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Fig. 23 in Taxonomic revision of the Neotropical spiders of the genus Idiops Perty, 1833 (Araneae, Idiopidae), with description of four new species

Fig. 23. Idiops mocambo Fonseca-Ferreira, Guadanucci & Brescovit sp. nov., ♂, holotype (MPEG 0110). A. Prosoma (dorsal view). B. Prosoma (ventral view). C. Part of palp (retrolateral view). D–F. Palpal bulb. D. Dorsal view. E. Retrolateral view. F. Prolateral view. G. Tibia, metatarsus and tarsus I (prolateral view). H. Tibial apophysis (prolateral view). I. Tibial apophysis and metatarsus I (dorsal view). Abbreviation: K = keel. Abbreviation: K = keel. Scale bars: A–G, I = 1 mm; H = 0.5 mm.

Fig. 22 in Taxonomic revision of the Neotropical spiders of the genus Idiops Perty, 1833 (Araneae, Idiopidae), with description of four new species

Fig. 22. Idiops harti (Pocock, 1893), ♀, genitalia, holotype (BMNH 1893.3.25.1). A. Dorsal view. B. Frontal view. Scale bar = 1 mm.

Fig. 9. Idiops argus Simon, 1889 in Taxonomic revision of the Neotropical spiders of the genus Idiops Perty, 1833 (Araneae, Idiopidae), with description of four new species

Fig. 9. Idiops argus Simon, 1889, ♀, genitalia, lectotype (MNHN 4169). A. Dorsal view. B. Frontal view. Scale bars = 1 mm.

Fig. 8 in Taxonomic revision of the Neotropical spiders of the genus Idiops Perty, 1833 (Araneae, Idiopidae), with description of four new species

Fig. 8. Scanning electron micrographs of Idiops fuscus Perty, 1833, ♂ (CHNUFPI 0036). A. Chelicera (retrolateral view). B. Rastellum (retrolateral view). C. Tibial apophysis (dorsal view). D. Part of the palp, showing retrolateral depression. E–F. Detail of the distal portion of the embolus. E. Retrolateral view. F. Prolateral view. Abbreviation: EL = embolar lamella. Scale bars: A, C–D = 0.5 mm; B = 0.3 mm; E –F = 0.2 mm.

Fig. 17 in Taxonomic revision of the Neotropical spiders of the genus Idiops Perty, 1833 (Araneae, Idiopidae), with description of four new species

Fig. 17. Idiops duocordibus Fonseca-Ferreira, Guadanucci & Brescovit sp. nov. A–I. ♂, holotype (MPEG 0124). A. Prosoma (dorsal view). B. Prosoma (ventral view). C. Part of palp (retrolateral view). D–F. Palpal bulb. D. Dorsal view. E. Retrolateral view. F. Prolateral view. G. Tibia, metatarsus and tarsus I (prolateral view). H. Tibial apophysis (prolateral view). I. Tibial apophysis and metatarsus I (dorsal view). J–L. ♀, paratype (MPEG 0123). J. Prosoma (dorsal view). K. Prosoma (ventral view). L. Genitalia (dorsal view). Abbreviation: K = keel. Scale bars = 1 mm.

Fig. 21 in Taxonomic revision of the Neotropical spiders of the genus Idiops Perty, 1833 (Araneae, Idiopidae), with description of four new species

Fig. 21. Scanning electron micrographs of Idiops guri Fonseca-Ferreira, Guadanucci & Brescovit sp. nov., ♂ (IBSP 220523). A. Chelicera (retrolateral view). B. Rastellum (retrolateral view). C. Tibial apophysis (dorsal view). D. Part of the palp, showing retrolateral depression. E–F. Detail of the final portion of the embolus in prolateral view. Abbreviation: EL = embolar lamella. The arrow indicates the hook-shaped projection near the sperm duct. Scale bars: A = 0.4 mm; B, E–F = 0.2 mm; C = 0.3 mm; D = 1 mm.

Fig. 27 in Taxonomic revision of the Neotropical spiders of the genus Idiops Perty, 1833 (Araneae, Idiopidae), with description of four new species

Fig. 27. Idiops pirassununguensis Fukami & Lucas, 2005. A–I. ♂ (UFMG 607). A. Prosoma (dorsal view). B. Prosoma (ventral view). C. Part of palp (retrolateral view). D–F. Palpal bulb. D. Dorsal view. E. Retrolateral view. F. Prolateral view. G. Tibia, metatarsus and tarsus I (prolateral view). H. Tibial apophysis (prolateral view). I. Tibial apophysis and metatarsus I (dorsal view). J–L. ♀ (UFMG 11264). J. Prosoma, dorsal view. K. Prosoma, ventral view. L. Genitalia (dorsal view). Abbreviation: EL = embolar lamella. The arrow indicates a constriction. Scale bars = 1 mm.

Fig. 5. Chelicera teeth arrangement. A in Taxonomic revision of the Neotropical spiders of the genus Idiops Perty, 1833 (Araneae, Idiopidae), with description of four new species

Fig. 5. Chelicera teeth arrangement. A. Smaller retrolateral teeth arranged in rows (I. camelus (Mello-Leitão, 1937)). B. Smaller retrolateral teeth arranged randomly (I. germaini Simon, 1892). C. Smaller retrolateral teeth absent (I. harti (Pocock, 1893)). Scale bars = 1 mm.

Fig. 6 in Taxonomic revision of the Neotropical spiders of the genus Idiops Perty, 1833 (Araneae, Idiopidae), with description of four new species

Fig. 6. Diagnostic characters of Idiops Perty, 1833 spp. A. Ocular disposition, with emphasis on the anterior lateral eyes apart from the others (I. fuscus Perty, 1833, CHNUFPI 0036). B. Rows of chelicera teeth (I. clarus (Mello-Leitão, 1946), FCE 0340). C. Rastellum (I. carajas Fonseca-Ferreira, Zampaulo & Guadanucci, 2017, MPEG 00109). D. Tarsus showing the pseudoscopula and tarsal claws (I. camelus (Mello-Leitão, 1937), MZSP 28832). E. Palpal bulb (I. carajas). F. Retrolateral depression of palpal bulb (I. rastratus (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1889), MZSP 24215). G. Tibial apophysis (I. pirassununguensis Fukami & Lucas, 2005, MZSP 15651). H–I. Putative slit organ between the branches of the tibial apophysis (I. camelus). Abbreviations: PT = promarginal teeth; RT = retromarginal teeth. Scale bars: A–D, F– G = 0.5 mm; E = 1 mm; H–I = 0.05 mm.

Fig. 1 in Taxonomic revision of the Neotropical spiders of the genus Idiops Perty, 1833 (Araneae, Idiopidae), with description of four new species

Fig. 1. Natural habitats and diversity of burrows and trapdoors of Idiops Perty, 1833 spp. A–G. Ravine habitats. H–L. Ground habitats. Images by Rafael P. Indicatti (A–B); by Arthur Anker and Pedro H. Martins (C–D); by Leonardo S. Carvalho (E–F); by Rafael Fonseca-Ferreira (G–L).

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Utetheisa ornatrix development and defence on four Crotalaria host plants

This dataset consists of data from three experiments testing how four different Crotalaria host plants affect Utetheisa ornatrix development and defence against a spider. The data are to be published in a paper accepted in Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata

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Traits data of naturalized and non-naturalized alien species of four Indonesian Botanic Gardens

The establishment of new botanic gardens in tropical regions highlights a need for weed risk assessment tools suitable for tropical ecosystems. The relevance of plant traits for invasion into tropical rainforests has not been well studied. Working in and around four botanic gardens in Indonesia where 590 alien species have been planted, we estimated the effect of four plant traits, plus time since species introduction, on: a) the naturalization probability and b) abundance (density) of naturalized species in adjacent native tropical rainforests; and c) the distance that naturalized alien plants have spread from the botanic gardens. We found that specific leaf area (SLA) strongly differentiated 23 naturalized from 78 non-naturalized alien species (randomly selected from 577 non-naturalized species) in our study. These trends may indicate that exotics with high SLA benefit from at least two factors when establishing in tropical forests: high growth rates and occupation of forest gaps. We also found that height was unrelated to naturalization probability, but naturalized aliens were having high SLA and were short. Exotic species that were present in the gardens for over 30 years and those with small seeds also had higher probabilities of becoming naturalized, indicating that garden plants can invade the understorey of closed canopy tropical rainforests, especially when invading species are shade-tolerant and have sufficient time to establish. On average, exotic species that were not animal dispersed spread 78 m further into the forests than animal-dispersed species. We did not detect relationships between the measured traits and estimated density of naturalized exotics in the adjacent forests. Synthesis: Traits were able to differentiate exotic species from botanic gardens that naturalized in native forest from those that did not; this is promising for developing trait-based risk assessment in the tropics. To limit the risk of invasion and spread into adjacent native forests, we suggest tropical botanic gardens avoid planting exotic species with fast carbon capture strategies and those that are shade tolerant.

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Fig. 9. Hydnellum basidiospores. A. H in Four new species of Hydnellum (Thelephorales, Basidiomycota) with a note on Sarcodon illudens

Fig. 9. Hydnellum basidiospores. A. H. fagiscabrosum (holotype, GB-0195805). B. H. glaucopus (GB-0195722). C. H. illudens (GB-0195937). D. H. lepidum (GB-129373). E. H. nemorosum (O-F-242352). F. H. roseoviolaceum (holotype. GB-0195936). G. H. scabrosellum (holotype, GB-0195689). H. H. scabrosum (GB-0195731). Scale bar = 5 µm.

Fig. 8. A in Four new species of Hydnellum (Thelephorales, Basidiomycota) with a note on Sarcodon illudens

Fig. 8. A. Hydnellum scabrosellum, young basidiomata from the type locality, GB-0195806. B. H. scabrosellum holotype, mature basidiomata, GB-0195689. C. H. scabrosellum GB-0195791, photo G. Aronsson. D. H. scabrosellum, collecting site for GB-0195791, photo G. Aronsson.

Fig. 6. A. Hydnellum nemorosum K in Four new species of Hydnellum (Thelephorales, Basidiomycota) with a note on Sarcodon illudens

Fig. 6. A. Hydnellum nemorosum K(M)197481. B. H. nemorosum type locality. C, D. H. nemorosum holotype, K(M)197478.

Fig. 7. A–C in Four new species of Hydnellum (Thelephorales, Basidiomycota) with a note on Sarcodon illudens

Fig. 7. A–C. Hydnellum roseoviolaceum, holotype, GB-0195936, photos B. Pettersson. D. H. roseoviolaceum type locality, photo B. Pettersson. E. H. fuligineoviolaceum TU106391 (UDB011895), photo V. Liiv. F. H. fuligineoviolaceum GB-0195817.

Fig. 5. A in Four new species of Hydnellum (Thelephorales, Basidiomycota) with a note on Sarcodon illudens

Fig. 5. A. Hydnellum illudens TU106275 (UDB003274), photo V. Liiv. B. H. illudens GB-0195724. C. H. illudens TU106475 (UDB015699), photo V. Liiv. D. H. illudens GB-0195818. E. Hydnellum scabrosum TU106993 (UDB015662), photo V. Liiv. F. H. scabrosum TU106280 (UDB003279), photo V. Liiv.

Fig. 4. A in Four new species of Hydnellum (Thelephorales, Basidiomycota) with a note on Sarcodon illudens

Fig. 4. A. Hydnellum fagiscabrosum GB-0195727. B. Collecting site for GB-0195727. C. H. fagiscabrosum holotype, GB-0195805. D. H. fagiscabrosum O-F-251442, photo I.-L. Fonneland. E. H. fagiscabrosum Hyd229, photo A. Lucas F. H. fagiscabrosum GB-0195622, photo J. Olsson. G. Hydnellum lepidum DMS-680077, photo T. Borgen. H. H. lepidum GB-0202073.

Fig. 1 in Four new species of Hydnellum (Thelephorales, Basidiomycota) with a note on Sarcodon illudens

Fig. 1. Phylogram of Hydnellum. Maximum Likelihood tree based on nuclear ribosomal 5.8S and partial 28S sequences. Numbers on branches represent reliable support values from SH-aLRT test (≥ 80 %), ultrafast bootstrap (≥ 95 %), and Bayesian inference posterior probability values (≥ 0.95), respectively. Species described here are marked in bold face.

Fig. 2 in Four new species of Hydnellum (Thelephorales, Basidiomycota) with a note on Sarcodon illudens

Fig. 2. Phylogram of Hydnellum section Violacei. Maximum Likelihood tree based on nuclear ribosomal ITS sequences. Numbers on branches represent reliable support values from SH-aLRT test (≥ 80 %), ultrafast bootstrap (≥ 95 %), and Bayesian inference posterior probability values (≥ 0.95), respectively. Terminal names are the original identification. Sequences from type specimens are marked in bold face. Sequences not generated from basidiomata are marked as env(ironmental).