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Titanium dioxide (TiO2) thin films study, deposited by laser ablation on glass substrates in the form of prismatic figures type pyramidal
<p>Thin films are something that is very close to the atomic dimensions in thickness, therefore if it is possible to further reduce the width of these, in a controlled way and monitor the behavior of some physical law associated with the variation in thickness, the results can be as expected or maybe adjustments must be applied. For this reason in this work, thin films of titanium dioxide (TiO2) are studied, deposited by laser ablation, on glass substrates in the form of prismatic figures. The main objective was to confine the plasma plume to produce a continuous trail with varying thicknesses that could be analyzed. Growth times of the films were 5, 10, 15, 20 and 30 minutes at room temperature in a low vacuum. The deposited films presented a color pattern related to the expected thickness variation, thus the theory of optical interference was applied to the continuous trace to calculate thicknesses. Characterization process was carried out by: X-ray diffraction to know the crystalline structure of the films, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy to verify the variation of thicknesses, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to know the composition and scanning electron microscopy, to measure the thicknesses of the films transversely.</p>
Figure 8 in Reproductive ecology of the glass frog Espadarana prosoblepon (Anura: Centrolenidae) in an urban forest of the Central Andes of Colombia
Figure 8. Egg clutches of Espadarana prosoblepon at different stages of development.
FIGURE 2 in <strong>New glass sponges (Porifera: Hexactinellida) from deep waters of the central Aleutian Islands, Alaska</strong>
FIGURE 2. Map of study area showing location of ROV 'Jason II' dives and trawl T-5E.
Figure 9 in Glass frogs (Centrolenidae) of Yanayacu Biological Station, Ecuador, with the description of a new species and comments on centrolenid systematics
Figure 9. Head of Cochranella posadae, male, QCAZ 25090. A, texture of skin in dorsal view; note numerous small warts and scattered, larger warts; B, colour pattern in ventral view; note white pigments on upper and lower lips. Head width = 10.1 mm.
Figure 9 from: Reiswig HM, Dohrmann M, Kelly M, Mills S, Schupp PJ, Wörheide G (2021) Rossellid glass sponges (Porifera, Hexactinellida) from New Zealand waters, with description of one new genus and six new species. ZooKeys 1060: 33-84. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1060.63307
Figure 9 Scyphidium australiense Tabachnick, Janussen & Menschenina, 2008, NIWA 126237, spicules A prostal diactin, whole and enlarged ends, one broken distal end and two intact proximal ends B choanosomal diactins, whole long and short versions at different scales plus enlarged tips and central swellings C dermalium: pentactin, whole and enlarged tips D atrialia, hexactin, whole and enlarged tip, pentactin, whole with enlarged tips, and paratetractin, whole; scales are the same as those for dermalium E spheres as small group of whole ones and one enlarged Fdiscohexaster 1, whole and enlarged terminal ray end Gdiscohexaster 2, whole and enlarged part of one ray tuft H oxyhexaster, whole and enlarged terminal ray end. Scales are the same for all whole microscleres and their enlarged parts.
Figure 8 from: Reiswig HM, Dohrmann M, Kelly M, Mills S, Schupp PJ, Wörheide G (2021) Rossellid glass sponges (Porifera, Hexactinellida) from New Zealand waters, with description of one new genus and six new species. ZooKeys 1060: 33-84. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1060.63307
Figure 8 Scyphidium australiense Tabachnick, Janussen & Menschenina, 2008, NIWA 126237, distribution, skeleton and morphology A distribution in New Zealand waters, holotype as open circle, new specimen as filled circle B new specimen in situ (scale bar is approximate) C deck image (two sides, image by PJS) D osculum, deck image (by PJS) E preserved conulose outer surface of the lower body with prostal diactins F preserved wall section of the mid-body without conules G preserved dermal surface with intact pentactin lattice H preserved atrial surface with hexactins displaced from the atrial lattice. Image B captured by ROV Team GEOMAR, ROV Kiel 6000 onboard RV Sonne (voyage SO254), courtesy of Project PoribacNewZ, GEOMAR, and ICBM.
Figure 6 from: Reiswig HM, Dohrmann M, Kelly M, Mills S, Schupp PJ, Wörheide G (2021) Rossellid glass sponges (Porifera, Hexactinellida) from New Zealand waters, with description of one new genus and six new species. ZooKeys 1060: 33-84. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1060.63307
Figure 6 Nubes poculiformis gen. nov., sp. nov., holotype NIWA 126016, distribution, skeleton and morphology A distribution in New Zealand waters B holotype in situ C holotype, deck image (by PJS); D longitudinal section of holotype, showing hypodermal pentactin veil E closer view of hypodermal pentactin veil F edge of osculum with tuft of marginalia G close view of stalk subdivided for spicule preparation of smaller sample H dermal surface with intact lattice of dermalia over inhalant canals I atrial surface with disrupted lattice of atrialia. Image B captured by ROV Team GEOMAR, ROV Kiel 6000 onboard RV Sonne (voyage SO254), courtesy of Project PoribacNewZ, GEOMAR, and ICBM.
Figure 7 from: Reiswig HM, Dohrmann M, Kelly M, Mills S, Schupp PJ, Wörheide G (2021) Rossellid glass sponges (Porifera, Hexactinellida) from New Zealand waters, with description of one new genus and six new species. ZooKeys 1060: 33-84. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1060.63307
Figure 7 Nubes poculiformis gen. nov., sp. nov., holotype NIWA 126016, spicules A three prostal hypodermal pentactins, the lower one in plane of tangential rays, with enlarged ray ends B whole marginal diactins (ray ends unavailable) C two whole choanosomal hexactins with two enlarged ray ends and one centrum. Scale of whole spicules as in C; D four whole stalk diactins and enlarged end E dermalia, stauractin and pentactin with enlarged ray ends F atrialium and enlarged ray end G two oxyhexasters and enlarged terminal ray H whole anisodiscohexaster; an enlarged section showing disc diameter increasing in longer terminal rays; an enlarged side view of a terminal ray and end views of terminal ray discs.
Figure 4 from: Reiswig HM, Dohrmann M, Kelly M, Mills S, Schupp PJ, Wörheide G (2021) Rossellid glass sponges (Porifera, Hexactinellida) from New Zealand waters, with description of one new genus and six new species. ZooKeys 1060: 33-84. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1060.63307
Figure 4 Nubes tubulata gen. nov., sp. nov., holotype NIWA 126159, distribution, skeleton and morphology A Distribution in New Zealand waters B holotype in situ C holotype, deck image D holotype, deck image showing moderate-sized osculum and veil of hypodermal pentactins (deck images by PJS) E dermal surface with dense veil of prostal hypodermal pentactins F atrial surface without a hypodermal veil G closer view of dermal surface with disrupted lattice H closer view of atrial surface with intact lattice over exhalant apertures I section of body wall, dermal surface on left side. Image B captured by ROV Team GEOMAR, ROV Kiel 6000 onboard RV Sonne (voyage SO254), courtesy of Project PoribacNewZ, GEOMAR, and ICBM.
Figure 5 from: Reiswig HM, Dohrmann M, Kelly M, Mills S, Schupp PJ, Wörheide G (2021) Rossellid glass sponges (Porifera, Hexactinellida) from New Zealand waters, with description of one new genus and six new species. ZooKeys 1060: 33-84. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1060.63307
Figure 5 Nubes tubulata gen. nov., sp. nov., holotype NIWA 126159, spicules A whole prostal hypodermal pentactin and enlarged ray ends B whole curved and straight choanosomal diactins with two enlarged ends; scales of whole spicules and parts in B and C as in A; C whole choanosomal hexactin with two enlarged ray ends D two dermalia, a subhexactin, and a stauractin, with enlarged ray ends and centres E two atrialia, a pinular subhexactin, and a regular hexactin with enlarged centrum of the pinular subhexactin and a ray end; scales of whole spicules and parts as in D; F two oxyhexasters G enlarged terminal ray of an oxyhexaster H anisodiscohexasters, from SEM preparation (above) and LM preparation (below).
Figure 3 from: Reiswig HM, Dohrmann M, Kelly M, Mills S, Schupp PJ, Wörheide G (2021) Rossellid glass sponges (Porifera, Hexactinellida) from New Zealand waters, with description of one new genus and six new species. ZooKeys 1060: 33-84. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1060.63307
Figure 3 Bathydorus poculum sp. nov., holotype NIWA 126338 spicules A prostal diactin, whole and enlarged end B hypodermal pentactin, whole and enlarged spicule centre, tangential and proximal ray ends C choanosomal diactin, whole and enlarged end D stauractine dermalium, whole and enlarged ray end E pinular hexactine atrialium, whole and enlarged ray end F oxyhexaster G enlarged whole primary and secondary ray (left) and centre of spicule showing smooth primary and ornamentation of spines on secondary rays (right) H hemioxyhexaster I hemioxystauraster.
Figure 2 from: Reiswig HM, Dohrmann M, Kelly M, Mills S, Schupp PJ, Wörheide G (2021) Rossellid glass sponges (Porifera, Hexactinellida) from New Zealand waters, with description of one new genus and six new species. ZooKeys 1060: 33-84. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1060.63307
Figure 2 Bathydorus poculum sp. nov., holotype NIWA 126338, distribution, skeleton, and morphology A distribution in New Zealand waters B holotype in situ (scale bar approximate) C dermal (upper) and atrial (lower) sides of the preserved main part of the collected fragment D magnified area of the oscular margin, showing the atrial surface curving out over the dermal surface E dermal surface with dense prostal diactins F atrial surface with similarly dense prostal diactins. Image B captured by ROV Team GEOMAR, ROV Kiel 6000 onboard RV Sonne (voyage SO254), courtesy of Project PoribacNewZ, GEOMAR, and ICBM.
Figure 15 from: Reiswig HM, Dohrmann M, Kelly M, Mills S, Schupp PJ, Wörheide G (2021) Rossellid glass sponges (Porifera, Hexactinellida) from New Zealand waters, with description of one new genus and six new species. ZooKeys 1060: 33-84. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1060.63307
Figure 15 Caulophacus (Caulophacus) serpens sp. nov., NIWA 126084, spicules A hypodermal body pentactin B hypoatrial body pentactin C hypodermal stalk pentactin D two whole choanosomal hexactins and an enlarged ray end E two whole choanosomal diactins and enlarged ends and central swellings; F dermal body pinular pentactin G atrial body pinular pentactin H stalk dermal pinular pentactin I discohexactin with enlarged terminal ray and facial view of end disc J large thick-rayed discohexaster with two smaller thin-rayed discohexasters entangled K thin-rayed discohexaster and magnified terminal ray. Scale bar in A applies to B–E scale bar in F applies to G and H whole microscleres are at the same scale.
Figure 17 from: Reiswig HM, Dohrmann M, Kelly M, Mills S, Schupp PJ, Wörheide G (2021) Rossellid glass sponges (Porifera, Hexactinellida) from New Zealand waters, with description of one new genus and six new species. ZooKeys 1060: 33-84. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1060.63307
Figure 17 Caulophacus (Caulophacus) ramosus sp. nov., NIWA 126085, spicules A two whole hypodermal body pentactins and enlarged ray tips B two whole hypoatrial body pentactins and enlarged ray ends C a choanosomal hexactin and two enlarged ray tips D t wo whole choanosomal diactins and enlarged ends and central swellings E dermal body pinular pentactin and enlarged ray ends F atrial body pinular pentactin and enlarged ray ends G discohexactin and enlarged ray end H hemidiscohexaster I thin-rayed stellate discohexaster with enlarged secondary ray tuft and a secondary ray. Scale bars in A apply to B–D scales in E apply to F whole microscleres are at the same scale.
Figure 18 from: Reiswig HM, Dohrmann M, Kelly M, Mills S, Schupp PJ, Wörheide G (2021) Rossellid glass sponges (Porifera, Hexactinellida) from New Zealand waters, with description of one new genus and six new species. ZooKeys 1060: 33-84. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1060.63307
Figure 18 Dr Henry Michael Reiswig (8 July 1936–4 July 2020) of Saanichton, British Columbia, Canada A henry at work examining a dictyonal glass sponge. Image provided by Heidi Gartner, Invertebrate Collection Manager and Researcher at the Royal British Columbia Museum, with permission B henry and Dr Manuel Maldonado, Sponge Ecobiology and Biotechnology Group, Department of Marine Ecology, Centro de Estudios Avanzados de Blanes (CEAB), onboard the Canadian Coast Guard Ship Vector in the Strait of Georgia, Vancouver, using the ROV Ropos to work on the hexactinellid reef (October 2007) C Henry with Dr Kim Conway, the geologist who discovered the Canadian hexactinellid reef, ibid; D Henry demonstrating sponge taxonomy techniques in a workshop at the 10th World Sponge Conference, Galway, 25–30 June 2017. Images reproduced with permission.
Figure 16 from: Reiswig HM, Dohrmann M, Kelly M, Mills S, Schupp PJ, Wörheide G (2021) Rossellid glass sponges (Porifera, Hexactinellida) from New Zealand waters, with description of one new genus and six new species. ZooKeys 1060: 33-84. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1060.63307
Figure 16 Caulophacus (Caulophacus) ramosus sp. nov., NIWA 126085, distribution, skeleton, and morphology A map of collection location on Kermadec Trench slope B in-situ image of the largest body; the irregular undulating stalk associated with it is largely hidden in accumulated sediment. The green line is 6.24 cm long copied from between laser spots elsewhere in the image C deck image of the large body, which was unavailable for taxonomic description since used for other analyses (image by PJS) D a smaller body (arrowhead) attached presumably to the same stalk but lower in the sinuous section with multiple branching attachments to small cobbles E The same body enlarged to show the plush of long atrial pinular pentactins F cross section of the larger contort white stalk and its central canal. Image B captured by ROV Team GEOMAR, ROV Kiel 6000 onboard RV Sonne (voyage SO254), courtesy of Project PoribacNewZ, GEOMAR, and ICBM.
Figure 13 from: Reiswig HM, Dohrmann M, Kelly M, Mills S, Schupp PJ, Wörheide G (2021) Rossellid glass sponges (Porifera, Hexactinellida) from New Zealand waters, with description of one new genus and six new species. ZooKeys 1060: 33-84. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1060.63307
Figure 13 Caulophacus (Caulophacus) discohexaster Tabachnick & Lévi, 2004, NIWA 126342, spicules: A hypodermal body pentactin; whole and enlarged tangential and proximal ray ends B hypoatrial body pentactin; whole and enlarged tangential and proximal ray ends C hypodermal stalk pentactin; whole and enlarged tangential and proximal ray ends D choanosomal hexactins; two whole and enlarged ray end E choanosomal diactins; two whole and four enlarged ends and one central swelling F dermal body pinular hexactin G atrial body pinular hexactin H stalk dermal pinular hexactin I discohexactin J hemidiscohexaster Kdiscohexaster and magnified terminal ray and terminal disc. Scale bars in A apply to B and C; scale bar is the same for F–H, I–K.
Figure 12 from: Reiswig HM, Dohrmann M, Kelly M, Mills S, Schupp PJ, Wörheide G (2021) Rossellid glass sponges (Porifera, Hexactinellida) from New Zealand waters, with description of one new genus and six new species. ZooKeys 1060: 33-84. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1060.63307
Figure 12 Caulophacus (Caulophacus) discohexaster Tabachnick & Lévi, 2004, NIWA 126342, 126343, distribution, skeleton, and morphology A distribution in New Zealand waters B smaller specimen, NIWA 126342 in situ C smaller specimen atrial surface on-deck image D smaller specimen dermal surface and stalk connection (deck images by PJS) E larger specimen, NIWA 126343 in situ F section of the stalk of the smaller specimen G–ISEM images of surfaces of smaller specimen; dermal G atrial H and stalk I at same magnification. Images B and E captured by ROV Team GEOMAR, ROV Kiel 6000 onboard RV Sonne (voyage SO254), courtesy of Project PoribacNewZ, GEOMAR and ICBM.
Figure 14 from: Reiswig HM, Dohrmann M, Kelly M, Mills S, Schupp PJ, Wörheide G (2021) Rossellid glass sponges (Porifera, Hexactinellida) from New Zealand waters, with description of one new genus and six new species. ZooKeys 1060: 33-84. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1060.63307
Figure 14 Caulophacus (Caulophacus) serpens sp. nov., NIWA 126084, distribution, skeleton, and morphology A distribution in New Zealand waters, collection location of holotype on the Kermadec Trench slope B in situ image of the largest specimen body and the irregular undulating stalk associated with it. The laser spots indicated by the arrows are 6.24 cm apart C deck image of the same with smaller specimens in the stalk tangle at right (image by PJS) D two smaller bodies and their stalks, previously attached to the main mass, used for spicule analysis E cross sections of the uncleaned stalk of the larger specimen in D; F Acid-cleaned part of the stalk of the same (SEM) G closer view of the outer stalk surface showing most fused diactins oriented nearly parallel to the stalk axis (SEM) H close view of the internal stalk surface showing most superficial spicules oriented at large angles to the stalk axis (SEM). Image B captured by ROV Team GEOMAR, ROV Kiel 6000 onboard RV Sonne (voyage SO254), courtesy of Project PoribacNewZ, GEOMAR, and ICBM.
Figure 11 from: Reiswig HM, Dohrmann M, Kelly M, Mills S, Schupp PJ, Wörheide G (2021) Rossellid glass sponges (Porifera, Hexactinellida) from New Zealand waters, with description of one new genus and six new species. ZooKeys 1060: 33-84. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1060.63307
Figure 11 Scyphidium variospinosum sp. nov., holotype NIWA 126279, spicules A prostal diactins, two whole and enlarged end and near-end segment B prostal pentactins, two whole spicules, inside and end views and parts including a tangential ray end (top), a thorned part and a proximal end (lower). Scale bars of whole and parts are same as in A C choanosomal diactins, three whole long and short versions plus enlarged tips D one pentactine dermalium and enlarged tangential and proximal ray tips E one hexactine atrialium and enlarged ray end Fdiscohexaster 1 and enlarged terminal ray end Gdiscohexaster 2 with enlarged terminal ray end Hdiscohexaster 3 I hemioxyhexaster with enlarged terminal ray end. All microscleres and their enlarged parts are at same scale bars.
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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OpenNeuro
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