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Fig. 9. Strict consensus tree from phylogenetic analysis under extended implied weighting with 21 in New postcranial remains of large toxodontian notoungulates from the late Oligocene of Mendoza, Argentina and their systematic implications

Fig. 9. Strict consensus tree from phylogenetic analysis under extended implied weighting with 21 different values of k.

Fig. 8. Consensus trees from phylogenetic analyses under equal weights. A. Strict consensus tree. B. Reduced consensus tree. a in New postcranial remains of large toxodontian notoungulates from the late Oligocene of Mendoza, Argentina and their systematic implications

Fig. 8. Consensus trees from phylogenetic analyses under equal weights. A. Strict consensus tree. B. Reduced consensus tree. a, Martinmiguelia fernandezi; b, Taubatherium paulacoutoi; c, Ancylocoelus frequens; d, Huilatherium pluriplicatum; e, Asmodeus petrasnerus; f, Colpodon antucoensis + C. propinquus.

Fig. 7. Homalodotheriid notoungulate Asmodeus from Argentina. A in New postcranial remains of large toxodontian notoungulates from the late Oligocene of Mendoza, Argentina and their systematic implications

Fig. 7. Homalodotheriid notoungulate Asmodeus from Argentina. A. Asmodeus petrasnerus Seoane and Cerdeño, 2014, from Quebrada Fiera, Mendoza; Deseadan SALMA (late Oligocene), MCNAM-PV 4958, left calcaneum, anterior (A1), posterior (A2) and medial (A3) views. B. Asmodeus osborni Ameghino, 1894 from Santa Cruz; Deseadan SALMA (late Oligocene), MACN A 12327, holotype, right calcaneum, medial (B1) and anterior (B2) views.

Fig. 6 in New postcranial remains of large toxodontian notoungulates from the late Oligocene of Mendoza, Argentina and their systematic implications

Fig. 6. Tarsal bones of leontiniid notoungulate Gualta cuyana Cerdeño and Vera, 2015 from Quebrada Fiera, Mendoza, Argentina; Deseadan SALMA (late Oligocene). A. MCNAM-PV 4891, right astragalus, anterior (A1), distal (A2), posterior (A3), and lateral (A4) views. B. MCNAM-PV 5035, left navicular, anterior face to the left, proximal (B1) and distal (B2) views.

Fig. 4 in New postcranial remains of large toxodontian notoungulates from the late Oligocene of Mendoza, Argentina and their systematic implications

Fig. 4. Left carpals and metacarpal of leontiniid notoungulate Gualta cuyana Cerdeño and Vera, 2015 from Quebrada Fiera, Mendoza, Argentina; Deseadan SALMA (late Oligocene), MCNAM-PV 4696. A. Pyramidal, anterolateral (A1), medial (A2), proximal (A3), and distal (A4) views. B. Magnum, anterior B1), proximal (B2), lateral (B3), and medial (B4) views. C. Unciform, anterolateral (C1), proximal (C2), medial (C3), and distal (C4) views. D. Proximal fragment of McIII, proximal (D1) and lateral (D2) views. E. Magnum and unciform in anatomical position, proximal view. F. Pyramidal and unciform in anatomical position, anterolateral view.

Fig. 5 in New postcranial remains of large toxodontian notoungulates from the late Oligocene of Mendoza, Argentina and their systematic implications

Fig. 5. Tibiae of leontiniid notoungulate Gualta cuyana Cerdeño and Vera, 2015 from Quebrada Fiera, Mendoza, Argentina; Deseadan SALMA (late Oligocene). A. MCNAM-PV 4094, posterior view. B. MCNAM-PV 4785, distal (B1) and posterior (B2) views. C. Tibia, MCNAM-PV 4785, in anterior view and astragalus, MCNAM-PV 4891, in distal view.

Fig. 3 in New postcranial remains of large toxodontian notoungulates from the late Oligocene of Mendoza, Argentina and their systematic implications

Fig. 3. Toxodontidae gen. et sp. indet. from Quebrada Fiera, Mendoza, Argentina; Deseadan SALMA (late Oligocene), MCNAM-PV 3907, left calcaneum fragment, posterior (A) and anterior (B) views.

Fig. 2. Toxodontian notoungulates from South America. A–D in New postcranial remains of large toxodontian notoungulates from the late Oligocene of Mendoza, Argentina and their systematic implications

Fig. 2. Toxodontian notoungulates from South America. A–D. Proadinotherium sp. from Quebrada Fiera, Mendoza, Argentina; Deseadan SALMA (late Oligocene). A. MCNAM-PV 4238, right M2, occlusal view. B. MCNAM-PV 4960, left m2, labial (B1) and occlusal (B2) views. C. MCNAM-PV 3843, left m3, lingual (C1), labial (C2), and occlusal (C3) views. D. MCNAM-PV 4085, right calcaneum, posterior (D1), medial (D2), and anterior (D3) views. E. Proadinotherium muensteri Ameghino, 1902 from Colhue Huapi lake, Chubut, Argentina; Colhuehuapian SALMA (early Miocene), MACN Pv-17576 (cast), left calcaneum, medial view. F. Rynchippus equinus Ameghino, 1897 (Notohippidae) from Salla, Bolivia; Deseadan SALMA (late Oligocene), YPM VP-52313, left calcaneum, anterior (F1) and posterior (F2) views. G. Proadinotherium sp. from Quebrada Fiera, Mendoza, Argentina; Deseadan SALMA (late Oligocene), MCNAM-PV 4215, right astragalus, anterior (G1), posterior (G2), distal (G3), and lateral (G4) views. H. Proadinotherium leptognathum Ameghino, 1894 from Santa Cruz, Argentina; Deseadan SALMA (late Oligocene), MACN A 12319, left astragalus, anterior view. I. "Morphippus imbricatus" Ameghino, 1897 (Notohippidae) from Sarmiento Formation, Chubut, Argentina; Deseadan SALMA (late Oligocene), MACN A 12100, left astragalus, anterior view.

Fig. 1 in New postcranial remains of large toxodontian notoungulates from the late Oligocene of Mendoza, Argentina and their systematic implications

Fig. 1. Google Earth view of Quebrada Fiera site (A). Location of the study area on the map of Argentina (C). Geographical location (asterisk) of the fossil locality (B).{fig. will be grayscale in printed version}

Fig. 2 in A new rebbachisaurid sauropod from the Aptian-Albian, Lower Cretaceous Rayoso Formation, Neuquén, Argentina

Fig. 2. Rebbachisaurid sauropod Lavocatisaurus agrioensis gen. et sp. nov. from Agrio del Medio (Argentina), Aptian–lower Albian. A. MOZ-Pv1232, axis in lateral view (A1, photograph; A2, drawing); eight cervical vertebrae in lateral view view (A3, photograph; A4, drawing,); anterior caudal vertebra in lateral view (A5); middle caudal vertebra in lateral view (A6); posterior caudal vertebra in lateral view (A7); posteriormost caudal vertebra in lateral view A8); left tibia in lateral view (A9). B. MOZ-Pv 1255, left scapula from a juvenile specimen, in lateral view. C. Skeletal reconstruction based on the holotype and paratype specimens. Scale bars 10 cm.

Fig. 1. A in A new rebbachisaurid sauropod from the Aptian-Albian, Lower Cretaceous Rayoso Formation, Neuquén, Argentina

Fig. 1. A. Map of location and geological outcrops of the region of Agrio del Medio (Neuquén, Argentina), where the material was collected; gray area represents the Neuquén Basin. B. Lithostratigraphic column of the Rayoso Formation in the study area. L, Lavocatisaurus site; S1 and S2, sites of the Rebbachisauridae ichnites (Canudo et al. 2017).

Fig. 4 in First endocranial description of a South American hadrosaurid: The neuroanatomy of Secernosaurus koerneri from the Late Cretaceous of Argentina

Fig. 4. Reconstructed endocast of braincase (A–C) and inner ear (D–G) of the hadrosaurid dinosaur Secernosaurus koerneri Brett-Surman, 1979 MACN-RN 02) from the late Campanian–early Maastrichtian, Los Alamitos Formation of North Patagonia; in left (A, D), right (B), ventral (C), posterior (E), anterior (F), and dorsal (G) views. Endocasts (A–C, D1–G1); line drawings (D2–G2). Blue, encephalon; pink, inner ear; yellow, foramina of the cranial nerves. Abbreviations: a, anterior; d, dorsal; l, left; p, posterior; r, right.

Fig. 2 in First endocranial description of a South American hadrosaurid: The neuroanatomy of Secernosaurus koerneri from the Late Cretaceous of Argentina

Fig. 2. Reconstructed endocast of braincase of the hadrosaurid dinosaur Secernosaurus koerneri Brett-Surman, 1979 (MACN-RN 144) from the late Campanian–early Maastrichtian, Los Alamitos Formation of North Patagonia; in dorsal (A), ventral (B), left (D), and right (E) views, with a ventral view of both the fossil specimen and the endocast (C). Blue, encephalon; gray, braincase; yellow, foramina of the cranial nerves. Abbreviations: a, anterior; d, dorsal; l, left; p, posterior; r, right.

Fig. 6. 3D in First endocranial description of a South American hadrosaurid: The neuroanatomy of Secernosaurus koerneri from the Late Cretaceous of Argentina

Fig. 6. 3D-reconstructed endocast based on the information of the studied specimens representing the brain morphology of the hadrosaurid dinosaur Secernosaurus koerneri Brett-Surman, 1979 from the late Campanian–early Maastrichtian, Los Alamitos Formation of North Patagonia. A. Braincase and endocasts in 3D positioned over a line drawing reconstruction of the skull in left lateral view; based on the mounted skeletons at the MACN (size for the line drawing is estimative). B. Dorsal view of the 3D specimens MACN-RN 144 (transparent red), MACN-RN 143 (transparent green) and MACN-RN 02 transparent blue) in order from left to right and as they were positioned to compile the final endocranial reconstruction. C. Final endocast reconstruction in right (C1) and left (C2), dorsal (C3), and ventral (C4) views. The anatomical labelling was presented in former figures. Blue, encephalon; pink, inner ear; yellow, foramina of the cranial nerves. Abbreviations: a, anterior; d, dorsal; l, left; p, posterior; r, right. All specimens with their 3D endocasts are presented as a 3D pdf in the SOM.

Fig. 1 in First endocranial description of a South American hadrosaurid: The neuroanatomy of Secernosaurus koerneri from the Late Cretaceous of Argentina

Fig. 1. Hadrosaurid dinosaur Secernosaurus koerneri Brett-Surman, 1979 from the late Campanian–early Maastrichtian, Los Alamitos Formation of North Patagonia, braincases and their reconstructed endocasts. A. MACN-RN 144 in dorsal view. B. MACN-RN 02 in posterior view. C. MACN-RN 143 in lateral view. Photographs (A1–C1), CT-scan rendition of endocasts (A2–C2). Transparent gray, braincase; blue, encephalon; pink, inner ear; yellow, foramina of the cranial nerves. Abbreviations: a, anterior; d, dorsal; r, right.

Fig. 5 in First endocranial description of a South American hadrosaurid: The neuroanatomy of Secernosaurus koerneri from the Late Cretaceous of Argentina

Fig. 5. Reconstructed endocast of braincase of the hadrosaurid dinosaur Secernosaurus koerneri Brett-Surman, 1979 (MACN-RN 143) from the late Campanian–early Maastrichtian, Los Alamitos Formation of North Patagonia; in lateral right (A), dorsal (B), and ventral (C) views. Blue, encephalon; yellow, foramina of the cranial nerves. Abbreviations: a, anterior; d, dorsal; l, left; r, right.

Fig. 5 in A new rebbachisaurid sauropod from the Aptian-Albian, Lower Cretaceous Rayoso Formation, Neuquén, Argentina

Fig. 5. Stratigraphically calibrated strict tree after pruning Lavocatisaurus, showing the geographical provenance of the taxa (silhouettes of continents) and ghost lineages (dashed lines). Abbreviations: AF, Africa, AS, Asia; EU, Europe; SA, South America.

Fig. 4 in A new rebbachisaurid sauropod from the Aptian-Albian, Lower Cretaceous Rayoso Formation, Neuquén, Argentina

Fig. 4. Results of the phylogenetic analysis. A. Strict consensus tree of the 49 500 most parsimonious trees found, showing a complete polytomy amongst Rebbachisauridae with the sole exception of Limaysaurinae. B. Reduced consensus tree after pruning Rayososaurus, showing all possible positions of this taxon. C. Reduced consensus tree after pruning Rayososaurus, Zapalasaurus, and Rebbachisaurus (whose possible positions are indicated by the arrows). Resolved clades are indicated with numbers: 1 , Rebbachisauridae; 2, Limaysaurinae; 3, Rebbachisaurinae; 4, Khebbashia.

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Fig. 5 in Salvinialean megaspores in the Late Cretaceous of southern Patagonia, Argentina

Fig. 5. Paleogeographic map of the Late Cretaceous (modified from Blakey 2010) showing the known distribution of Arcellites disciformis (black symbols), and the new Patagonian record (white symbol).