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Fig. 64 in Immatures of Rophitine Bees, with Notes on their Nesting Biology (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Halictidae)

Fig. 64. Postdefecating larva of Conanthalictus bakeri? (specimen not certainly identified to species; see text). Fig. 65. Predefecating larva of C. bakeri (specimen certainly identified to species). Figs. 66, 67. Head of postdefecating larva of C. bakeri?, frontal and lateral views, respectively. Scale refers to figs. 64, 65.

Figs. 68, 69 in Immatures of Rophitine Bees, with Notes on their Nesting Biology (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Halictidae)

Figs. 68, 69. SEM micrographs of predefecating larva of Conanthalictus bakeri? 68. Labrum, right side, and right mandible, frontal view, showing tubercle on outer surface and bifid apex of mandible. 69. Right antenna, with sensilla identified by rectangles.

Figs. 62, 63. Rophites canus. 62 in Immatures of Rophitine Bees, with Notes on their Nesting Biology (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Halictidae)

Figs. 62, 63. Rophites canus. 62. SEM micrograph of spiracle. 63. Nesting site (in foreground) at the soccer field on the campus of Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey. This is the same soccer field where nests of Systropha planidens were excavated.

Figs. 56–61 in Immatures of Rophitine Bees, with Notes on their Nesting Biology (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Halictidae)

Figs. 56–61. SEM micrographs of postdefecating larvae of Rophites canus. 56. Head, frontal view. 57. Labiomaxillary region, frontal view. 58. Close-up of salivary lips, frontal view. 59. Left antenna, showing four sensilla. 60. Paired dorsal thoracic tubercles. 61. Close-up of meso- and metathoracic tubercles, right side, showing texture of flattened apices.

Figs. 50–55. Rophites canus. 50. Postdefecating larva, lateral view. 51 in Immatures of Rophitine Bees, with Notes on their Nesting Biology (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Halictidae)

Figs. 50–55. Rophites canus. 50. Postdefecating larva, lateral view. 51. Apex of abdomen, lateral view. 52. Head, frontal view. 53. Head, lateral view. 54. Right mandible, inner view. 55. Spiracle, side view. Scale refers to figs. 50, 51.

Fig. 47 in Immatures of Rophitine Bees, with Notes on their Nesting Biology (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Halictidae)

Fig. 47. Systropha planidens, cell, side view, front end toward left, showing dull wall with gauge marks (arrows) presumably caused by female

Figs. 38–41. Systropha planidens. 38. Predefecating larva, lateral view. 39. Head, frontal view. 40, 41 in Immatures of Rophitine Bees, with Notes on their Nesting Biology (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Halictidae)

Figs. 38–41. Systropha planidens. 38. Predefecating larva, lateral view. 39. Head, frontal view. 40, 41. Right mandible, inner and ventral views, respectively. Scale refers to fig. 38.

Figs. 42–46 in Immatures of Rophitine Bees, with Notes on their Nesting Biology (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Halictidae)

Figs. 42–46. SEM micrographs of predefecating larva of Systropha planidens. 42. Head, frontal view. 43. Left antenna. 44. Close-up of left mandible, outer view, showing outer, apical tubercle cluster and sinuate shape of apex. 45. Apex of labiomaxillary region. 46. Close-up of salivary opening identified by rectangle in fig. 45.

Figs. 36, 37 in Immatures of Rophitine Bees, with Notes on their Nesting Biology (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Halictidae)

Figs. 36, 37. SEM micrographs of left dorsal tubercle on abdominal segment 3 of postdefecating larva of Protodufourea eickworti and close-up of same, dorsal view, respectively.

Figs. 31–35. Protodufourea eickworti. 31. Live postdefecating larva, lateral view. 32, 33 in Immatures of Rophitine Bees, with Notes on their Nesting Biology (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Halictidae)

Figs. 31–35. Protodufourea eickworti. 31. Live postdefecating larva, lateral view. 32, 33. Head, frontal and lateral views, respectively. 34, 35. Right mandible dorsal and ventral views, respectively. Scale refers to fig. 31.

Figs. 21–26 in Immatures of Rophitine Bees, with Notes on their Nesting Biology (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Halictidae)

Figs. 21–26. Photographs of cells of Dufourea a. australis. 21. Rear part showing matt finish of lining. 22. Front end showing spiral closure; closure diameter 3.0 mm. 23. Inner surface of cocoon showing white silken cocoon surface with elongate dark bodies. 24. Rear sidewall of cell, front end toward left, showing parallel streaks of pale feces, deposited before cocoon spinning. 25. Front end of cell, showing glistening, brownish material covering cell closure and front wall deposited before cocoon spinning. 26. Cell wall showing feces of cleptoparasite Neopasites cressoni.

Figs. 27–30. Dufourea mulleri. 27. Predefecating larva, lateral view. 28 in Immatures of Rophitine Bees, with Notes on their Nesting Biology (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Halictidae)

Figs. 27–30. Dufourea mulleri. 27. Predefecating larva, lateral view. 28. Head, frontal view (atp 5 anterior tentorial pit). 29. Right mandible, ventral view. 30. Antenna, maximum lateral profile. Scale refers to figure 27.

Figs. 1–9. Dufourea holocyanea. 1. Entire postdefecating larva, lateral view. 2. Predefecating larva, lateral view. 3. Head, frontal view. 4. Head, lateral view. 5. Spiracle, side view. 6. Antenna, maximum lateral profile. 7–9 in Immatures of Rophitine Bees, with Notes on their Nesting Biology (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Halictidae)

Figs. 1–9. Dufourea holocyanea. 1. Entire postdefecating larva, lateral view. 2. Predefecating larva, lateral view. 3. Head, frontal view. 4. Head, lateral view. 5. Spiracle, side view. 6. Antenna, maximum lateral profile. 7–9. Right mandible, dorsal, inner, and ventral views, respectively. Scale refers to figs. 1, 2.

Figs. 10, 11. Dufourea a. australis, postdefecating larva. 10 in Immatures of Rophitine Bees, with Notes on their Nesting Biology (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Halictidae)

Figs. 10, 11. Dufourea a. australis, postdefecating larva. 10. Frontal view of labiomaxillary region showing narrow salivary opening. 11. Antenna, maximum lateral profile.

Figs. 18–20. Dufourea a. australis. 18 in Immatures of Rophitine Bees, with Notes on their Nesting Biology (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Halictidae)

Figs. 18–20. Dufourea a. australis. 18. SEM micrograph of postdefecating larva that had been cleared before being critical point dried and coated, showing mouthparts, with right mandible removed, approximate frontal view. 19. Same, close-up of salivary opening. 20. SEM micrograph of inner surface of cocoon showing one end of blackish object of unknown origin and silk strands of variable diameters; for photograph, see fig. 23; for discussion, see text.

Figs. 12–17 in Immatures of Rophitine Bees, with Notes on their Nesting Biology (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Halictidae)

Figs. 12–17. SEM micrographs of predefecating larva of Dufourea holocyanea. 12. Head, frontal view. 13. Labiomaxillary region. 14. Apex of labium. 15. Close-up of salivary opening. 16. Antenna, showing three sensilla. 17. Spiracle.

Fig. 92 in Investigations on the Biologies and Immature Stages of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Genera Radoszkowskiana and Coelioxys and Their Megachile Hosts (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Megachilidae: Megachilini)

Fig. 92. Extended variable-pressure SEM micrograph of face of postdefecating larva of Megachile nigripes, oblique frontal view showing salivary lips normally closed in contrast to lips on specimen that has been subjected to critical point drying, for example, figs. 94–98.

Figs. 83–88 in Investigations on the Biologies and Immature Stages of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Genera Radoszkowskiana and Coelioxys and Their Megachile Hosts (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Megachilidae: Megachilini)

Figs. 83–88. SEM micrographs of the postdefecating larva of Coelioxys coturnix. 83. Head, lateral view, showing strongly curved profile of cranium. 84. Antennal papilla, lateral view. 85. Salivary lips from above. 86. Close-up of inner surface of lower lip identified by rectangle in fig. 85. 87. Salivary lips, frontal view. 88. Close-up of inner surface of upper lip, identified by rectangle in fig. 87.

Figs. 55–60 in Investigations on the Biologies and Immature Stages of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Genera Radoszkowskiana and Coelioxys and Their Megachile Hosts (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Megachilidae: Megachilini)

Figs. 55–60. Pupa of Radoszkowskiana rufiventris. 55. Female, lateral view (setae omitted). 56. Metasomal apex, dorsal view. 57. Same, ventral view. 58. Mesoscutal seta. 59. Close-up of dorsum of mesonotum, lateral view. 60. Male, metasomal apex, dorsal view. Figs. 61–65. Pupa of Coelioxys

Figs. 49–52 in Investigations on the Biologies and Immature Stages of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Genera Radoszkowskiana and Coelioxys and Their Megachile Hosts (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Megachilidae: Megachilini)

Figs. 49–52. Postdefecating larvae, lateral view; setae not depicted. 49. Radoszkowskiana rufiventris; dotted line on dorsum of third abdominal segment indicates position of intrasegmental line. 50. Coelioxys coturnix. 51. Coelioxys decipiens. 52. Megachile nigripes. Fig. 53. Predefecating larva of R. rufiventris. Fig. 54. Early last instar of C. decipiens. Scales (5 1.0 mm) refer to figs. 49–53 and fig. 54, respectively.