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Figure 4 from: Felix R, Heller K-G, Odé B, Rebrina F, Skejo J (2020) Island mysteries in the spotlight: Barbitistes kaltenbachi and Rhacocleis buchichii, the only bush-cricket species endemic to Croatia (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae). ZooKeys 936: 25-60. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.936.51599
Figure 4 Collecting sites on Vis Is. and Hvar Is., Croatia A Vis Is., Mount Hum, St. Spirit Chapel (21 Jul. 2011). This locality is inhabited by both Barbitistes kaltenbachi and Rhacocleis buchichii. The vegetation is rich in Holm Oak bushes (Quercus ilex) (photograph R. Felix) B Hvar Is., Likova Glava, Bogomolje (30 May 2006), the habitat of B. kaltenbachi (photograph K.-G. Heller).
Supplementary material 1 from: Felix R, Heller K-G, Odé B, Rebrina F, Skejo J (2020) Island mysteries in the spotlight: Barbitistes kaltenbachi and Rhacocleis buchichii, the only bush-cricket species endemic to Croatia (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae). ZooKeys 936: 25-60. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.936.51599
Barbitistes kaltenbachi morphometrics
Figure 2 from: Felix R, Heller K-G, Odé B, Rebrina F, Skejo J (2020) Island mysteries in the spotlight: Barbitistes kaltenbachi and Rhacocleis buchichii, the only bush-cricket species endemic to Croatia (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae). ZooKeys 936: 25-60. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.936.51599
Figure 2 Photos of a syntype male of Barbitistes kaltenbachi by G. Puskás taken from OSF (Cigliano et al. 2019) (A–D) and drawings from Harz (1965, 1969) (E–J). The male specimen is labelled as a holotype, but since Harz (1965) did not designate a holotype, it should be labelled as syntype A pronotum and elytra of the syntype male in dorsal view B habitus of the male C labels of the male syntype D tip of abdomen with cerci and subgenital plate of the male E dorsal view of pronotum and elytra of a male F dorsal view of pronotum and elytra of a female G pronotum and elytrae of a male in lateral view H subgenital plate of a male seen from rear right I cercus of a male J base of ovipositor K ovipositor. Scale bars: 5 mm. Drawings are not to scale.
Figure 3 from: Felix R, Heller K-G, Odé B, Rebrina F, Skejo J (2020) Island mysteries in the spotlight: Barbitistes kaltenbachi and Rhacocleis buchichii, the only bush-cricket species endemic to Croatia (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae). ZooKeys 936: 25-60. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.936.51599
Figure 3 Habitus of Barbitistes kaltenbachi, Croatia, Vis Is., Mount Hum, 21 Jul. 2011 A male B collected male specimen and its cerci C, D females (photographs R. Felix). Scale bars: 5 mm.
Figure 5 from: Felix R, Heller K-G, Odé B, Rebrina F, Skejo J (2020) Island mysteries in the spotlight: Barbitistes kaltenbachi and Rhacocleis buchichii, the only bush-cricket species endemic to Croatia (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae). ZooKeys 936: 25-60. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.936.51599
Figure 5 Bioacoustic data of Barbitistes kaltenbachiA oscillogram showing bioacoustics terminology used in our study B, C details of the calling song (sections of 8 seconds) B second male starting in synchrony C second male starting anti-phasic, first male switching to synchrony D male song with extra syllables (red arrows, see text) E difference in starting time between the trigger syllables of two duetting males, always referring to a focal male; different colours indicate different male combinations; intervals in the lines mark duet pauses.
Supplementary material 3 from: Felix R, Heller K-G, Odé B, Rebrina F, Skejo J (2020) Island mysteries in the spotlight: Barbitistes kaltenbachi and Rhacocleis buchichii, the only bush-cricket species endemic to Croatia (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae). ZooKeys 936: 25-60. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.936.51599
Barbitistes kaltenbachi bioacoustics and comparative morphology
Figure 11 from: Felix R, Heller K-G, Odé B, Rebrina F, Skejo J (2020) Island mysteries in the spotlight: Barbitistes kaltenbachi and Rhacocleis buchichii, the only bush-cricket species endemic to Croatia (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae). ZooKeys 936: 25-60. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.936.51599
Figure 11 Habitus of Rhacocleis buchichii, Croatia, Vis Is., Mount Hum A male B cerci of the male C the same specimen in situ. Scale bars: 5 mm.
Figure 12 from: Felix R, Heller K-G, Odé B, Rebrina F, Skejo J (2020) Island mysteries in the spotlight: Barbitistes kaltenbachi and Rhacocleis buchichii, the only bush-cricket species endemic to Croatia (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae). ZooKeys 936: 25-60. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.936.51599
Figure 12 Bioacoustic data of Rhacocleis buchichiiA oscillogram showing one series of echemes (12 s) B oscillogram showing one echeme (500 ms).
Figure 9 from: Felix R, Heller K-G, Odé B, Rebrina F, Skejo J (2020) Island mysteries in the spotlight: Barbitistes kaltenbachi and Rhacocleis buchichii, the only bush-cricket species endemic to Croatia (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae). ZooKeys 936: 25-60. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.936.51599
Figure 9 The first published spelling and the oldest drawings of Rhacocleis buchichii after Herman (1874) (A–E) and Brunner von Wattenwyl (1882) (F–H) A head and pronotum in lateral view B head and pronotum in dorsal view C cerci of a male D subgenital plate of a female E ovipositor F habitus of a female in lateral view G cerci of a male H hind leg details, apex of tibia and tarsus. Drawings not to scale.
Figure 10 from: Felix R, Heller K-G, Odé B, Rebrina F, Skejo J (2020) Island mysteries in the spotlight: Barbitistes kaltenbachi and Rhacocleis buchichii, the only bush-cricket species endemic to Croatia (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae). ZooKeys 936: 25-60. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.936.51599
Figure 10 Photos of syntype male and female of Rhacocleis buchichii by Naskrecki, taken from OSF (Cigliano et al. 2019) (A–D) drawings from Harz (1969) (E–I) and details of specimens from Croatia, Hvar Is., near Pitve and Vrisnik, 13 Aug. 1996 (collection NBC) (J–L) (photos Luc Willemse, NBC) A male syntype and its label B pronotum and tegmina of the male in dorsal view C female syntype and its label D cerci and 10th tergite of the male E subgenital plate of a female F titillators G 10th tergite of a male H ovipositor I right cercus of a male J titillators lateral view K titillators caudal/posterior view L subgenital plate of a female. Scale bars: 5 mm (A–D, L); 1 mm (J, K). Drawings not to scale.
Figure 1 from: Felix R, Heller K-G, Odé B, Rebrina F, Skejo J (2020) Island mysteries in the spotlight: Barbitistes kaltenbachi and Rhacocleis buchichii, the only bush-cricket species endemic to Croatia (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae). ZooKeys 936: 25-60. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.936.51599
Figure 1 Distribution of the only known endemic bush-crickets (Tettigoniidae) of Croatia: Barbitistes kaltenbachi (localities 1–3) and Rhacocleis buchichii (localities 1, 4–14, ?) 1 new records from Vis Is., Mt. Hum (present paper) 2 Hvar Is., Likova Glava, Bogomolje (present paper; Warchałowska-Śliwa et al. 2013; Rebrina 2014) 3 Hvar Is., Sućuraj (present paper; Rebrina 2014) 4 Velika Greda, Troglav Mt. (Skejo et al. 2018) 5 Brač Is., south of Nere-žišća (Werner 1919) 6 Brač Is., Vidova Gora Mt. above Bol (Puskás et al. 2018) 7 new record from Brač Is., valley near Pučišća (present paper, leg., coll. KGH, 31 May 2006) 8 Hvar Is., Brusje (Novak 1888; Ramme 1951) 9 new record form Hvar Is., Pitve and Vrisnik (leg. R. Kleukers, 13 Aug. 1996, NBC) 10 Hvar Is, Mt. Humac (Novak 1888) 11 new record Hvar Is., between Jelsa and Gdinj (present paper, leg., coll. KGH, 25 Jul. 1982) 12 new record from Biokovo Mt., above Tučepi (present paper, leg., coll. KGH, 28 May 2006) 13 Biokovo Mt. (Wagner 2015) 14 Zaostrog (Gausz 1970) "?" presence on Korčula Is. has never been confirmed (Harz 1969).
Incipient speciation and secondary contact in a fossorial island endemic, the São Tomé caecilian
<p>Secondary contact of lineages in the early stages of divergence can result in lineage fusion or promote reproductive isolation through reinforcement. While these processes are well studied in many taxonomic groups, we know little about their contribution to diversification of the secretive and enigmatic caecilians (Amphibia: Gymnophiona). Here, we combine genetic (mtDNA and genome-wide SNPs) and phenotypic data to investigate the divergence history of caecilians endemic to the oceanic island of São Tomé in the Gulf of Guinea archipelago. Consistent with a previous mtDNA study, we find two phenotypically and genetically distinct lineages that occur along a north-to-south axis with extensive admixture in the centre of the island. Demographic modelling supports divergence in allopatry (~300 kya) followed by secondary contact (~95 kya). Contrary to a morphological study that interpreted latitudinal phenotypic variation in these caecilians as a cline within a single widespread species, our analyses suggest a history of allopatric lineage divergence and subsequent hybridization that may have blurred species boundaries. We propose that late Pleistocene volcanic activity favoured allopatric divergence between these lineages with local adaptation to climate maintaining a stable hybrid zone in the centre of São Tomé Island.</p>
Figure 9 from: Branch WR, Schmitz A, Lobón-Rovira J, Baptista NL, António T, Conradie W (2021) Rock island melody: A revision of the Afroedura bogerti Loveridge, 1944 group, with descriptions of four new endemic species from Angola. Zoosystematics and Evolution 97(1): 55-82. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.97.57202
Figure 9 Holotype of Afroedura donveae sp. nov. (PEM R17937) from Omauha Lodge, 15 km south of Tambor, Namibe Province, Angola. Photos: Werner Conradie.
Figure 6 from: Branch WR, Schmitz A, Lobón-Rovira J, Baptista NL, António T, Conradie W (2021) Rock island melody: A revision of the Afroedura bogerti Loveridge, 1944 group, with descriptions of four new endemic species from Angola. Zoosystematics and Evolution 97(1): 55-82. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.97.57202
Figure 6 Holotype of Afroedura bogerti (AMNH 47841) from Namba (Mombolo), Cuanza-Sul Province, Angola. Photos: Luis M.P. Ceríaco.
Figure 5 from: Branch WR, Schmitz A, Lobón-Rovira J, Baptista NL, António T, Conradie W (2021) Rock island melody: A revision of the Afroedura bogerti Loveridge, 1944 group, with descriptions of four new endemic species from Angola. Zoosystematics and Evolution 97(1): 55-82. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.97.57202
Figure 5 Live photos of Angolan flat geckos: A.Afroedura bogerti (PEM R24187); B.Afroedura wulfhaackei sp. nov. (paratype PEM R24232); C.Afroedura praedicta sp. nov. (holotype NB 854); D.Afroedura donveae sp. nov. (holotype PEM R17937); E.Afroedura vazpintorum sp. nov. (holotype PEM R24118); F.Afroedura vazpintorum sp. nov. (NB 0745); Photos: A, B, D, E. William R. Branch; C, F. Pedro Vaz Pinto.
Figure 8 from: Branch WR, Schmitz A, Lobón-Rovira J, Baptista NL, António T, Conradie W (2021) Rock island melody: A revision of the Afroedura bogerti Loveridge, 1944 group, with descriptions of four new endemic species from Angola. Zoosystematics and Evolution 97(1): 55-82. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.97.57202
Figure 8 Holotype of Afroedura praedicta sp. nov. (NB 854) from Serra da Neve, Namibe Province, Angola. Photos: Telmo António.
Figure 4 from: Branch WR, Schmitz A, Lobón-Rovira J, Baptista NL, António T, Conradie W (2021) Rock island melody: A revision of the Afroedura bogerti Loveridge, 1944 group, with descriptions of four new endemic species from Angola. Zoosystematics and Evolution 97(1): 55-82. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.97.57202
Figure 4 Typical habitat of Angolan Afroedura. A. Namba area (A. bogerti); B. Mt Sandula (Afroedura sp. 5); C. Serra da Neve (A. praedicta sp. nov.); D. Omauha Lodge (A. donveae sp. nov.); E. Farm Mucungo (A. vazpintorum sp. nov.); F. Bimbe (A. vazpintorum sp. nov.). Photos: A. Javier Lobón-Rovira; B, D, E. William R. Branch; C. Pedro Vaz Pinto; F. Ninda L. Baptista.
Figure 3 from: Branch WR, Schmitz A, Lobón-Rovira J, Baptista NL, António T, Conradie W (2021) Rock island melody: A revision of the Afroedura bogerti Loveridge, 1944 group, with descriptions of four new endemic species from Angola. Zoosystematics and Evolution 97(1): 55-82. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.97.57202
Figure 3 Summary boxplots (top whisker – maximum value; lower whisker – minimum value; dark horizontal line – median; box – 1st and 3rd quartile) comparing morphological features amongst the four species of Afroedura separated by sex: Afroedura bogerti (dark green – Ab; n = 9), Afroedura wulfhaackei sp. nov. (including the morphologically-indistinguishable Afroedura sp. 5–7 clades; blue – Aw; n = 40), Afroedura praedicta sp. nov. (light green – Ap; n = 5), Afroedura donveae sp. nov. (red – Ad; n = 17), Afroedura vazpintorum sp. nov. (orange – Av; n = 48).
Figure 7 from: Branch WR, Schmitz A, Lobón-Rovira J, Baptista NL, António T, Conradie W (2021) Rock island melody: A revision of the Afroedura bogerti Loveridge, 1944 group, with descriptions of four new endemic species from Angola. Zoosystematics and Evolution 97(1): 55-82. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.97.57202
Figure 7 Holotype of Afroedura wulfhaackei sp. nov. (PEM R24234) from Maka-Mombolo, Benguela Province, Angola. Photos: Werner Conradie.
Figure 10 from: Branch WR, Schmitz A, Lobón-Rovira J, Baptista NL, António T, Conradie W (2021) Rock island melody: A revision of the Afroedura bogerti Loveridge, 1944 group, with descriptions of four new endemic species from Angola. Zoosystematics and Evolution 97(1): 55-82. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.97.57202
Figure 10 Holotype of Afroedura vazpintorum sp. nov. (PEM R24118) from 1 km east of Farm Mucungo, Namibe Province, Angola. Photos: Werner Conradie.
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