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The efficacy of X-ray micro-computed tomography for acorn worm taxonomy: Balanoglossus occidentalis (manuscript species) from Puget Sound, Washington
<p>Micro-CT scan data of Balanoglossus occidentalis generated with a Zeiss Xradia Versa 520. A first scan was made of the whole specimen with AMC drift correction, 0 beam hardening, voltage of 60 kV, currant of 82 µA, exposure time of 1.7 sec, LE2 source filter, LE6 secondary filter, 1601 Projection numbers, single FOV, vertical stitching and a resolution of 9,0373 µm. Then, a second scan was made focusing on the collar and the base of the proboscis because these regions are particularly informative to taxonomic descriptions of acorn worms. This second scan had a Projection number of 2401 and a resolution of 4.5075 µm. Each scan took 3 hours.</p>
Data from - A new tale of lost tails: correlates of tail breakage in the worm lizard Amphisbaena vermicularis
Predator-prey interactions are important evolutionary drivers of defensive behaviours, but they are usually difficult to record. This lack of data on natural history and ecological interactions of species can be overcome through museum specimens, at least for some reptiles. When facing aggressive interactions, reptile species may exhibit the defensive behaviour of autotomy by losing the tail, which is also known as 'urotomy'. The inspection of preserved specimens for scars of tail breakage can reveal possible ecological and biological correlates of urotomy. Herein we investigated how the probability of urotomy in the worm lizard <i>Amphisbaena vermicularis</i> is affected by sex, body size, temperature, and precipitation. We found higher chances of urotomy for specimens with larger body size and from localities with warmer temperatures or lower precipitation. There was no difference in urotomy frequency between sexes. Older specimens likely faced – and survived – more predation attempts through their lifetime than smaller ones. Specimens from warmer regions might be more active both below- and aboveground, increasing the odds to encounter predators, and hence urotomy. Probability of urotomy decreased with increased precipitation. Possibly, in places with heavier rainfall worm lizards come more frequently to the surface when galleries are filled with rainwater, remaining more exposed to efficient predators, which could result in less survival rates and fewer tailless specimens. This interesting defensive behaviour is widespread in squamates, but yet little understood among amphisbaenians. The novel data presented here improve our understanding on the correlates of tail breakage and help us to interpret more tales of lost tails.
Data from: Analysis of pigment-dispersing factor neuropeptides and their receptor in a velvet worm
<p>Pigment-dispersing factor neuropeptides (PDFs) occur in a wide range of protostomes including ecdysozoans (= molting animals) and lophotrochozoans (mollusks, annelids, flatworms, and allies). Studies in insects revealed that PDFs play a role as coupling factors of circadian pacemaker cells, thereby controlling rest-activity rhythms. While the last common ancestor of protostomes most likely possessed only one <i>pdf</i> gene, two <i>pdf</i> homologs, <i>pdf-I</i> and <i>pdf-II</i>, might have been present in the last common ancestors of Ecdysozoa and Panarthropoda (Onychophora + Tardigrada + Arthropoda). One of these homologs, however, was subsequently lost in the tardigrade and arthropod lineages followed by independent duplications of <i>pdf-I</i> in tardigrades and decapod crustaceans. Due to the ancestral set of two <i>pdf</i> genes, the study of PDFs and their receptor (PDFR) in Onychophora might reveal the ancient organization and function of the PDF/PDFR system in panarthropods. Therefore, we deorphanized the PDF receptor and generated specific antibodies to localize the two PDF peptides and their receptor in the onychophoran <i>Euperipatoides rowelli</i>. We further conducted bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) experiments on cultured human cells (HEK293T) using an Epac-based sensor (Epac-L) to examine cAMP responses in transfected cells and to reveal potential differences in the interaction of PDF-I and PDF-II with PDFR from <i>E. rowelli</i>. These data show that PDF-II has a tenfold higher potency than PDF-I as an activating ligand. Double immunolabeling revealed that both peptides are co-expressed in <i>E. rowelli</i> but their respective levels of expression differ between specific cells: some neurons express the same amount of both peptides, while others exhibit higher levels of either PDF-I or PDF-II. The detection of the onychophoran PDF receptor in cells that additionally express the two PDF peptides suggests autoreception, whereas spatial separation of PDFR- and PDF-expressing cells supports hormonal release of PDF into the hemolymph. This suggests a dual role of PDF peptides—as hormones and as neurotransmitters/neuromodulators—in Onychophora.</p>
Figure 9 in Revision of the smiling worms, genus Prosorhochmus Keferstein, 1862, and description of a new species, Prosorhochmus belizeanus sp. nov. (Prosorhochmidae, Hoplonemertea, Nemertea) from Florida and Belize
Figure 9. (A–C) Transverse sections through the precerebral region at the level of cerebral organs to show acidophilic, purple and basophilic cephalic glands: Prosorhochmus americanus (A), Prosorhochmus claparedii (B) and Prosorhochmus chafarinensis (C); (D–E) two slightly oblique transverse sections through the frontal organ of P. chafarinensis; (D) anterior opening into prosorhochmid smile; (E) middle portion of the canal; lateral acidophilic regions marked with arrowheads; (F) longitudinal sagittal section through frontal organ of P. chafarinensis. Scales: 50 Mm. Abbreviations: agl, acidophilic cephalic glands; bgl, basophilic cephalic glands; es, oesophagus; fo, frontal organ; pb, proboscis; pgl, purple cephalic glands; rhd, rhynchodeum.
Figure 2 in Revision of the smiling worms, genus Prosorhochmus Keferstein, 1862, and description of a new species, Prosorhochmus belizeanus sp. nov. (Prosorhochmidae, Hoplonemertea, Nemertea) from Florida and Belize
Figure 2. Prosorhochmus belizeanus sp. nov., diagram of anterior end. (A) Dorsal view; (B) ventral view. Abbreviations: cof, cerebral organ furrow; pf, posterior cephalic furrow; rhst, rhynchostome; sm, prosorhochmid smile.
Figure 1 in Revision of the smiling worms, genus Prosorhochmus Keferstein, 1862, and description of a new species, Prosorhochmus belizeanus sp. nov. (Prosorhochmidae, Hoplonemertea, Nemertea) from Florida and Belize
Figure 1. External appearance and habitat of Prosorhochmus species. (A) Typical intertidal habitat of Prosorhochmus spp. – wet coarse sand just above the low tide mark with partially embedded rocks. The pictured location is about halfway between Croatian towns Savudrija and Zambratija on the Adriatic coast; (B–C) Prosorhochmus chafarinensis, anterior end (B, dorsal view; C, ventral view); (D) Arhochmus korotneffi comb. nov., anterior end, dorsal view; (E) Prosorhochmus claparedii, external appearance of a viviparous hermaphroditic adult with several juveniles showing through the body wall between the gut diverticula; (F) P. chafarinensis, external appearance of viviparous hermaphroditic adult with two newly born juveniles; (G) A. korotneffi, external appearance of a viviparous hermaphroditic adult with several juveniles showing through the body wall; (H) Prosorhochmus belizeanus sp. nov. external appearance of sexually mature male (left) and female (right). Testes show through the body wall as whitish sacks regularly interspersed with gut diverticula on either side. Pinkish oocytes in ovaries are visible through the body wall of ripe females. Scales. (B–D): 0.5 mm; (E): 3 mm; (F, G): 6 mm; (H): 3.5 mm. Abbreviations: cof, cerebral organ furrow; j, juvenile; sm, prosorhochmid smile.
Figure 5 in Revision of the smiling worms, genus Prosorhochmus Keferstein, 1862, and description of a new species, Prosorhochmus belizeanus sp. nov. (Prosorhochmidae, Hoplonemertea, Nemertea) from Florida and Belize
Figure 5. Prosorhochmus belizeanus sp. nov. (A–C) A series of transverse sections through the frontal organ from anterior to posterior; lateral acidophilic regions marked by arrowheads. (D) Transverse section through the cerebral organ furrow and posterior ocellus. (E) Transverse section through the cerebral organ (outlined). (F) Transverse section through the intestinal region of a mature male. (G, H) Slightly oblique transverse sections through the tip of the head: prosorhochmid smile (G) and frontal organ (H). Scales on (A–E) - 50 Mm; on (G, H) - 100 Mm; on (F) - 200 Mm. Abbreviations: agl - acidophilic cephalic glands, bgl - basophilic cephalic glands, co - cerebral organ, cof - cerebral organ furrow, fo - frontal organ, int - intestine, pb - proboscis, pc - pigment cup of ocellus, rhd - rhynchodeum, ts - testis.
Figure 7. Central stylets. The 100 in Revision of the smiling worms, genus Prosorhochmus Keferstein, 1862, and description of a new species, Prosorhochmus belizeanus sp. nov. (Prosorhochmidae, Hoplonemertea, Nemertea) from Florida and Belize
Figure 7. Central stylets. The 100 Mm scale bar applicable to all, except (I). (A, B) Prosorhochmus chafarinensis (specimens from Croatia); (C, D) Arhochmus korotneffi comb. nov. (specimens from Croatia); (E) Prosorhochmus claparedii (specimen from Roscoff, France); (F) P. chafarinensis (after Frutos et al., p. 294, fig. 1b); (G) Prosorhochmus americanus (after Gibson et al. 1986, p. 330, plate I, fig. e); (H) Prosorhochmus nelsoni (specimen from Coquimbo, Chile); (I) Prosorhochmus belizeanus sp. nov (200 Mm scale bar).
Figure 10 in Revision of the smiling worms, genus Prosorhochmus Keferstein, 1862, and description of a new species, Prosorhochmus belizeanus sp. nov. (Prosorhochmidae, Hoplonemertea, Nemertea) from Florida and Belize
Figure 10. Arhochmus korotneffi comb. nov., diagram of anterior end. (A) Dorsal view; (B) ventral view. Abbreviations: cof, cerebral organ furrow; pf, posterior cephalic furrow; rhst, rhynchostome.
Figure 8 in Revision of the smiling worms, genus Prosorhochmus Keferstein, 1862, and description of a new species, Prosorhochmus belizeanus sp. nov. (Prosorhochmidae, Hoplonemertea, Nemertea) from Florida and Belize
Figure 8. (A) Slightly oblique transverse section through frontal organ of Arhochmus korotneffi comb. nov.; (B) longitudinal sagittal section through frontal organ of A. korotneffi; anterior to the left; (C) longitudinal sagittal section through frontal organ of Prosorhochmus americanus; anterior to the left; (D–F) a series of transverse sections through the frontal organ of P. americanus from anterior to posterior showing lateral acidophilic regions of frontal organ (arrowheads); (G–I) a series of transverse sections through the frontal organ of Prosorhochmus claparedii showing lateral acidophilic regions of frontal organ (arrowheads); (J) longitudinal sagittal section through frontal organ of P. claparedii; anterior to the left; (K–L) transverse sections through stomach (K) and pylorus (L) of P. claparedii showing welldeveloped dorso-ventral muscles (arrowheads). Scales (A–F, J–L): 50 Mm; (G–I): 25 Mm. Abbreviations: bgl, basophilic cephalic glands; cae, caecum; cdiv, caecal diverticulum; fo, frontal organ; lnc, lateral nerve cord; pb, proboscis; pyl, pylorus; rhst, rhynchostome; stm, stomach.
Figure 4 in Revision of the smiling worms, genus Prosorhochmus Keferstein, 1862, and description of a new species, Prosorhochmus belizeanus sp. nov. (Prosorhochmidae, Hoplonemertea, Nemertea) from Florida and Belize
Figure 4. Prosorhochmus belizeanus sp. nov. (A) Transverse section through the body wall; (B) longitudinal section through the body wall showing diagonal muscles; (C, D) longitudinal sagittal sections through the precerebral and cerebral region showing frontal organ (arrowhead), precerebral septum and acidophilic cephalic glands; anterior is to the right; (E) transverse section showing well-developed dorso-ventral muscles in the midgut region; (F) transverse sections through the stomach showing the ventral stomach pouch and welldeveloped dorso-ventral muscles; (G) transverse section through precerebral region showing numerous muscle fibres oriented in all possible directions, rhynchodeum (asterisk) and an ocellus (arrowhead); (H) transverse section through the anterior oesophageal region showing foregut or ''splanchnic'' muscles; (I) transverse section through the sparsely ciliated posterior oesophagus; (J) transverse section through the deeply folded stomach showing ''splanchnic'' muscles (arrows); (K) transverse section through the anterior rhynchodeum; (L) transverse section through the rhynchodeum just in front of the proboscis insertion. Scales. (A, B, E, F, H–L): 50 Mm; (C, D, G): 100 Mm. Abbreviations: agl, acidophilic cephalic glands; bgl, basophilic cephalic glands; cae, caecum; cg, cerebral ganglia; cm, circular muscles; dvm, dorsoventral muscles; ep, epidermis; es, oesophagus; int, intestine; lm, longitudinal muscles; ogl, orange-G cephalic glands; pb, proboscis; ps, precerebral septum; rhd, rhynchodeum; spm, foregut or ''splanchnic'' muscles; stm, stomach; stp, stomach pouch; ts, testis.
Figure 6. A in Revision of the smiling worms, genus Prosorhochmus Keferstein, 1862, and description of a new species, Prosorhochmus belizeanus sp. nov. (Prosorhochmidae, Hoplonemertea, Nemertea) from Florida and Belize
Figure 6. A series of slightly oblique transverse sections of Prosorhochmus belizeanus sp. nov. from precerebral to pyloric region (proboscis is missing). (A) Section through one of the cerebral organ furrows and the anterior ocellus on the opposite side. (B) Posterior ocelli, precerebral septum and cerebral organs (outlined). (C) Cerebral ganglia and brain commissures. (D) Posterior portion of brain. (E) Section through the stomach and nephridia. (F) Pyloric region and ovaries. Scales 100 Mm. Abbreviations: agl - acidophilic cephalic glands, bgl - basophilic cephalic glands, cae - caecum, cg - cerebral ganglia, co - cerebral organ, cof - cerebral organ furrow, dc - dorsal brain commissure, dvm - dorso-ventral muscles, es - oesophagus, lnc - lateral nerve cord, npd - nephridioduct, nph - nephridial tubule, npp - nephridiopore, oct - oocyte, ogl - orange-G cephalic glands, pb - proboscis, pc - pigment cup of ocellus, ps - precerebral septum, pyl - pylorus, rhc - rhynchocoel, rhd - rhynchodeum, vc - ventral brain commissure.
Figure 3 in Revision of the smiling worms, genus Prosorhochmus Keferstein, 1862, and description of a new species, Prosorhochmus belizeanus sp. nov. (Prosorhochmidae, Hoplonemertea, Nemertea) from Florida and Belize
Figure 3. Prosorhochmus belizeanus sp. nov. (A) Transverse section through the rhynchocoel wall; (B) transverse section through the anterior-most portion of the anterior proboscis. Note the non-glandular epithelium and proboscis nerves (indicated by the arrowheads). (C) Transverse section through the middle region of anterior proboscis; proboscis nerves (arrowheads); (D) longitudinal section through the wall of anterior proboscis showing the delicate layer or inner circular muscles overlaying longitudinal muscles; (E) transverse section through the posterior chamber of the proboscis; (F, G) transverse sections through the cephalic blood vessels showing ''pouches'' and ''valves'' (arrowheads); (H) transverse section through the vascular plug; lumen of the mid-dorsal blood vessel marked by an asterisk; (I) transverse section through the lateral nerve cord showing the upper nerve (asterisk) and nerve cord muscles (arrowhead); (J) longitudinal section through the ocelli; anterior to the right; (K) transverse section through the foregut region showing nephridial tubules in cross-section (arrowheads); (L) transverse section at the level of nephridioduct (arrowheads). Scales. (A, B, D, E and J–L): 50 Mm; (C): 100 Mm; (F–I): 25 Mm. Abbreviations: bgl, basophilic cephalic glands; dvm, dorso-ventral muscles; icm, inner circular muscles; lm, longitudinal muscles; lnc, lateral nerve cord; ogl, orange-G cephalic glands; pb, proboscis; pc, pigment cup of ocellus; pep, proboscis epithelium; plg, vascular plug; rhc, rhynchocoel.
X-ray diffraction images of juvenile hormone diol kinase from the silk worm Bombyx mori
<p>X-ray diffraction images of juvenile hormone diol kinase (JHDK) from the silk worm Bombyx mori</p>
FIGURE 33. Notomasticola frondosus n. gen. et n in Copepods associated with polychaete worms in European seas
FIGURE 33. Notomasticola frondosus n. gen. et n. sp., holotype female. A, leg 2; B, leg 3; C, leg 4. Paratype female, D, habitus; E, F, maxillipeds. Scale bars: A, B, 0.05 mm; C, E, F, 0.02 mm; D, 0.5 mm.
FIGURE 32. Notomasticola frondosus n. gen. et n in Copepods associated with polychaete worms in European seas
FIGURE 32. Notomasticola frondosus n. gen. et n. sp., holotype female. A, habitus, dorsal; B, urosome, dorsal; C, left caudal ramus, dorsal; D, rostrum; E, antennule; F, antenna; G, labrum; H, mandible; I, maxillule; J, maxilla; K, leg 1. Scale bars: A, 0.5 mm; B, 0.1 mm; C, D, K, 0.05 mm; E–J, 0.02 mm.
FIGURE 30. Spiophanicola atlanticus n in Copepods associated with polychaete worms in European seas
FIGURE 30. Spiophanicola atlanticus n. sp. female. A, habitus, dorsal; B, posterior part of body, ventral; C, antennule; D, antenna; E, labrum, ventral; F, mandible, paragnath and maxillule; G, maxilla; H, maxilliped; I, leg 1; J, leg 5. Scale bars: A. 0.2 mm; B, 0.1 mm; C, D, H, J, 0.05 mm; E–G, I, 0.02 mm.
FIGURE 31. Spiophanicola atlanticus n in Copepods associated with polychaete worms in European seas
FIGURE 31. Spiophanicola atlanticus n. sp. female. A, leg 2, B, leg 3; C, leg 4. Scale bars: 0.02 mm for all.
FIGURE 27. Anomopsyllus geminus n in Copepods associated with polychaete worms in European seas
FIGURE 27. Anomopsyllus geminus n. sp., holotype female. A, habitus, dorsal; B, urosome, ventral; C, antennule; D, antenna; E, labrum; F, mandible; G, maxillule; H, maxilla; I, maxilliped; J, leg 1; K, leg 2; L, leg 3. Paratype female, M–O, legs 1–3. Scale bars: A, 0.2 mm; B, 0.05 mm; C–O, 0.02 mm.
FIGURE 25 in Copepods associated with polychaete worms in European seas
FIGURE 25. Sigecheres concinna (T. Scott, 1902) new combination, female. A, habitus, dorsal; B, abdomen, ventral; C, right caudal ramus, ventral; D, anterior part of cephalothorax, ventral; E, antennule; F, antenna; G, labrum, ventral; H, mandible; I, maxillule; J, maxilla; K, maxilliped. Scale bars: A, 0.2 mm; B, 0.1 mm; C, E–K, 0.02 mm; D, 0.05 mm.
ScienceDex guides
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.