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1,579 results for “Baltics”
Data from: Genetic signs of multiple colonization events in Baltic ciscoes with radiation into sympatric spring and autumn-spawners confined to early post-glacial arrival
Presence of sympatric populations may reflect local diversification or secondary contact of already distinct forms. The Baltic cisco (Coregonus albula) normally spawns in late autumn, but in a few lakes in Northern Europe sympatric autumn and spring- or winter-spawners have been described. So far, the evolutionary relationships and taxonomic status of these main life history forms have remained largely unclear. With microsatellites and mtDNA sequences, we analyzed extant and extinct spring- and autumn-spawners from a total of 23 Swedish localities, including sympatric populations. Published sequences from Baltic ciscoes in Germany and Finland, and Coregonus sardinella from North America were also included together with novel mtDNA sequences from Siberian C. sardinella. A clear genetic structure within Sweden was found that included two population assemblages markedly differentiated at microsatellites and apparently fixed for mtDNA haplotypes from two distinct clades. All sympatric Swedish populations belonged to the same assemblage, suggesting parallel evolution of spring-spawning rather than secondary contact. The pattern observed further suggests that postglacial immigration to Northern Europe occurred from at least two different refugia. Previous results showing that mtDNA in Baltic cisco is paraphyletic with respect to North American C. sardinella were confirmed. However, the inclusion of Siberian C. sardinella revealed a more complicated pattern, as these novel haplotypes were found within one of the two main C. albula clades and were clearly distinct from those in North American C. sardinella. The evolutionary history of Northern Hemisphere ciscoes thus seems to be more complex than previously recognized.
Diversity and ecology of aphyllophoroid fungi on driftwood logs on the shores of the Baltic Sea
Driftwood is woody debris that is floating on the sea or brought onto the shore by the sea. It can have a natural origin but often it originates from human activities. Driftwood has a significant ecological role as a microhabitat for a large range of species. Dead-wood-associated aphyllophoroid fungi on driftwood have been studied rather little globally, and there are hardly any studies conducted in the Baltic Sea. We studied the diversity and ecology of polypores and corticioids growing on driftwood (man-made logs) on the shores of Finnish SW-archipelago. In total, 394 driftwood logs were surveyed for visible fungal sporocarps. We found altogether 145 species (1023 records) of which approximately three-fourths were corticioids. The driftwood logs hosted several rare and noteworthy species, such as one new corticioid species, 16 nationally rare species, and 40 new species to the region. The five most common species accounted for one-third of all observations, whereas 82 species (11 % of all records) were recorded only once or twice. Larger logs hosted, on average, more species compared to small-diameter logs. The mean number of species increased significantly when comparing the logs in the first and the middle stages of decay. Our results show that driftwood logs can host a wide variety of species and they provide an important substrate for many dead-wood-associated fungi, including species of conservation concern and species with restricted ecological requirements. Driftwood hosted several species that have not been previously found in the archipelago forests, and the logs clearly enrich the fungal diversity in the area. Our results encourage to increase dead wood for fungi in coastal forests where it has been dramatically decreased as a result of strong hemeroby.
Data from: New crinoids from the Baltic region (Estonia): fossil tip-dating phylogenetics constrains the origin and Ordovician–Silurian diversification of the Flexibilia (Echinodermata)
This study documents previously unknown taxonomic and morphological diversity among early Palaeozoic crinoids. Based on highly complete, well preserved crown material, we describe two new genera from the Ordovician and Silurian of the Baltic region (Estonia) that provide insight into two major features of the geological history of crinoids: the early evolution of the flexible clade during the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event (GOBE), and their diversification history surrounding the end-Ordovician mass extinction. The unexpected occurrence of a highly derived sagenocrinid, Tintinnabulicrinus estoniensis gen. et. sp. nov., from Upper Ordovician (lower Katian) rocks of the Baltic palaeocontinent provides high-resolution temporal, taxonomic and palaeobiogeographical constraints on the origin and early evolution of the Flexibilia. The Silurian (lower Rhuddanian, Llandovery) Paerticrinus arvosus gen. et sp. nov. is the oldest known Silurian crinoid from Baltica and thus provides the earliest Baltic record of crinoids following the aftermath of the end-Ordovician mass extinction. A Bayesian 'fossil tip-dating' analysis implementing the fossilized birth–death process and a relaxed morphological clock model suggests that flexibles evolved c. 3 million years prior to their oldest fossil record, potentially involving an ancestor–descendant relationship (via 'budding' cladogenesis or anagenesis) with the paraphyletic cladid Cupulocrinus. The sagenocrinid subclade rapidly diverged from 'taxocrinid' grade crinoids during the final stages of the GOBE, culminating in maximal diversity among Ordovician crinoid faunas on a global scale. Remarkably, diversification patterns indicate little taxonomic turnover among flexibles across the Late Ordovician mass extinction. However, the elimination of closely related clades may have helped pave the way for their subsequent Silurian diversification and increased ecological role in post-Ordovician Palaeozoic marine communities. This study highlights the significance of studies reporting faunas from undersampled palaeogeographical regions for clade-based phylogenetic studies and improving estimates of global biodiversity through geological time.
Data from: Divergence within and among seaweed siblings (Fucus vesiculosus and F. radicans) in the Baltic Sea
Closely related taxa provide significant case studies for understanding evolution of new species but may simultaneously challenge species identification and definition. In the Baltic Sea, two dominant and perennial brown algae share a very recent ancestry. Fucus vesiculosus invaded this recently formed postglacial sea 8000 years ago and shortly thereafter Fucus radicans diverged from this lineage as an endemic species. In the Baltic Sea both species reproduce sexually but also recruit fully fertile new individuals by asexual fragmentation. Earlier studies have shown local differences in morphology and genetics between the two taxa in the northern and western Bothnian Sea, and around the island of Saaremaa in Estonia, but geographic patterns seem in conflict with a single origin of F. radicans. To investigate the relationship between northern and Estonian distributions, we analysed the genetic variation using 9 microsatellite loci in populations from eastern Bothnian Sea, Archipelago Sea and the Gulf of Finland. These populations are located in between earlier studied populations. However, instead of bridging the disparate genetic gap between N-W Bothnian Sea and Estonia, as expected from a simple isolation-by-distance model, the new populations substantially increased overall genetic diversity and showed to be strongly divergent from the two earlier analysed regions, showing signs of additional distinct populations. Contrasting earlier findings of increased asexual recruitment in low salinity in the Bothnian Sea, we found high levels of sexual reproduction in some of the Gulf of Finland populations that inhabit extremely low salinity. The new data generated in this study supports the earlier conclusion of two reproductively isolated but very closely related species. However, the new results also add considerable genetic and morphological complexity within species. This makes species separation at geographic scales more demanding and suggests a need for more comprehensive approaches to further disentangle the intriguing relationship and history of the Baltic Sea fucoids.
Data from: Testing the devil's impact on southern Baltic and North Sea basin whitefish (Coregonus spp.) diversity
Background: The diversity and phylogeny of whitefish of the genus Coregonus is complex, and includes many endemic species of high conservation concern. However, because of commercial importance of whitefish fisheries, stockings and translocations have occurred repeatedly, which challenges the identification of local populations as conservation units. This study analyses the phylogenetic relationships of 15 contemporary and two historical populations of lake-resident and anadromous whitefish (Coregonus spp.) from the southern Baltic and North Sea basins. We elucidated the complex history of Lake Schaal (northern Germany) whitefish, for which a local tale suggests that the devil threw whitefish from the Central European Lake Constance into this lake. Studies from the early 20th century indeed suggested numerous stocking events for Lake Schaal from Lake Constance, from Estonian/Russian Lake Peipsi and from the anadromous whitefish of the Baltic Sea. Results: Analyses of 13 microsatellite markers showed that Lake Constance whitefish are unrelated to any northern Germany whitefish population, including the contemporary whitefish population from Lake Schaal. Comparison with four historical specimens further showed that the native Lake Schaal whitefish (C. holsatus) vanished from the lake, but has survived as a non-native population in the north German Lake Drewitz. The whitefish currently occurring in Lake Schaal and three adjacent lakes are identified as C. maraenoides, introduced from Lake Peipsi. The contemporary anadromous whitefish populations from the Baltic (German and Finnish coast) and the German River Treene (North Sea basin, stocked from Danish River Vida) grouped together, but showed significant genetic differentiation. The 14 historical specimens of C. oxyrinchus from Rivers Rhine and Schelde were assigned to several contemporary whitefish populations, but among them only one specimen was assigned to the contemporary River Treene population. Therefore, we do not support the view that the whitefish from River Vida/Treene are identical with the historical C. oxyrinchus. Conclusions: Our study demonstrates that lake and anadromous whitefish in the Baltic and North Sea basins reflect a complex phylogeography, which is further blurred by the effects of repeated stocking and translocations. To identify conservation units, the genetic identity of each population has to be scrutinized.
Data from: Oxygen and carbon isoscapes for the Baltic Sea: testing their applicability in fish migration studies
Conventional tags applied to individuals have been used to investigate animal movement, but these methods require tagged individuals be recaptured. Maps of regional isotopic variability known as "isoscapes" offer potential for various applications in migration research without tagging wherein isotope values of tissues are compared to environmental isotope values. In this study, we present the spatial variability in oxygen (math formula) and dissolved inorganic carbon (δ13CDIC) isotope values of Baltic Sea water. We also provide an example of how these isoscapes can reveal locations of individual animal via spatial probability surface maps, using the high-resolution salmon otolith isotope data from salmon during their sea-feeding phase in the Baltic Sea. A clear latitudinal and vertical gradient was found for both math formula and δ13CDIC values. The difference between summer and winter in the Baltic Sea math formula values was only slight, whereas δ13CDIC values exhibited substantial seasonal variability related to algal productivity. Salmon otolith δ18Ooto and δ13Coto values showed clear differences between feeding areas and seasons. Our example demonstrates that dual isotope approach offers great potential for estimating probable fish habitats once issues in model parameterization have been resolved.
FIGURES 14. Glabellula antennal flagellomeres. 1. G in Review of the Tertiary microbombyliids Diptera: Mythicomyiidae in Baltic, Bitterfeld, and Dominican amber
FIGURES 14. Glabellula antennal flagellomeres. 1. G. brunnifrons, sp.n. 2. G. electrica (Hennig). 3. G. grimaldii, sp.n. 4. G. kuehnei Schlüter.
FIGURES 1415. Mythicomyiidae heads, lateral view. 14 in Review of the Tertiary microbombyliids Diptera: Mythicomyiidae in Baltic, Bitterfeld, and Dominican amber
FIGURES 1415. Mythicomyiidae heads, lateral view. 14. Proplatypygus succineus Hennig (redrawn from Hennig, 1966). 15. Borissovia rohdendorfi (Zaitzev), gen.n. (redrawn from Zaitzev, 1986). Arrows point to second flagellomere.
FIGURE 11 in A new genus of Hemerobiidae (Neuroptera) from Baltic amber, with a critical review of the Cenozoic Megalomus - like taxa and remarks on the wing venation variability of the family
FIGURE 11. Proneuronema gradatum gen. et sp. nov., female specimen No. 1545 (Hoffeins' collection). A, ventral view. B, dorsal view. C, apex of abdomen. st, gonostylus of gonocoxite 9. Scale bars = 2 mm (A, B to scale), 0.2 mm (C).
FIGURE 8 in A new genus of Hemerobiidae (Neuroptera) from Baltic amber, with a critical review of the Cenozoic Megalomus - like taxa and remarks on the wing venation variability of the family
FIGURE 8. Proneuronema gradatum gen. et sp. nov., wing venation of the holotype SMF Be 2534. A, right forewing. B, left forewing (color pattern is omitted; converted to standard right dorsal view). C, right hind wing. Scale bar = 1 mm.
FIGURE 2 in A new genus of Hemerobiidae (Neuroptera) from Baltic amber, with a critical review of the Cenozoic Megalomus - like taxa and remarks on the wing venation variability of the family
FIGURE 2. Proneuronema minor gen. et sp. nov., wing venation of the holotype GZG.BST.05246. A, right forewing. B, right hind wing. C, left forewing. D, left hind wing (C, D converted to standard right dorsal view). Scale bar = 1 mm (all to scale).
FIGURE 1 in A new genus of Hemerobiidae (Neuroptera) from Baltic amber, with a critical review of the Cenozoic Megalomus - like taxa and remarks on the wing venation variability of the family
FIGURE 1. Proneuronema minor gen. et sp. nov., holotype GZG.BST.05246, lateral view. A, right side. B, left side. Scale bars = 1 mm.
FIGURE 3 in A new genus of Hemerobiidae (Neuroptera) from Baltic amber, with a critical review of the Cenozoic Megalomus - like taxa and remarks on the wing venation variability of the family
FIGURE 3. Proneuronema minor gen. et sp. nov., holotype GZG.BST.05246, apex of female abdomen. A, photograph. B, line drawing. gx9, gonocoxite 9; S7, 7th sternite; st, gonostylus of gonocoxite 9; T7, T8, T9, 7th to 9th tergites. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.
FIGURE 5 in A new genus of Hemerobiidae (Neuroptera) from Baltic amber, with a critical review of the Cenozoic Megalomus - like taxa and remarks on the wing venation variability of the family
FIGURE 5. Proneuronema minor gen. et sp. nov., wing venation of the specimen SMF Be 2535. A, right forewing. B, right hind wing. C, left forewing. D, left hind wing (C, D converted to standard right dorsal view). Scale bar = 1 mm (all to scale).
FIGURE 4 in A new genus of Hemerobiidae (Neuroptera) from Baltic amber, with a critical review of the Cenozoic Megalomus - like taxa and remarks on the wing venation variability of the family
FIGURE 4. Proneuronema minor gen. et sp. nov., specimen SMF Be 2535 as preserved. A, right side. B, left side. Scale bar = 3 mm (both to scale).
FIGURE 6 in A new genus of Hemerobiidae (Neuroptera) from Baltic amber, with a critical review of the Cenozoic Megalomus - like taxa and remarks on the wing venation variability of the family
FIGURE 6. Proneuronema minor gen. et sp. nov., apex of abdomen of the male specimen SMF Be 2535 (lateral view). A, photograph. B, line drawing. cc, callus cerci; ect, ectoproct; S7, S8, S9, 7th to 9th sternites; T8, T9, 8th and 9th tergites. Scale bar = 0.3 mm.
FIGURE 13 in A new genus of Hemerobiidae (Neuroptera) from Baltic amber, with a critical review of the Cenozoic Megalomus - like taxa and remarks on the wing venation variability of the family
FIGURE 13. Wing venation of extant Megalomus setosulus (Walker, 1860) (India: Himachal Pradesh) (A, B), and Neuronema kuwayamai Nakahara, 1960 (Japan: Hokkaido) (C, D). A, C, forewings. B, D, hind wings. Venational anomalies are shown by stouter arrows. Scale bars = 1 mm (A, B and C, D to scale).
FIGURE 7 in A new genus of Hemerobiidae (Neuroptera) from Baltic amber, with a critical review of the Cenozoic Megalomus - like taxa and remarks on the wing venation variability of the family
FIGURE 7. Proneuronema gradatum gen. et sp. nov., holotype SMF Be 2534 as preserved (dorsal view). Scale bar = 1 mm.
FIGURE 9 in A new genus of Hemerobiidae (Neuroptera) from Baltic amber, with a critical review of the Cenozoic Megalomus - like taxa and remarks on the wing venation variability of the family
FIGURE 9. Proneuronema gradatum gen. et sp. nov., paratype SMF Be 376a as preserved. A, right forewing, fragment of antenna. B, fragment of right hind wing. Scale bars = 1 mm.
FIGURE 12 in A new genus of Hemerobiidae (Neuroptera) from Baltic amber, with a critical review of the Cenozoic Megalomus - like taxa and remarks on the wing venation variability of the family
FIGURE 12. Proneuronema gradatum gen. et sp. nov., wing venation of the specimen No. 1545 (Hoffeins' collection). A, left forewing, slightly distorted. B, left hind wing (both converted to standard right dorsal view). Scale bar = 1 mm (both to scale).
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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