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FIG. 14 in Equidae (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) from the late Miocene of Akkaşdağı, Turkey

FIG. 14. — Hipparion cf. longipes, Akkaşdağı, Turkey; A, third metacarpals, AK6-273, AK3-260, AK11-23; B, third metatarsals, AK5- 153, AK2-3, AK3-86. Scale bars: 2 cm.

FIG. 4 in Equidae (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) from the late Miocene of Akkaşdağı, Turkey

FIG. 4. — Hipparion brachypus, Akkaşdağı, Turkey, mandible AKK-147; A, lateral view; B, dorsal view; C, left toothrow, occlusal view. Scale bars: 2 cm.

FIG. 7 in Equidae (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) from the late Miocene of Akkaşdağı, Turkey

FIG. 7. — PCA plots giving the relations of the metacarpal (A) and metatarsal (B) of Hipparion brachypus from Akkaşdağı with other similar forms from various localities. o, H. brachypus (Akkaşdağı); n, H. brachypus (Hadjidimovo); s, H. brachypus (Pikermi); c, robust form (Maragha).

FIG. 11 in Equidae (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) from the late Miocene of Akkaşdağı, Turkey

FIG. 11. — Logarithmic ratio diagram comparing the first and second phalanges of Hipparion brachypus from Akkaşdağı with H. brachypus from Pikermi and H. sp. from Kemiklitepe A-B. Standard H. mediterraneum, Pikermi, n = 2-8 (Koufos 1987a).

FIG. 10 in Equidae (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) from the late Miocene of Akkaşdağı, Turkey

FIG. 10. — Logarithmic ratio diagram comparing the astragalus and calcaneum of Hipparion brachypus from Akkaşdağı with H. brachypus from Pikermi. Standard H. mediterraneum, Pikermi, n = 6-27 (Koufos 1987a).

FIG. 6 in Equidae (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) from the late Miocene of Akkaşdağı, Turkey

FIG. 6. — Logarithmic ratio diagram comparing the skull of Hipparion brachypus from Akkaşdağı with H. brachypus, H. cf. proboscideum, H. gettyi and H. giganteum from various localities. Standard H. mediterraneum, Pikermi, n = 1-9 (Koufos 1987a).

FIG. 2. — A in Equidae (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) from the late Miocene of Akkaşdağı, Turkey

FIG. 2. — A, the clusters of the Akkaşdağı Hipparion metacarpals using Ward's algorithm; B, linear correlation of the variables (measurements of the Akkaşdağı Hipparion metacarpals).

FIG. 3 in Equidae (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) from the late Miocene of Akkaşdağı, Turkey

FIG. 3. — Hipparion brachypus, Akkaşdağı, Turkey, skull AKK-147; A, lateral view; B, dorsal view; C, occlusal view. Scale bar: 2 cm.

FIG. 1 in Equidae (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) from the late Miocene of Akkaşdağı, Turkey

FIG. 1. — Distinction of the third metacarpals of the Akkaşdağı hipparions by X/Y scatter diagrams (A), and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) (B). The total variance is given in Appendix 1.

FIG. 2 in A late Miocene leaf assemblage from Vrysses, western Crete, Greece, and its paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic interpretation

FIG. 2. — Photographs of fossil leaves from the Vrysses outcrops (western Crete):A, B, Pinus sp., needles nos. 32.1.2.168 and 32.1.2.48; C, D, Tetraclinis sp., twig fragments nos. 32.1.2.126 and 32.1.2.141; E, Daphnogene polymorpha (A.Braun) Ettingsh., no. 32.1.2.20; F, cf. "Parrotia" pristina (Ettingsh.) Stur, no. 32.1.3.5; G, cf. Juglans acuminata Braun ex Unger, no. 32.1.3.1; H-K, Quercus mediterranea Unger, nos. 32.1.2.24, 32.1.2.155, 32.1.3.2 and 32.1.2.79. Scale bars: 1 cm.

FIG. 5 in A late Miocene leaf assemblage from Vrysses, western Crete, Greece, and its paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic interpretation

FIG. 5. — Drawings of selected fossil leaves from Vrysses (western Crete): A, Dicotylophyllum sp. 12, no. 32.1.2.42; B, N, Dicotylophyllum sp. 5, nos. 32.1.3.4 and 32.1.2.34; C, Dicotylophyllum sp. 10, no. 32.1.2.4; D, Daphnogene polymorpha (A.Braun) Ettingsh., no. 32.1.2.26; E, Dicotylophyllum sp. 11, no. 32.1.2.98; F, cf. Juglans acuminata Braun ex Unger, no. 32.1.3.1; G, S, Rosaceae gen. et sp. indet., nos. 32.1.2.41 and 32.1.2.8; H, Dicotylophyllum sp. 2, no. 32.1.2.92; I, Dicotylophyllum sp. 6, no. 32.1.2.107; J, Quercus mediterranea Unger, no. 32.1.2.147; K, Acer sp., no. 32.1.2.56; L, P, R, Acer pseudomonspessulanum Unger, nos. 32.1.3.9, 32.1.2.37 and 32.1.2.31; M, Buxus pliocenica Saporta & Marion, no. 32.1.2.140; O, Dicotylophyllum sp. 4, no. 32.1.2.144; Q, Quercus sp., no. 32.1.2.95; T, Dicotylophyllum sp. 7, no. 32.1.2.44. Scale bar: 1 cm.

FIG. 3 in A late Miocene leaf assemblage from Vrysses, western Crete, Greece, and its paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic interpretation

FIG. 3. — Photographs of fossil leaves from the Vrysses outcrops (western Crete): A, Quercus sp., no. 32.1.2.142; B, Ulmaceae gen. et sp. indet., no. 32.1.2.70; C, cf. Salix sp., no. 32.1.2.39; D, Populus tremula L., foss., no. 32.1.3.7; E, Buxus pliocenica Saporta & Marion, no. 32.1.2.140; F, Rosaceae gen. et sp. indet., no. 32.1.2.55; G, Fabaceae type 1, no. 32.1.2.161; H, Fabaceae type 2, no. 32.1.2.78; I-L, Acer pseudomonspessulanum Unger, nos. 32.1.2.61, 32.1.3.8, 32.1.2.46 and 32.1.2.67; M, Acer sp., no. 32.1.2.12; N-P, cf. Ziziphus ziziphoides (Unger) Weyland, nos. 32.1.2.3, 32.1.2.180 and 32.1.2.5. Scale bars: 1 cm.

FIG. 4 in A late Miocene leaf assemblage from Vrysses, western Crete, Greece, and its paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic interpretation

FIG. 4. — Photographs of fossil leaves identified in Vrysses outcrops (western Crete):A, Dicotylophyllum sp. 1, no.32.1.2.1;B, Dicotylophyllum sp. 2, no. 32.1.2.92; C, Dicotylophyllum sp. 3, no. 32.1.2.16; D, Dicotylophyllum sp. 4, no. 32.1.2.33; E, Dicotylophyllum sp. 5, no. 32.1.3.6; F, Dicotylophyllum sp. 6, no. 32.1.2.9; G, Dicotylophyllum sp. 8, no. 32.1.2.223; H, Dicotylophyllum sp. 9, no. 32.1.2.30; I, Dicotylophyllum sp. 10, no. 32.1.2.93; J, Dicotylophyllum sp. 11, no. 32.1.2.159; K, Poaceae/Cyperaceae type 1, no. 32.1.2.191; L, Poaceae/ Cyperaceae type 2, no. 32.1.2.54. Scale bars: 1 cm.

FIG. 4. — Tchadailurus adei n. gen., n in New sabre toothed Felidae (Carnivora, Mammalia) in the hominid-bearing sites of Toros Menalla (late Miocene, Chad)

FIG. 4. — Tchadailurus adei n. gen., n. sp., TM 112-00-99, from Toros Menalla. Fragmentary right pelvis in lateral view (A); right astragalus in dorsal (B1) and ventral (B2) views; right calcaneus in medial (C1), dorsal (C2), and lateral (C3) views; left lateral cuneiform in medial (D1), lateral (D2), proximal (D3), and distal (D4) views. Scale bar: 10 mm.

FIG. 2. — Tchadailurus adei n. gen., n in New sabre toothed Felidae (Carnivora, Mammalia) in the hominid-bearing sites of Toros Menalla (late Miocene, Chad)

FIG. 2. — Tchadailurus adei n. gen., n. sp., TM 112-00-99, from Toros Menalla. Fragment of left humerus in anterio view (A); subcomplete right ulna in lateral (B1), medial (B2), and anterior (B3) views; subcomplete left radius in medial view (C); proximal fragment of left scapula in lateral (D1) and proximal (D2) views; left scapholunar in proximal (E1), distal (E2), and posterior (E3) views; right pisiform in lateral view (F); articulated right Mc I and first phalanx of digit I in anterior view (G). Scale bar: 10 mm.

FIG. 5. — Tchadailurus adei n. gen., n in New sabre toothed Felidae (Carnivora, Mammalia) in the hominid-bearing sites of Toros Menalla (late Miocene, Chad)

FIG. 5. — Tchadailurus adei n. gen., n. sp., TM 112-00-99, from Toros Menalla. Metatarsals: right Mt II (A1) and Mt III (A2) in medial view; left Mt IV lateral view (A3) and subcomplete left Mt V in anterior view (A4). Dinofelis sp., TM 74-01- 06, from Toros Menalla: left upper canine in lateral (B1) and medial (B2) views. Scale bar: 10 mm.

FIG. 1. — Tchadailurus adei n. gen., n in New sabre toothed Felidae (Carnivora, Mammalia) in the hominid-bearing sites of Toros Menalla (late Miocene, Chad)

FIG. 1. — Tchadailurus adei n. gen., n. sp., TM 112-00-99, from Toros Menalla. Left maxilla with C-M1 in labial (A1), lingual (A2), and occlusal (A3) views; right hemimandible with c-m1 in lingual (B1), labial (B2), and occlusal (B3) views; fragmentary atlas in dorsal (D1) and ventral (D2) views. Scale bar: 10 mm.

FIG. 7. — Dendrograms resulting from Q in Micropaleontological parameters as proxies of late Miocene surface water properties and paleoclimate in Gavdos Island, eastern Mediterranean

FIG. 7. — Dendrograms resulting from Q-mode cluster analysis and the assemblages identified in each section.

FIG. 5 in Micropaleontological parameters as proxies of late Miocene surface water properties and paleoclimate in Gavdos Island, eastern Mediterranean

FIG. 5. — Relative frequency curves of the planktonic foraminifera identified in Bo Section. Refer to Figure 2 for the explanation of the lithostratigraphical column.

FIG. 3 in Micropaleontological parameters as proxies of late Miocene surface water properties and paleoclimate in Gavdos Island, eastern Mediterranean

FIG. 3. — Relative frequency curves of the planktonic foraminifera identified in Ag. Giannis Section. Refer to Figure 2 for the explanation of the lithostratigraphical column.