoic Ancestry of Salamanders, Frogs and Caecilians
Figure 56. Neotenic adult of Apateon from the Lower Permian of Odernheim (Geological and Palaeontological Institute of Mainz, N800). A, complete skull showing calcified or ossified ceratobranchials (cb), with attached branchial denticles. B, enlarged view of teeth from the right dentary as seen through the orbit. Note the clear demarcation between the base and the crown (white arrows). The teeth in larval individuals are slender pegs, showing no trace of pedicellate structure. Scale bars: A, 5 mm; B, 1 mm.
Figure 41 in The Palaeozoic Ancestry of Salamanders, Frogs and Caecilians
Figure 41. Changes in the ossification of the skull between advanced larvae and adults of primitive caecilians. A–C, dorsal, palatal, and lateral views of a larva of the primitive caecilian Epicrionops bicolor. Shaded areas show the bones that are exposed due to the long delay in ossification of the cheek region. D–F, dorsal, palatal, and lateral views of the adult of Epicrionops bicolor. Note the retention of a large dorsal opening between the squamosal and the parietal, and the posterior extension of the maxillary portion of the maxillopalatine. G, H, lateral views of the skull of the larva and adult of Ichthyophis sp. Modified from Wake (2003).
Figure 17 in The Palaeozoic Ancestry of Salamanders, Frogs and Caecilians
Figure 17. Vertebrae and appendicular skeleton of salamanders. A, anterior view of the atlas of Salamandra salamandra. Reproduced from Francis (1934). B, C, lateral views of atlas and seventh trunk vertebra of Ambystoma opacum. Reproduced from Duellman & Trueb (1986). Note separate articulating surfaces for articulation with double-headed ribs. D, cartilaginous sternum of Salamandra salamandra. Reproduced from Francis (1934). E–K, appendicular elements of Hynobius nigrescens, specimen no. 22513 in the Herpetology Collection of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard. E, lateral and medial views of the fused scapula and coracoid; the dorsal, anterior, and ventral surfaces are extended in cartilage (coarse stippling). F, ventral view of left humerus. G, left lower forelimb in ventral view. H, I, pelvic girdle in ventral and left lateral view, with femur in place. J, right femur in ventral view. K, left lower hindlimb in dorsal view.
Figure 38 in The Palaeozoic Ancestry of Salamanders, Frogs and Caecilians
Figure 38. Comparative views of the braincase of the advanced modern caecilian Dermophis (A, B, C), the Lower Jurassic caecilian Eocaecilia (D, E), and the Lower Permian microsaur Rhynchonkos (F). A, D, F, lateral views. B, anterior view of sphenethmoid. C, E, dorsal views of sphenethmoid. Reproduced from F. A. Jenkins, D. Walsh & R. L. Carroll, 2007 (in press).
Figure 14 in The Palaeozoic Ancestry of Salamanders, Frogs and Caecilians
Figure 14. Musculature of the lower jaw and hyoid apparatus associated with feeding in terrestrial salamanders and frogs. A, ventral transverse throat musculature of Ambystoma tigrinum. B, hyobranchial apparatus and longitudinal throat and tongue musculature of Ambystoma tigrinum in ventral view. C–F, mandibular and hyoid musculature of Bufo marinus. C, superficial mandibular musculature, with medial raphe removed in upper right to expose deeper muscles. D, superficial (left) and deeper (right) hyoid musculature. E, tongue muscles. F, deep hyoid muscles (all in ventral view). A, B, reproduced from Larsen & Guthrie (1975). C, F, reproduced from Duellman & Trueb (1986).
Figure 16 in The Palaeozoic Ancestry of Salamanders, Frogs and Caecilians
Figure 16. Ventral view of Ambystoma tigrinum showing subvertebralis and retractor bulbi musculature. Reproduced from Larsen & Guthrie (1975).
Figure 13 in The Palaeozoic Ancestry of Salamanders, Frogs and Caecilians
Figure 13. Sequence of ossification of the bones of the skull of Ambystoma texanum. Reproduced from Bonebrake & Brandon (1971). A1, A2, dorsal and lateral views of stage II skull. B1, B2, B3, dorsal, ventral, and lateral views of stage III. C1, C2, C3, stage V. D1, D2, D3, stage VII.
Figure 12 in The Palaeozoic Ancestry of Salamanders, Frogs and Caecilians
Figure 12. The mechanics of feeding and respiration in larval salamanders. A, B, diagrams of the bones and major muscles of the oropharyngeal region of Ambystoma mexicanum in lateral and ventral views. Reproduced from Lauder (1985). C, D, mechanical models in lateral view showing posteroventral expansion of the buccopharyngeal cavity during inspiration. Reproduced from Deban & Wake (2000).
Figure 55 in The Palaeozoic Ancestry of Salamanders, Frogs and Caecilians
Figure 55. Diagrammatic illustrations of the sequence of cranial ossification of the uppermost Carboniferous branchiosaurid Apateon caducus on the left and modern hynobiid salamanders on the right. A, uniform grey shading identifies the successive ossification of bones in larger skulls of Apateon. Specimens from the Geological and Palaeontological Institute of Mainz, and numbers in accordance with increasing size: 1310, 1387, 1442, 1779, 1249, 1335, 1601. The millimetre scale at the bottom applies to all but the largest skull. Palatal bones are omitted on the right side to emphasize progressive closing of the gap in the skull margin between the jaw suspensorium and the maxilla. Reproduced from Schoch & Carroll (2003). B–D, growth stages in hynobiid salamanders. Only the palatal and jaw elements are ossified in the smallest specimen. B–D, growth stages in hynobiid salamanders. B, dorsal and palatal views of the skull of an adult specimen of Batrachuperus sinensis (Natural History Museum, London, no. 94-9-15-15). C, late larval stage of Batrachuperus mustersi. Redrawn from Deban & Wake (2000). D, dorsal and palatal views of Ranodon sibiricus. Redrawn from Lebedkina (1979). Ossified bones are in black; surrounding areas are cartilaginous at this stage. Based on an animal 36 mm in length. Scale bars, 1 mm.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.