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Figs 23-27 in Comparative morphology of two species of Caraguata Bechyné (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Galerucinae, Galerucini)

Figs 23-27. Meso- and metasternum: 23, Caraguata atricornis (Clark); 24, Caraguata guaporensis BechYnÉ. Metendosternite, dorsal view: 25, C. atricornis; 26, C. guaporensis. 27, C. guaporensis, ♂: mesotibiae (al, anterior lamina; at, anterior tendon; bt, basal tendon; dr, dorsal ridge; fa, furcal arm; s, spur; vl, ventral lamina). Scale bars: Figs 23, 24 = 0.5 mm; Figs 25-27 = 0.2 mm.

Figs 17-22 in Comparative morphology of two species of Caraguata Bechyné (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Galerucinae, Galerucini)

Figs 17-22. Pronotum: 17, Caraguata atricornis (Clark); 18, Caraguata guaporensis Bechyné. Prothorax, ventral view: 19, C. atricornis; 20, C. guaporensis. Proendosternite: 21, C. atricornis; 22, C. guaporensis. (pr, proendosternite). Scale bars = 0.5 mm.

Figs 1-8 in Comparative morphology of two species of Caraguata Bechyné (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Galerucinae, Galerucini)

Figs 1-8. Habitus, dorsal view: 1, Caraguata atricornis (Clark); 2, Caraguata guaporensis Bechyné. Habitus, lateral view: 3, C. atricornis; 4, C. guaporensis. Head, frontal view: 5, C. atricornis; 6, C. guaporensis. Antennae: 7, C. atricornis; 8, C. guaporensis. Scale bars: Figs 1-4 = 1 mm; Figs 5-8 = 0.5 mm.

Figs 9-16 in Comparative morphology of two species of Caraguata Bechyné (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Galerucinae, Galerucini)

Figs 9-16. Labrum: 9, Caraguata atricornis (Clark); 10, Caraguata guaporensis Bechyné. Mandible, inner view: 11, C. atricornis; 12, C. guaporensis. Maxilla, ventral view: 13, C. atricornis; 14, C. guaporensis. Labium, ventral view: 15, C. atricornis; 16, C. guaporensis. Scale bars = 0.1 mm.

Fig. 9 in Biodiversity of museum and bulk field samples compared: The Chiampo sponge fauna (Eocene, Lessini Mountains, Italy)

Fig. 9. Comparison between species frequency of museum collections (data from Frisone et al. 2016) and bulk sampling (this study). Error bars denote binomial standard errors of percentages.

Fig. 8 in Biodiversity of museum and bulk field samples compared: The Chiampo sponge fauna (Eocene, Lessini Mountains, Italy)

Fig. 8. Distribution of sponge genera from museum collections (data from Frisone et al. 2016) and bulk sampling (this study). Error bars denote binomial standard errors of percentages.

Fig. 7 in Biodiversity of museum and bulk field samples compared: The Chiampo sponge fauna (Eocene, Lessini Mountains, Italy)

Fig. 7. Families and relative abundances frequencies from museum collections (data from Frisone et al. 2016) and bulk sampling (this study). Error bars denote binomial standard errors of percentages.

Fig. 6 in Biodiversity of museum and bulk field samples compared: The Chiampo sponge fauna (Eocene, Lessini Mountains, Italy)

Fig. 6. Comparison between frequency of museum collections (data from Frisone et al. 2016) and bulk field sampling (this study) at the ordinal level. Error bars denote binomial standard errors of percentages.

Fig. 5 in Biodiversity of museum and bulk field samples compared: The Chiampo sponge fauna (Eocene, Lessini Mountains, Italy)

Fig. 5. Distribution of species richness (number of taxa) and species abundance (number of individuals per taxon) among classes.

Fig. 11 in Biodiversity of museum and bulk field samples compared: The Chiampo sponge fauna (Eocene, Lessini Mountains, Italy)

Fig. 11. Rank-abundance distribution of bulk samples (A) and museum collection (Whittaker plots) (B). Y axis shows species abundance; X axis ranks each species in order from most to least abundant. Black dots represent species.

Fig. 2 in Biodiversity of museum and bulk field samples compared: The Chiampo sponge fauna (Eocene, Lessini Mountains, Italy)

Fig. 2. Location (B) and geological map (A) of the study area (Verona and Vicenza provinces, Northern Italy), modified from http://gisgeologia.regione. veneto.it/, author: Regione Veneto, Sezione Geologia e Georisorse, and released under the Italian Open Data License 2.0 (https://www.dati.gov.it/content/ italian-open-data-license-v20). Outline of the Lessini Shelf during the Eocene modified from Bosellini (1989). The sponge-bearing outcrop is indicated by the white star near Chiampo. Cf, Castelvero fault; SVf, Schio-Vicenza fault; Pf, Pedemontana thrust fault.

Fig. 4 in Biodiversity of museum and bulk field samples compared: The Chiampo sponge fauna (Eocene, Lessini Mountains, Italy)

Fig. 4. Rarefaction curve (line in the middle) of the Chiampo sponge fauna at Lovara. Grey area demarcate 95% confidence intervals of diversity estimates.

Fig. 12 in Biodiversity of museum and bulk field samples compared: The Chiampo sponge fauna (Eocene, Lessini Mountains, Italy)

Fig. 12. In situ Eocene specimen of Laocoetis patula from Lovara Quarry, Italy; showing its characteristic morphology with canal openings in quadrate arrangement, indicated by the white arrow. Coin for scale is 22 mm in diameter.

Fig. 10 in Biodiversity of museum and bulk field samples compared: The Chiampo sponge fauna (Eocene, Lessini Mountains, Italy)

Fig. 10. Percent similarity (A) and Jaccard similarity (B) measurements between bulk and museum collection material at different taxonomic levels.

Fig. 3 in Biodiversity of museum and bulk field samples compared: The Chiampo sponge fauna (Eocene, Lessini Mountains, Italy)

Fig. 3. Bulk collection of Eocene sponges at Lovara Quarry. Some of the sponge specimens are indicated by white arrows.

Fig. 1 in Biodiversity of museum and bulk field samples compared: The Chiampo sponge fauna (Eocene, Lessini Mountains, Italy)

Fig. 1. Sponge fossils from the Eocene of Chiampo. A. The lyssacinosid Stauractinella eocenica Frisone, Pisera, and Preto, 2016. B. The lychniscosid Callicylix eocenicus Pisera and Busquets, 2002. C. The lithistid demosponge Platychonia sp. D. The hexactinosid Laocoetis patula Pomel, 1872. Scale bars 10 mm. Photos S. Castelli.

Fig. 25 in Faunal dynamics across the Silurian-Devonian positive isotope excursions (δ C, δ O) in Podolia, Ukraine: Comparative analysis of the Ireviken and Klonk events

Fig. 25. Scheme of main environmental changes and faunal responses across the Klonk Event and the S–D transition carbon isotope excursion (SIDECIE) in the Dnistrove succession. Sea−level pattern after Walliser (1996: fig. 1; see other sea−level curves in Haq and Schutter 2008: fig. 2; Brett et al. 2009: fig. 20; Johnson 2010: fig. 1; Munnecke et al. 2010: fig. 2); for discussion of differently recorded eustasy, as well as climatic setting see Buggisch and Joachimski (2006) and Małkowski and Racki (2009). Shades of gray denote two slices of the SIDECIE.

Fig. 24 in Faunal dynamics across the Silurian-Devonian positive isotope excursions (δ C, δ O) in Podolia, Ukraine: Comparative analysis of the Ireviken and Klonk events

Fig. 24. Scheme of main environmental changes and faunal responses across the Ireviken Event and early Sheinwoodian carbon isotope excursion (ESCIE) in the Kytayhorod succession. Overall eustatic pattern and climatic events compiled from Johnson (2010: fig. 2; see other sea−level curves in Lüning et al. 2000: fig. 9; Cramer and Saltzman 2007: fig. 5; Brett et al. 2009: fig. 20; Ray and Butcher 2010: fig. 1) and Lehnert et al. (2010: figs. 1–3), respectively. Regional bathymetric curve modified from Koren et al. (1989: fig. 1). Note a distinctive discrepancy of the both sea−level patterns in some intervals, probably mostly controlled by regional epeirogenic activity in the Podolian shelf domain. Shades of gray denote three slices of the ESCIE.

Fig. 23. Faunal dynamics through the Klonk Event and S–D in Faunal dynamics across the Silurian-Devonian positive isotope excursions (δ C, δ O) in Podolia, Ukraine: Comparative analysis of the Ireviken and Klonk events

Fig. 23. Faunal dynamics through the Klonk Event and S–D transition carbon isotope excursion (SIDECIE) at Dnistrove. Shades of gray denote two slices of the SIDECIE.

Fig. 22 in Faunal dynamics across the Silurian-Devonian positive isotope excursions (δ C, δ O) in Podolia, Ukraine: Comparative analysis of the Ireviken and Klonk events

Fig. 22. Stereoscan microphotographs of selected Chitinozoa from the Dnistrove section. A, H. Calpichitina aff. gregaria Paris and Křiž, 1984. A. Single specimen in oblique lateral view, ZPAL Ch. 8/159S117, sample V−15. H. Vesicles aggregated in cluster, ZPAL Ch. 8/161S101, sample V−13. B. Calpichitina velata (Wrona, 1980), ZPAL Ch 8/160S53, sample V−27. C. Pterochitina sp., ZPAL Ch. 8/152S099, sample V−28. D. Vinnalochitina pilosa (Wrona, 1980), ZPAL Ch 8/159S054, sample V−27. E–F. Vinnalochitina cf. suchomastyensis Paris and Laufeld, 1981. E. ZPAL Ch 8/152S054, sample V−25. F. ZPAL Ch 8/152S107, sample V−27. G, K–N. Urnochitina urna (Eisenack, 1934). G. ZPAL Ch 8/160S55, sample V−09. K. Specimen with wide copula and operculum attached, ZPAL Ch 8/160S102, sample V−10. L. Detail of aboral part showing operculum attachment, ZPAL Ch 8/160S85, sample V−10. M. Chain of three closely similar vesicles, ZPAL Ch 8/161S112, sample V−13. N. Two marginal vesicles of a chain, showing small terminal vesicle, ZPAL Ch 8/161S104, sample V−15. I. Cingulochitina ex. gr. ervensis (Paris, 1979), Chain of four vesicles, ZPAL Ch 8/159S094, sample V−27. J. Margachitina catenaria Obut, 1973, Chain of three vesicles, ZPAL Ch 8/159S094, sample V−27. O–Q. Eisenackitina barrandei Paris and Křiž, 1984. O. ZPAL Ch 8/161S001, sample V−04. P. ZPAL Ch 8/152S017, sample V−05. Q. ZPAL Ch 8/152S058, sample V−13. R. Ramochitina cf. longispina (Wrona, 1980), ZPAL Ch 8/172S077, sample V−03. S. Ancyrochitina cf. aurita Wrona, 1980, ZPAL Ch 8/159Y02, sample V−27. T–V. Anthochitina ex. gr. superba Eisenack, 1971. T. ZPAL Ch 8/152S056, sample V−25. U. ZPAL Ch 8/159S042, sample V−25. V. ZPAL Ch 8/159S082, sample V−25. W. Angochitina sp., ZPAL Ch 8/159S160, sample V−13. X. Eisenackitina sp., ZPAL Ch 8/160S54, sample V−03. Y. Eisenackitina bohemica (Eisenack, 1934), ZPAL Ch 8/159S127, sample V−23. Scale bars 50 µm.