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FIGURES 82–86 in Entogoniopsis gen. nov. and Trilamina gen. nov. (Bacillariophyta): a survey of multipolar pseudocellate diatoms with internal costae, including comments on the genus Sheshukovia Gleser

FIGURES 82–86. Triceratium dobreeanum Norman ex Greville versus Triceratium dobreeanum var. novazealandica Grove & Sturt. Figs 82–83: Line drawings of Triceratium dobreeanum Norman ex Greville, reproduced from Greville (1865a: pl. II, Figs 23–24). Fig. 84: Light micrograph of T. dobreeanum holotype, BM3340, dredging off Sydney, Australia. Figs 85–86: Line drawings of Triceratium dobreeanum var. novazealandica, reproduced from Grove & Sturt (1886: pl. XIX, Figs 17–18); note the lack of linking spines at the summits of the polar elevations. Reproductions are not to scale.

FIGURES 50–51. Fig. 50 in Entogoniopsis gen. nov. and Trilamina gen. nov. (Bacillariophyta): a survey of multipolar pseudocellate diatoms with internal costae, including comments on the genus Sheshukovia Gleser

FIGURES 50–51. Fig. 50: Reproduction of the line drawing of Entogonia saratoviana from Pantocsek (1889: pl. VI, fig. 105), not to scale. Fig. 51: Light micrograph of Triceratium reedii (Reed) Desikachary & Sreelatha, holotype, Forrester's, Oamaru, New Zealand, slide CHR617491 (coll. Allan Herbarium, Landcare Research, New Zealand).

FIGURES 11–16 in Entogoniopsis gen. nov. and Trilamina gen. nov. (Bacillariophyta): a survey of multipolar pseudocellate diatoms with internal costae, including comments on the genus Sheshukovia Gleser

FIGURES 11–16. Scanning electron micrographs of Entogoniopsis morlandii from Oamaru, New Zealand (Figs 11, 13, 15–16), and Vema Cruise 17, Core 107, South Atlantic Ocean (Figs 12, 14). Fig. 11: Oblique external view, showing a depressed valve face surrounded by a hyaline marginal ridge level with the summits of the polar pseudocelli. Central ring of rimoportulae indicated by arrowhead. Areas of sparse, scattered areolation next to the proximal sides of polar elevations are indicated with arrows. Fig. 12: Oblique internal view showing the prominent internal costae. Central ring of rimoportulae indicated by arrowhead. Fig. 13: Detail of the specimen in Fig. 11, showing fractured buttressed external tubes of the rimoportulae, and partially dissolved volae. Fig. 14: Detail of the specimen in Fig. 12, showing an irregular central ring of rimoportulae, internal openings in the form of slightly raised slits. Fig. 15: Detail of the specimen in Fig. 11, showing one of the polar pseudocelli. Note the flat summit occupying the whole of the pseudocellus located on the valve face. Fig. 16: Detail of a fractured valve revealing a T-shaped cross-section through a costa (arrowhead), and an inward expansion of the hyaline mantle margin (arrow).

FIGURES 31–36 in Entogoniopsis gen. nov. and Trilamina gen. nov. (Bacillariophyta): a survey of multipolar pseudocellate diatoms with internal costae, including comments on the genus Sheshukovia Gleser

FIGURES 31–36. Light micrographs showing the range of morphological variation in Entogoniopsis grunowii (Figs 31, 33–36) in comparison to Entogonia davyana (Greville) Greville (Fig. 32). Fig. 31: BM coll. Adams TS426, Allan's Farm, Oamaru, New Zealand; Fig. 32: BM63959, Joe's River, Barbadoes. Fig. 33: SZCZ15073, DSDP sample 29-281-16CC, South Tasman Rise. Fig. 34: BM46607, Oamaru, New Zealand, holotype. Fig. 35: BM coll. Adams G68, Railway Cutting 1, Oamaru, New Zealand. Fig. 36: BM63654, Oamaru, New Zealand.

FIGURES 6–9 in Entogoniopsis gen. nov. and Trilamina gen. nov. (Bacillariophyta): a survey of multipolar pseudocellate diatoms with internal costae, including comments on the genus Sheshukovia Gleser

FIGURES 6–9. An overview of valve morphology in Sheshukovia Gleser and Medlinia Sims. Figs 6–7: Sheshukovia kolbei (Hustedt) Gleser. Fig. 6: Oblique external view showing flat polar pseudocelli, shallow transverse folds across the projections, and an inconspicuous external tube of a rimoportula (arrow). Fig. 7: Oblique internal view. Note the openings of the rimoportulae (arrows), and the smooth hyaline margin of the mantle (arrowhead). Fig. 8: Medlinia weissei (Grunow) Sims, external valve view, showing deep transverse folds separating the projections from the central area, and prominent external tubes of the rimoportulae (arrow). Fig. 9: Medlinia venusta (Witt) Sims, oblique internal view, showing internal costae associated with the transverse folds, internal openings of the rimoportulae (arrow), as well as serrations along the mantle margin (arrowhead).

FIGURES 76–81 in Entogoniopsis gen. nov. and Trilamina gen. nov. (Bacillariophyta): a survey of multipolar pseudocellate diatoms with internal costae, including comments on the genus Sheshukovia Gleser

FIGURES 76–81. Light micrographs showing the range of morphological variation in Entogoniopsis novazealandica. Fig. 76: BM63524, Oamaru, New Zealand. Fig. 77: BM71533, Oamaru, New Zealand, lectotype; Fig. 78: BM46607, Oamaru, New Zealand. Fig. 79: BM coll. Adams G116, Jackson's Paddock, Oamaru, New Zealand. Fig. 80: BM coll. Adams G659, labelled '(J.G.) Oamaru, New Zealand'. Fig. 81: BM46575, Oamaru, New Zealand.

FIGURES 58–68 in Entogoniopsis gen. nov. and Trilamina gen. nov. (Bacillariophyta): a survey of multipolar pseudocellate diatoms with internal costae, including comments on the genus Sheshukovia Gleser

FIGURES 58–68. Light micrographs showing the range of morphological variation in Entogoniopsis venosa. Fig. 58: BM63792, Joe's River, Barbadoes. Fig. 59: BM35040, Barbadoes. Fig. 60: BM68793, Barbadoes. Fig. 61: BM63791, Newcastle, Barbadoes. Fig. 62: BM coll. Adams TS856, Joe's River, Barbadoes. Fig. 63: BM11107, Oamaru, New Zealand. Fig. 64: BM68793, Oamaru. Fig. 65: BM coll. Adams TS315, Oamaru. Arrow indicates a missing segment within a costa. Fig. 66: BM68793, Barbadoes. Fig. 67: BM38108, Springfield, Barbadoes. Fig. 68: ODP sample 171B-1050A-2H-2, 33–34 cm, Blake Nose, western North Atlantic Ocean.

FIGURES 87–93 in Entogoniopsis gen. nov. and Trilamina gen. nov. (Bacillariophyta): a survey of multipolar pseudocellate diatoms with internal costae, including comments on the genus Sheshukovia Gleser

FIGURES 87–93. Scanning electron micrographs of Entogoniopsis inflata from San Clemente, California, USA. Fig. 87: oblique external view, showing the depressed valve face centre, with coarse, conspicuously domed areolae. The circumferential furrow adjacent to the expanded mantle margin is indicated by the arrowhead. Arrow indicates one of the furrows associated with the internal costae. Fig. 88: Oblique external view of a valve (V) with attached valvocopula (VC). Fig. 89: Oblique internal view of a specimen with a fractured valvocopula, revealing a cross-section through the fossa embracing the inwardly expanded hyaline margin of the mantle (arrowhead). Fig. 90: Detail of the specimen in Fig. 89, showing the clasping devices on the valvocopula embracing the internal costae (arrow). Fig. 91: Detail of the specimen in Fig. 87, showing the absence of a well-defined pseudocellus at the valve pole, a conspicuously stepped mantle (arrow), and a prominent hyaline margin of the mantle expanded toward the exterior (arrowhead). Fig. 92: Detail of the specimen in Fig. 87, showing the finer areolae located next to the valve face margin. Fig. 93: Detail of the specimen in Fig. 87, showing the coarse, domed areolae on the central part of the valve face.

FIGURES 44–49 in Entogoniopsis gen. nov. and Trilamina gen. nov. (Bacillariophyta): a survey of multipolar pseudocellate diatoms with internal costae, including comments on the genus Sheshukovia Gleser

FIGURES 44–49. Light micrographs showing the range of morphological variation in Entogoniopsis polycistinora. Fig. 44: BM66536, Kamyshlov, Russia. Fig. 45: BM coll. Adams TS748, Kamyshlov, Russia. Fig. 46: BM63692, Kamyshlov, Russia. Fig. 47: BM63691, Kamyshlov, Russia. Fig. 48: BM63693, Barbadoes. Fig. 49: BM61201, Kusnetzk, Russia.

FIGURES 1–5 in Entogoniopsis gen. nov. and Trilamina gen. nov. (Bacillariophyta): a survey of multipolar pseudocellate diatoms with internal costae, including comments on the genus Sheshukovia Gleser

FIGURES 1–5. An overview of valve morphology in Triceratium Ehrenberg sensu stricto and Entogonia Greville. Figs 1–2: Triceratium sp. aff. T. favus Ehrenberg. Fig. 1: Oblique external view showing rows of pseudoloculi on the valve face, marginal rows of rimoportulae (arrowhead), and polar ocelli (arrow). Fig. 2: Oblique internal view, showing internal openings of rimoportulae aligned in marginal rows (arrowhead). Fig. 3: Entogonia sp. Holmes & Brigger, oblique external view of a frustule with attached valvocopula. Note the polar and lateral exit pores of the internal coil, indicated by the arrow and arrowhead, respectively. Fig. 4: Entogonia davyana Greville in external valve view, polar exit pore indicated by the arrow. Fig. 5: Entogonia cloudi Holmes & Brigger, internal valve view, showing a well-preserved internal coil (arrow), and prominent internal costae (arrowhead).

FIGURES 37–43 in Entogoniopsis gen. nov. and Trilamina gen. nov. (Bacillariophyta): a survey of multipolar pseudocellate diatoms with internal costae, including comments on the genus Sheshukovia Gleser

FIGURES 37–43. Scanning electron micrographs of Entogoniopsis polycistinora from Kamyshlov, Russia (Figs 37, 39–43), and Kirgizskoe, Kazakhstan (Fig. 38). Fig. 37: Oblique external view. Location of the ring of rimoportulae indicated by the white arrowhead. Note spinules at the distal faces of the pseudocelli (white arrow). Black arrowhead indicates coarse areolae, and black arrow shows fine areolae in between rows of coarse ones. Fig. 38: Oblique external view of a specimen with a stepped mantle (arrow). Rimoportulae indicated by arrowhead. Fig. 39: Oblique internal view of a specimen with a ring of 14 rimoportulae located on a prominent central area (arrowhead). Fig. 40: Specimen in girdle view. Note the low relative height of the polar elevations, and the location of the hyaline marginal ridge (arrow). Fig. 41: Detail of a fractured valve revealing Tshaped cross-sections of the internal costae (arrowhead). Fig. 42: Detail of the specimen in Fig. 37, showing fractured buttressed external tubes of the rimoportulae. Fig. 43: Detail of the specimen in Fig. 39, showing internal openings of the rimoportulae, in the form of slits across slightly raised papillae. Note well-preserved volae (arrowhead).

FIGURES 17–23 in Entogoniopsis gen. nov. and Trilamina gen. nov. (Bacillariophyta): a survey of multipolar pseudocellate diatoms with internal costae, including comments on the genus Sheshukovia Gleser

FIGURES 17–23. Light micrographs showing the range of morphological variation in Entogoniopsis morlandii. Fig. 17: BM coll. Adams TS315, Oamaru, New Zealand. Fig. 18: BM46565, Oamaru, New Zealand, lectotype. Fig. 19: BM coll. Adams G162, Jackson's Paddock, Oamaru, New Zealand. Fig. 20: BM coll. Adams G142, Oamaru, New Zealand. Fig. 21: BM coll. Adams TS270, Oamaru, New Zealand. Fig. 22: BM coll. Adams G93, no locality on slide label, presumably Oamaru, New Zealand. Fig. 23: BM coll. Adams TS270, girdle view of a frustule with attached valvocopula, Oamaru, New Zealand.

FIGURES 24–30 in Entogoniopsis gen. nov. and Trilamina gen. nov. (Bacillariophyta): a survey of multipolar pseudocellate diatoms with internal costae, including comments on the genus Sheshukovia Gleser

FIGURES 24–30. Scanning electron micrographs of Entogoniopsis grunowii from Vema Cruise 18, Core 112 (Figs 24–25, 27) and Vema Cruise 17, Core 107 (Figs 26, 28–30), South Atlantic Ocean. Fig. 24: Oblique external view. Note the location of the hyaline marginal ridge below the highest level of the valve face (black arrow), and the central ring of rimoportulae (arrowhead). White arrow indicates the furrow above the hyaline margin of the mantle. Fig. 25: Oblique internal view, showing the location of the central ring of rimoportulae (arrowhead), bifurcations of costae on the mantle, and the inwardly expanded hyaline margin of the mantle. White arrow indicates the furrow above the hyaline margin of the mantle. Fig. 26: Detail of the specimen in Fig. 29, showing well-preserved volae. Fig. 27: Detail of the specimen in Fig. 24, showing fractured non-buttressed external tubes of the rimoportulae (arrow). Fig. 28: Detail of the specimen in Fig. 25, showing internal openings of the rimoportulae arranged in a regular ring. Fig. 29: Oblique internal view of a hypovalve with attached valvocopula (VC), and a detached band of the epicingulum showing a fimbriate edge (arrow). Fig. 30: Detail of the specimen in Fig. 29, showing clasping devices that attach the valvocopula to the internal costae (arrow).

FIGURE 2 in Cylindrosporus flavidus gen. et comb. nov. (Hymenochaetales, Basidiomycota) segregated from Onnia

FIGURE 2. Phylogenetic position of Cylindrosporus flavidus inferred from ITS sequences. The topology from maximum likelihood analysis is shown along with statistical values from maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony and Bayesian inference simultaneously above 50%, 50% and 0.8, respectively. Newly generated sequences for this study are in bold-face.

FIGURE 1 in Cylindrosporus flavidus gen. et comb. nov. (Hymenochaetales, Basidiomycota) segregated from Onnia

FIGURE 1. Phylogenetic position of Cylindrosporus flavidus inferred from nLSU sequences. The topology from maximum likelihood analysis is shown along with statistical values from maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony and Bayesian inference simultaneously above 50%, 50% and 0.8, respectively. Newly generated sequences for this study are in bold-face.

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FIGURE 2. Macroskyttea parmotrematis. A in Macroskyttea parmotrematis gen. et sp. nov. (Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, Ascomycota), a new lichenicolous fungus from Bolivia

FIGURE 2. Macroskyttea parmotrematis. A, habit of a ascomata: A, young almost close ascomata (Kukwa 11316), B, mature ascoma with strongly exposed dark pigmented disc (Bach et al. 97a); C, cross section of mature ascoma (Bach et al. 97a); D, cross section of young ascoma showing excipular hairs (Kukwa 11316); E, ascospores (Kukwa 11316). Scale bars: A–B—250 μm, C—50 μm, D—25 μm, E—10 μm.

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FIGURE 1 in Macroskyttea parmotrematis gen. et sp. nov. (Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, Ascomycota), a new lichenicolous fungus from Bolivia

FIGURE 1. Three-locus (nuSSU, nuLSU and 5.8S of ITS) Maximum Likelihood tree indicating phylogenetic position of Macroskyttea parmotrematis within encoelioid-clade of Helotiales. The branches supported by Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian analysed are marked with thicker lines, * indicates support in one analyse. Bootstrap values (BP)≥than 70 and Bayesian posterior probabilities (PP)≥than 0.95 are indicated above the branches.

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FIGURE 3. Macroskyttea parmotrematis. A in Macroskyttea parmotrematis gen. et sp. nov. (Helotiales, Leotiomycetes, Ascomycota), a new lichenicolous fungus from Bolivia

FIGURE 3. Macroskyttea parmotrematis. A, cross section of mature ascoma mounted in LPCB (Bach et al. 97a); B, cross section of young ascoma mounted in LPCB (Etayo 28402); C, cross section of young ascoma mounted in LPCB showing inner (left) and ectal (right) exciple (Etayo 28402); D, inner exciple mounted in LPCB showing thin-walled cells (structura angularis) (Etayo 28402); E, ectal exciple mounted in LPCB showing thick-walled cells (structura globosa) (Etayo 28402); F, asci in different development stages mounted in Congo Red showing apically thickened tholus with a narrow ocular chamber with a characteristic widening on top, two right-hand asci with 4-guttulate ascospores (Etayo 28402). Scale bars: A–B—25 μm, C–F—10 μm.

FIGURE 4 in Polulichloris henanensis gen. et sp. nov. (Trebouxiophyceae, Chlorophyta), a novel subaerial coccoid green alga

FIGURE 4. Phylogenetic position of Polulichloris henanensis within class Trebouxiophyceae (Chlorophyta), based on 18S rDNA + rbcL sequences. The analysis was based on reduced alignment with an outgroup formed by the chlorophycean Chlamydomonas bilatus. The tree was inferred using PAUP*4.0 with the GTR + I + G evolutionary model. Numbers at branches correspond to MrBayes posterior probabilities (BPP)/maximum likelihood (ML) bootstrap values. Values below 0.95 BPP and 50% ML bootstrap support are not shown. Scale bar shows estimated number of substitutions per site.

FIGURE 1 in Polulichloris henanensis gen. et sp. nov. (Trebouxiophyceae, Chlorophyta), a novel subaerial coccoid green alga

FIGURE 1. Morphology of Polulichloris henanensis strain FACHB-1765. A–G: young vegetative cells. H, I: mature vegetative cell. J‒O: autosporangium. P: vegetative cells and liberation of autospores. Scale bars: A‒D = 2 μm, E–P = 5 μm.