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Figure 10 in Immature stages, phenology, distribution and host plants of the Andean Moon Moth Cercophana frauenfeldii Felder, 1862 (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae)

Figure 10 Cercophana frauenfeldii distributional map of continental Chile showing Central-North and Central-South areas (Roman numbers = Administrative regions, MA=metropolitan area).

Figure 9 in Immature stages, phenology, distribution and host plants of the Andean Moon Moth Cercophana frauenfeldii Felder, 1862 (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae)

Figure 9 Cercophana frauenfeldii adults emerged from laboratory rearing.(A) Recently emerged female perching on a twig and (B) Details of the wing design. (C) Recently emerged male perching on a twig and (D) details of its wing design.

Figure 8 in Immature stages, phenology, distribution and host plants of the Andean Moon Moth Cercophana frauenfeldii Felder, 1862 (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae)

Figure 8 Phenology of C. frauenfeldii. Striped area of each phenology bar shows previous records. Grey coloured area of the bars represents the findings of this study.

Figure 6 in Immature stages, phenology, distribution and host plants of the Andean Moon Moth Cercophana frauenfeldii Felder, 1862 (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae)

Figure 6 (A) Ventral, (B) Lateral and (C) Dorsal view of the female pupa of C. frauenfeldii. Modified from Angulo and Weigert (1974).

Figure 5 in Immature stages, phenology, distribution and host plants of the Andean Moon Moth Cercophana frauenfeldii Felder, 1862 (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae)

Figure 5 Pupae of C. frauenfeldii. (A) Frontal view. (B) Detail of the cremaster. (C) Yellow-orange membranes of the fourth, fifth and sixth abdominal segments; and (D) pupa inside the cocoon.

Figure 1 in Immature stages, phenology, distribution and host plants of the Andean Moon Moth Cercophana frauenfeldii Felder, 1862 (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae)

Figure 1 Cercophana frauenfeldii egg details. (A) General view of the egg; (B) Egg side view showing a conspicuous depression; (C) Aeropiles distributed randomly across the chorion surface; (D) Non-fertilized eggs laid by the female inside the rearing cage; (E) Fertilized egg collected from queule leaves and (F) Details of the egg after larval hatching.

Figure 3 in Immature stages, phenology, distribution and host plants of the Andean Moon Moth Cercophana frauenfeldii Felder, 1862 (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae)

Figure 3 Larval instars of C. frauenfeldii. (A) First instar showing long setae and lack of coloured spots. (B) Second instar, showing first spots variable in size and number. (C) Third instar, exhibiting the first stages of the scoli on the third thoracic segment and the false eye on the second thoracic segment. (D) Fourth instar showing scoli and false eye fully developed and the yellowish line running from the scoli to the last segment with the hypognathous head hidden within the first and second thoracic segments. (E) Larval camouflage pattern.

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Fig. 2 in Development and morphological characterization of the immature stages of Tetrastichus giffardianus Silvestri (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae)

Fig. 2. Number of larval instars of Tetrastichus giffardianus determined by multivariate analysis based of the cephalic capsule width, length and width of the larval body, using the K-Means method.

Fig. 7 in A redescription of Antispastis clarkei Pastrana (Lepidoptera, Glyphipterigidae) immature stages, with notes on the life history and phylogenetic placement of the genus

Fig. 7. Natural history of Antispastis clarkei on Solanum johannae: A, egg on abaxial surface of S. johannae leaf; B, last larval instar within dissected mine; C, a discharge orifice of a young blotch mine (aperture indicated by arrow) on leaf abaxial surface, surrounded by isolated small fecal pellets; D, young host plant showing leaf mines of varied ages and shapes on adaxial surface of leaves; E, young leaf mines in detail; beginning and end of a first-instar, filiform mine are indicated by closed and open arrows, respectively; asterisk indicates a third instar, blotch mine; dashed and broken lines mark location of histological sections presented in Fig. 8; F, feces embedded in brownish liquid, discharged by a full-grown larva (aperture of orifice also indicated by arrow); G, anterior aperture (asterisk) of cocoon in detail, dorsal; H, a last instar larva seen by transparency (arrow) within a large blotch mine; I, cocoon, general view, with pupa inside, constructed on the wall of a rearing plastic vial in laboratory, lateral. Scale bars = 0.3, 1.5, 20, 40, 15, 20, 0.5, 20, 1 mm, respectively.

Fig. 3 in A redescription of Antispastis clarkei Pastrana (Lepidoptera, Glyphipterigidae) immature stages, with notes on the life history and phylogenetic placement of the genus

Fig. 3. Larval and pupal morphology of Antispastis clarkei under light microscopy: A, last larval instar, under dorsal and ventral views; B, pupa, dorsal, ventral and lateral, respectively. Scale bars = 0.5 mm.

Fig. 6 in A redescription of Antispastis clarkei Pastrana (Lepidoptera, Glyphipterigidae) immature stages, with notes on the life history and phylogenetic placement of the genus

Fig. 6. Scanning electron micrographs of Antispastis clarkei pupa: A, B, head and anterior portion of thorax, lateral and ventral views, respectively; C, cocoon cutter, lateral (indicated by seta in B); D, basal tubercle of forewing, lateral (indicated by closed arrowhead in A); E, latero-dorsal micro-seta of mesothorax, lateral (indicated by open arrowhead in A); F, prothoracic spiracle, dorsal (open arrowhead indicates latero-posterior slit); G, H, spiracles of seventh and eighth abdominal segments, respectively, lateral; I, J, last abdominal segments, dorso-posterior and dorsal, respectively; K, cremaster hooks in detail (enlarged area marked with a rectangle in J); L, latero-dorsal setae of last abdominal segment, posterior (area indicated by closed arrow in I). Scale bars = 250, 200, 30, 30, 20, 30, 30, 20, 150, 100, 20, 10 µm, respectively.

Fig. 1 in A redescription of Antispastis clarkei Pastrana (Lepidoptera, Glyphipterigidae) immature stages, with notes on the life history and phylogenetic placement of the genus

Fig. 1. Maximum likelihood consensus tree for Antispastis Meyrick inferred based on DNA barcode sequences (668 bp of the cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene). Numbers above branches indicate bootstrap support.

Fig. 2 in A redescription of Antispastis clarkei Pastrana (Lepidoptera, Glyphipterigidae) immature stages, with notes on the life history and phylogenetic placement of the genus

Fig. 2. Adult morphology of Antispastis clarkei: A, pinned-dried adult female, dorsal view; B, fore and hind wings, respectively, dorsal (seta points to fused A1+2 on hind wing); C, mouth parts, antero-dorsal (open and closed arrows indicate proboscis and maxillary palpus, respectively; asterisk marks labial palpus); D, vesica in detail, ventral (area marked with rectangle in E); E, male genitalia, ventral; F, corpus bursae, ventral; G, signum in detail (area marked with rectangle in F); H, female genitalia, ventral (open arrow points to missing distal portion of ductus bursae and corpus bursae, broken off during preparation). Scale bars = 1 mm (A, B); 50, 50, 100, 200, 100, 200 µm, from C to H, respectively.

Fig. 53 in Mating behavior and description of immature stages of Cyclocephala melanocephala (Fabricius, 1775) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae), identification key and remarks on known immatures of Cyclocephalini species

Fig. 53. (a) Average temperature (◦C) and radiation (kJ/m2) obtained from meteorological station (INMET). (b) Adults of Cyclocephala melanocephala collected with a light trap. Means followed by the same letters do not differ by the Skott-Knott test √

Figs. 48–51 in Mating behavior and description of immature stages of Cyclocephala melanocephala (Fabricius, 1775) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae), identification key and remarks on known immatures of Cyclocephalini species

Figs. 48–51. Cyclocephala melanocephala, pupa; 48, head, frontal; 49–50, prosternal posterior process (male, female); 51, male terminalia, ventral. Scale = 2 mm.

Figs. 17–22 in Mating behavior and description of immature stages of Cyclocephala melanocephala (Fabricius, 1775) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae), identification key and remarks on known immatures of Cyclocephalini species

Figs. 17–22. Cyclocephala melanocephala, third instar larva; 17–19, right mandible (ventral, internal, dorsal); left mandible (dorsal, internal, ventral). Scale = 0.5 mm.

Figs. 15–16 in Mating behavior and description of immature stages of Cyclocephala melanocephala (Fabricius, 1775) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae), identification key and remarks on known immatures of Cyclocephalini species

Figs. 15–16. Cyclocephala melanocephala, third instar larva; 15, epipharynx; 16, cibarium. aca, anterior most acanthoparia seta; acr, lateroposterior acroparia seta; crp, right part of crepis; lip, ligular tubercle-like process; ppa, posterior preoral area. Scale = 0.5 mm.

Figs. 5–6 in Mating behavior and description of immature stages of Cyclocephala melanocephala (Fabricius, 1775) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae), identification key and remarks on known immatures of Cyclocephalini species

Figs. 5–6. Cyclocephala melanocephala, third instar larva; 5, lateral; 6, head, dorsal. t10, abdominal tergite X; usb, U-shaped sclerotized bar. Scale = 1 mm.

Figs. 1–4 in Mating behavior and description of immature stages of Cyclocephala melanocephala (Fabricius, 1775) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae), identification key and remarks on known immatures of Cyclocephalini species

Figs. 1–4. Cyclocephala melanocephala, adult; 1, 2, habitus (male, female); 3, 4, protibia and tarsus (male, female). Scale: 1, 2 = 5 mm; 3, 4 = 1 mm.