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1,186 results for “defensiveness”
Phenotypic plasticity in plant defense across life stages: inducibility, transgenerational induction, and transgenerational priming in wild radish
As they develop, many plants deploy shifts in anti-herbivore defense allocation due to changing costs and benefits of their defensive traits. Plant defenses are known to be primed or directly induced by herbivore damage within generations, and across generations by long-lasting epigenetic mechanisms. However, little is known about the ontogenetic trajectories of epigenetically inducible defensive traits across generations and their consequences. To help fill this knowledge gap, we conducted a multigenerational experiment to determine whether defense induction in wild radish plants was reflected in chromatin modifications (DNA methylation); we then examined ontogenetic trajectories (seedlings to reproductive plants) of current and transgenerational plasticity in anti-herbivore chemical (glucosinolates) and physical (trichomes) defenses in this species. Herbivory triggered genome methylation both in targeted plants and their offspring. Within one generation, both defenses were highly inducible at the seedling stage but only marginally or non-inducible in reproductive plants. Across generations, herbivory experienced by mother plants caused strong direct induction of physical defenses in their progeny, with effects lasting from seedling to reproductive stages. For chemical defenses, however, this transgenerational induction was evident only in adults. Transgenerational priming was observed in physical defenses both for seedlings and adult plants. Our results show that transgenerational induction and priming in response to herbivore offense differ for physical and chemical defense and change across plant life stages.
Figure 4 in Biology and defensive secretion of myrmecophilous Thiasophila spp. (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae) associated with the Formica rufa species group
Figure 4. Life cycle of T. angulata. Photo: Zagaja, M (CorelDraw/PC).
Fig. 10 in Systematics of Snakes Referred to Dipsas variegata in Panama and Western South America, with Revalidation of Two Species and Notes on Defensive Behaviors in the Dipsadini (Colubridae)
Fig. 10. Dipsas oreas (Cope). Dorsal and ventral views of a specimen (KU 142803) from Pichincha Province, Ecuador. Except for the neck band, the anterior bands of this specimen are broken middorsally, resulting in a blotched appearance (vs. banded as in fig. 9). Note the heavily pigmented dorsal surface of the head, the lightening of the central portions of the dorsal blotches, the anterior interspaces narrower than the bands, and heavy speckling on the venter. All these are characteristic of D. oreas, but not of D. andiana.
Fig. 14 in Systematics of Snakes Referred to Dipsas variegata in Panama and Western South America, with Revalidation of Two Species and Notes on Defensive Behaviors in the Dipsadini (Colubridae)
Fig. 14. Dipsas andiana (Boulenger). Top: Juvenile specimen from Pichincha province, Ecuador (KU 164211); compare with the juvenile holotype in figure 7. Bottom: Adult specimen from an unknown locality (AMNH 58204).
Fig. 7 in Systematics of Snakes Referred to Dipsas variegata in Panama and Western South America, with Revalidation of Two Species and Notes on Defensive Behaviors in the Dipsadini (Colubridae)
Fig. 7. Dipsas andiana (Boulenger). Dorsal and ventral views of the holotype (BMNH 1946.1.20.12) from an unknown locality in Ecuador.
Stronger population differentiation at infection-sensing than infection-clearing innate immune loci in songbirds: different selective regimes for different defenses
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Parasite-mediated selection is widespread at loci involved in immune defence, but different defences may experience different selective regimes. For defences involved in clearing infections, purifying selection favouring a single most efficacious allele likely predominates. However, for defences involved in sensing and recognizing infections, evolutionary arms races may make positive selection particularly important. This could manifest primarily within populations (e.g., balancing selection maintaining variation) or among them (e.g., spatially varying selection enhancing population differences in allele frequencies). We genotyped three toll-like receptors (TLR; involved in sensing infections) and three avian beta-defensins (involved in clearing infections) in 96 song sparrows (<i>Melospiza melodia</i>) from three breeding populations that differ in disease resistance. Variation-based indicators of selection (proportion of variable sites, proportion of nonsynonymous SNPs, proportion of sites bearing signatures of positive or purifying selection, rare allele frequencies) did not differ appreciably between the two locus types. However, differentiation was generally higher at infection-sensing than infection-clearing loci. Allele frequencies differed markedly at TLR3, driven by a variant predicted to alter protein function. Geographically structured variants at infection-sensing loci may reflect local adaptation to spatially heterogeneous parasite communities. Selective regimes experienced by infection-sensing versus infection-clearing loci may differ primarily due to parasite-mediated population differentiation.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Soil chemistry determines whether defensive plant secondary metabolites promote or suppress herbivore growth
<p><span>Plant secondary (or specialized) metabolites mediate important interactions in both the rhizosphere and the phyllosphere. If and how such compartmentalized functions interact to determine plant-environment interactions is not well understood. Here, we investigated how the dual role of maize benzoxazinoids as leaf defenses and root siderophores shapes the interaction between maize and a major global insect pest, the fall armyworm. We find that benzoxazinoids suppress fall armyworm growth when plants are grown in soils with very low available iron but enhance growth in soils with higher available iron. Manipulation experiments confirm that benzoxazinoids suppress herbivore growth under iron-deficient conditions and in the presence of chelated iron, but enhance herbivore growth in the presence of free iron in the growth medium. This reversal of the protective effect of benzoxazinoids is not associated with major changes in plant primary metabolism. Plant defense activation is modulated by the interplay between soil iron and benzoxazinoids but does not explain fall armyworm performance. Instead, increased iron supply to the fall armyworm by benzoxazinoids in the presence of free iron enhances larval performance. This work identifies soil chemistry as a decisive factor for the impact of plant secondary metabolites on herbivore growth. It also demonstrates how the multifunctionality of plant secondary metabolites drives interactions between abiotic and biotic factors, with potential consequences for plant resistance in variable environments. </span></p>
Figure 4 from: Tuf IH, Drábková L, Šipoš J (2015) Personality affects defensive behaviour of Porcellio scaber (Isopoda, Oniscidea). In: Taiti S, Hornung E, Štrus J, Bouchon D (Eds) Trends in Terrestrial Isopod Biology. ZooKeys 515: 159–171. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.515.9429
Figure 4 - Correlations between duration (in seconds) of TI of Porcellio scaber induced by the different treatments: a correlation between duration of TI induced by squeeze and drop b correlation between duration of TI induced by touch and drop c correlation between duration of TI induced by touch and squeeze. Data were transformed by decimal logarithm.
Figure 2 from: Tuf IH, Drábková L, Šipoš J (2015) Personality affects defensive behaviour of Porcellio scaber (Isopoda, Oniscidea). In: Taiti S, Hornung E, Štrus J, Bouchon D (Eds) Trends in Terrestrial Isopod Biology. ZooKeys 515: 159–171. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.515.9429
Figure 2 - Tonic immobility of Porcellio scaber induced by different treatments: a probability of inducing TI by the first, the second and the third treatment b probability of inducing TI by different treatments c endurance of TI following the first, the second and the third treatment d endurance of TI following different treatments e sensitivity, i.e. promptness of inducing TI by the first, the second and the third treatment f sensitivity, i.e. promptness of inducing TI by different treatments. (*** p < 0.001; ** p < 0.01; * p ≤ 0.05)
Figure 1 from: Tuf IH, Drábková L, Šipoš J (2015) Personality affects defensive behaviour of Porcellio scaber (Isopoda, Oniscidea). In: Taiti S, Hornung E, Štrus J, Bouchon D (Eds) Trends in Terrestrial Isopod Biology. ZooKeys 515: 159–171. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.515.9429
Figure 1 - Design of one experimental set. Dashed arrows symbolise repeated stimuli applied if previous stimulus did not evoke tonic immobility. Experimental sets were applied repeatedly over a three week period; each individual was exposed to five experimental sets with 4 days intervals between.
Figure 3 from: Tuf IH, Drábková L, Šipoš J (2015) Personality affects defensive behaviour of Porcellio scaber (Isopoda, Oniscidea). In: Taiti S, Hornung E, Štrus J, Bouchon D (Eds) Trends in Terrestrial Isopod Biology. ZooKeys 515: 159–171. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.515.9429
Figure 3 - Endurance of tonic immobility of Porcellio scaber of different body sizes induced by treatments. (*** p < 0.001; ** p < 0.01; * p ≤ 0.05)
miR472 deficiency enhances Arabidopsis thaliana defense without reducing seed production.
<p>Raw data from Vasseur et al 2024</p>
Self-Defense Training in Women With Trauma
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT01380379. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 0.
The Comparative Safety and Effectiveness of Dabigatran, Versus Rivaroxaban, and Apixaban Utilized in the Department of Defense Non-Valvular Atrial Fibrillation Patient Population: A Retrospective Data
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT03026556. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 0.
Department of Defense PTSD Adaptive Platform Trial - Intervention B - Vilazodone
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT05948579. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 0. Publications: 1.
Open Label Treatment of Severe Tactile Defensiveness With Intrathecal Baclofen
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT01352611. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 0.
Evaluation of the Effect of a Dietary Supplement Based on EGCG, Vitamin B12, Hyaluronic Acid, and Folic Acid on the Maintenance of Physiological Balance and the Natural Defenses of the Male Genital Sy
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT07344337. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 0. Publications: 40.
Data from: Co-evolutionary dynamics between a defensive microbe and a pathogen driven by fluctuating selection
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Soil chemistry determines whether defensive plant secondary metabolites promote or suppress herbivore growth
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Data from: Geographic structure and adaptive population differentiation in herbivore defense genes in European aspen (Populus tremula L., Salicaceae)
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