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Figure 4 from: Makarov KV, Matalin AV (2021) The preimaginal stages of Galerita ruficollis Dejean, 1825 and the position of the tribe Galeritini in the classification of ground beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae). In: Spence J, Casale A, Assmann T, Liebherr JК, Penev L (Eds) Systematic Zoology and Biodiversity Science: A tribute to Terry Erwin (1940-2020). ZooKeys 1044: 527-561. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1044.63085
Figure 4 Time of development and change in mass (means and 95% confidence intervals) of preimaginal stages of G. ruficollis.
Figure 12 from: Makarov KV, Matalin AV (2021) The preimaginal stages of Galerita ruficollis Dejean, 1825 and the position of the tribe Galeritini in the classification of ground beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae). In: Spence J, Casale A, Assmann T, Liebherr JК, Penev L (Eds) Systematic Zoology and Biodiversity Science: A tribute to Terry Erwin (1940-2020). ZooKeys 1044: 527-561. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1044.63085
Figure 12 Pleural areas of pupae of ground beetles, ventral view AGaleritini (G. ruficollis) B–DPlatynini (BMetacolpodes buchanani (Hope. 1831) CLimodromus assimilis (Paykull, 1790) DAgonum (Olisares) sculptipes (Bates, 1883) E–GPterostichini (EPterostichus (Pseudomaseus) nigrita (Paykull, 1790) FPterostichus (Lenapterus) costatus (Ménétriés, 1851) GPoecilus (Poecilus) reflexicollis Gebler, 1830) HChlaeniini (Chlaenius (Achlaenius) variicornis A. Morawitz, 1863) IOodini (Oodes (Oodes) integer Semenov, 1889) JLicinini (Diplocheila (Isorembus) minima Jedlička, 1931) K – Odacanthini (Odacantha (Odacantha) puziloi Solsky, 1875) L–NHarpalini (LStenolophus (Stenolophus) propinquus A. Morawitz, 1862 MHarpalus (Pseudoophonus) sinicus Hope, 1845 NDicheirotrichus (Trichocellus) placidus (Gyllenhal, 1827) OCarabini (Carabus (Coptolabrus) smaragdinus Fischer von Waldheim, 1823) PPogonini (Pogonus (Pogonus) transfuga Chaudoir, 1871) Q–SZabrini (QHarpalodema fausti Reitter, 1888 RAmara (Celia) saginata (Ménétriés, 1847) SAmara (Curtonotus) alpina (Paykull, 1790)) T, ULebiini (TParena tripunctata (Bates, 1873) UCymindis (Tarsostinus) lateralis Fischer von Waldheim, 1820). Not to scale.
Figure 10 from: Makarov KV, Matalin AV (2021) The preimaginal stages of Galerita ruficollis Dejean, 1825 and the position of the tribe Galeritini in the classification of ground beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae). In: Spence J, Casale A, Assmann T, Liebherr JК, Penev L (Eds) Systematic Zoology and Biodiversity Science: A tribute to Terry Erwin (1940-2020). ZooKeys 1044: 527-561. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1044.63085
Figure 10 Legs of the first instar larva of G. ruficollisA, B, C front, middle and hind legs, respectively D apex of tarsus, frontally and above E, F anterior and posterior claws, respectively. Scale bars: 1 mm (F–C); 0.1 mm (D); not to scale (E, F).
Figure 1 from: Makarov KV, Matalin AV (2021) The preimaginal stages of Galerita ruficollis Dejean, 1825 and the position of the tribe Galeritini in the classification of ground beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae). In: Spence J, Casale A, Assmann T, Liebherr JК, Penev L (Eds) Systematic Zoology and Biodiversity Science: A tribute to Terry Erwin (1940-2020). ZooKeys 1044: 527-561. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1044.63085
Figure 1 Mud cells of G. ruficollis: A–C mud cells on different substrates D egg in a mud cell E, F mud cells and remains of the chorion after larval hatching. Not to scale.
Figure 3 from: Makarov KV, Matalin AV (2021) The preimaginal stages of Galerita ruficollis Dejean, 1825 and the position of the tribe Galeritini in the classification of ground beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae). In: Spence J, Casale A, Assmann T, Liebherr JК, Penev L (Eds) Systematic Zoology and Biodiversity Science: A tribute to Terry Erwin (1940-2020). ZooKeys 1044: 527-561. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1044.63085
Figure 3 First instar larva of G. ruficollis after hatching A immediately after hatching B two hours after hatching. Not to scale.
Figure 2 from: Makarov KV, Matalin AV (2021) The preimaginal stages of Galerita ruficollis Dejean, 1825 and the position of the tribe Galeritini in the classification of ground beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae). In: Spence J, Casale A, Assmann T, Liebherr JК, Penev L (Eds) Systematic Zoology and Biodiversity Science: A tribute to Terry Erwin (1940-2020). ZooKeys 1044: 527-561. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1044.63085
Figure 2 Eggs of G. ruficollis at different stages of the development: A immediately after oviposition B two days after oviposition, stage of the germ band C four days after oviposition, the appearance of eye spots and the beginning of leg differentiation D six days after oviposition, formation of the tracheal system E eight days after oviposition, full formation of legs and appendages F–H chaetotaxy developed after 9–10 days I larva just before hatching. Not to scale.
Data from: The importance of social dimension and maturation stage for the probabilistic maturation reaction norm in Poecilia reticulata
Maturation is an important event in an organism's life history, with important implications on dynamics of both wild and captive populations. The probabilistic maturation reaction norm (PMRN) has emerged as an important method to describe variation in maturation in wild fish. Because most PMRNs are based on age and size only, it is important to understand limitations of these variables in explaining maturation. We experimentally assessed (i) the sensitivity of age- and size-based PMRNs to unaccounted sources of plasticity, (ii) the role of social environment on maturation and (iii) the significance of estimating PMRNs early and late in the maturation process (initiation and completion of maturation, respectively). We reared male guppies (Poecilia reticulata) under laboratory conditions, subjected to two food levels and three different social cues. We found that growth and social environment affected the maturation in a way that could not be accounted for by their effect on age and size. PMRNs estimated for the initiation stage were less plastic (growth differences and social cues influenced the PMRN shape only little) than those for completion. The initiation of maturation is probably closer to the maturation 'decision' and allows determining factors influencing maturation decision most accurately.
Data from: Aggregation of infective stages of parasites as an adaptation and its implications for the study of parasite-host interactions
The causes and consequences of aggregation among conspecifics have received much attention. For infecting macroparasites, causes include variation among hosts in susceptibility, and/or whether infective stages are aggregated in the environment. Here, we link these two phenomena and explore whether aggregation of infective stages in the environment is adaptive to parasites encountering host condition-linked defenses, and what effect such aggregations have for parasite-host interactions. Using simulation models, we show that parasite fitness is increased by aggregates attacking a host, particularly when investment into defenses is high. The fitness benefit of aggregation remains despite inclusion of factors that should curb the benefits of aggregation: namely, mortality of low condition hosts (those hosts expected to be most susceptible to parasitism) and costs of high coinfection. Using sample sizes common in studies, aggregation of infective stages reduces the likelihood of detecting host condition-parasitism relations, even when host condition is the only other factor in models affecting parasitism. Thus, it is not surprising that the expected inverse relations between host condition and parasitism, commonly a premise in studies of parasite-host interactions, are inconsistently found. An understanding of how parasites encounter hosts is thus needed for developing theory for parasite-host ecological and evolutionary interactions.
Data from: Faunal community consequence of interspecific bark trait dissimilarity in early-stage decomposing logs
Dead tree trunks have significant ecosystem functions related to biodiversity and biogeochemical cycles. When lying on the soil surface, they are colonized by an array of invertebrate fauna, but what determines their community composition is still unclear. We apply community assembly theory to colonization of tree logs by invertebrates. During early decomposition, the attached bark is critically important as an environment filter for community assembly through habitat provision. Specifically, we hypothesized that the more dissimilar bark traits were between tree species, the more their faunal community compositions would differ. We tested this hypothesis by investigating the effects of bark traits on the invertebrate communities in the early-decomposing logs of 11 common, temperate tree species placed in the 'common garden' experiment LOGLIFE. Bark traits included bark looseness, fissure index, outer bark thickness, ratio of inner to outer bark thickness, punch resistance, water storage capacity and bark pH. The predominant faunal groups studied were Annelida, Isopoda, Chilopoda, Diplopoda, Diptera and Coleoptera. Our results showed (i) strong interspecific differences in bark traits, (ii) that bark traits related to environmental buffering had profound effects on the abundance of specific invertebrate groups, and (iii) the higher the overall bark trait dissimilarity between tree species, the more dissimilar these tree species were in faunal community composition, and the higher was the joint invertebrate family richness. A suite of bark traits together has fundamental afterlife effects on invertebrate community assembly, strongly filtering the colonizing invertebrates in early-decomposing logs, driving variation in their community composition and diversity. Our findings indicate that bark trait dissimilarity among tree species in forest stands is likely a better indicator of early-phase dead trunk fauna diversity than tree species diversity per se.
Figures 38–47. Homaledra immature stages. 38 in Two new species of palm-leaf skeletonizers (Lepidoptera: Pterolonchidae: Homaledra Busck)
Figures 38–47. Homaledra immature stages. 38) H. sabalella, larva. 39) H. howardi, larva. 40) H. knudsoni, larva. 41) H. sabalella, A3 proleg with 3 SV setae. 42) H. howardi, A4 proleg with 3 large and 2 small SV setae. 43) H. knudsoni, A3 proleg with 4 SV setae. 44) Ventral aspect of head of H. howardi showing submental pit (sp). 45) H. sabalella, pupa. 46) H. howardi, pupa. 47) H. knudsoni, pupa. Scales = 100µm.
FIGURE 1. Palinurus mauritanicus. Phyllosoma. A in The first phyllosoma stage of Palinurus mauritanicus (Crustacea: Decapoda: Palinuridae)
FIGURE 1. Palinurus mauritanicus. Phyllosoma. A, dorsal view; B, Chromatophores
FIGURE 7. Palinurus mauritanicus. Phyllosoma. A in The first phyllosoma stage of Palinurus mauritanicus (Crustacea: Decapoda: Palinuridae)
FIGURE 7. Palinurus mauritanicus. Phyllosoma. A, Abdomen; B, Telson spines and setae
Data from: Analysis of head and neck carcinoma progression reveals novel and relevant stage-specific changes associated with immortalisation and malignancy
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a widely prevalent cancer globally with high mortality and morbidity. We report here changes in the genomic landscape in the development of these tumours from potentially premalignant lesions (PPOLS) to malignancy and lymph node metastases. Frequent likely pathological mutations are restricted to a relatively small set of genes including TP53, CDKN2A, FBXW7, FAT1, NOTCH1 and KMT2D; these arise early in tumour progression and are present in PPOLs with NOTCH1 mutations restricted to cell lines from lesions that subsequently progressed to HNSCC. The most frequent genetic changes are of consistent somatic copy number alterations (SCNA). The earliest SCNAs involved deletions of CSMD1 (8p23.2), FHIT (3p14.2) and CDKN2A (9p21.3) together with gains of chromosome 20. CSMD1 deletions or promoter hypermethylation were present in all of the immortal PPOLs and occurred at high frequency in the immortal HNSCC cell lines (promoter hypermethylation ~63%, hemizygous deletions ~75%, homozygous deletions ~18%). Forced expression of CSMD1 in the HNSCC cell line H103 showed significant suppression of proliferation (p=0.0053) and invasion in vitro (p=5.98X10-5) supporting a role for CSMD1 inactivation in early head and neck carcinogenesis. In addition, knockdown of CSMD1 in the CSMD1-expressing BICR16 cell line showed significant stimulation of invasion in vitro (p=1.82 x 10-5) but not cell proliferation (p=0.239). HNSCC with and without nodal metastases showed some clear differences including high copy number gains of CCND1, hsa-miR-548k and TP63 in the metastases group. GISTIC peak SCNA regions showed significant enrichment (adj P<0.01) of genes in multiple KEGG cancer pathways at all stages with disruption of an increasing number of these involved in the progression to lymph node metastases. Sixty-seven genes from regions with statistically significant differences in SCNA/LOH frequency between immortal PPOL and HNSCC cell lines showed correlation with expression including 5 known cancer drivers.
FIGURE 6 in The megalopa stage of Portunus spinimanus Latreille, 1819 and Portunus gibbesii (Stimpson, 1859) (Decapoda, Brachyura, Portunidae) from the southeastern Atlantic coast of the United States
FIGURE 6. Portunus gibbesii (Stimpson, 1859). Dorsal view of the megalopa.
FIGURE 1 in Immature stages of two species of Evandromyia (Aldamyia) and the systematic importance of larval mouthparts within Psychodidae (Diptera, Phlebotominae, Psychodinae)
FIGURE 1. Exochorion of egg of Evandromyia carmelinoi, bar = 50µm.
Genome-wide molecular phylogenetic analyses and mating experiments which reveal the evolutionary history and an intermediate stage of speciation of a giant water bug
<p>The intermediate stages of speciation are important for understanding the processes involved in the creation of biodiversity, and also comprise a number of interesting phenomena. However, difficulties are associated with dividing clear speciation stages because speciation is a continuous process. Therefore, the elucidation of speciation is an interesting and important task in evolutionary biology. We herein present an example of a species in an intermediate stage of speciation using the giant water bug <i>Appasus japonicus</i> (Heteroptera, Belostomatidae) that was investigated using mating experiments and phylogenetic analyses of the mtDNA <i>COI</i> (658 bp) and 16S rRNA (435 bp) regions, and nDNA SSR (13 loci) and its genome-wide SNPs (11,241 SNPs). The results of our phylogenetic analyses based on their mtDNA dataset and the genome-wide SNPs dataset strongly supported the paraphyly of the Japanese populations. Therefore, it is suggested that their ancestral lineage which being distributed in the Japanese Archipelago subsequently migrated to the Eurasian Continent (i.e., "back-dispersal" occurred). Furthermore, the results of the mating experiments suggested that among <i>A. japonicus</i>, even between closely related lineages, pre-mating reproductive isolation has been established by the differentiation of copulatory organ morphologies. In contrast, pre-mating reproductive isolation is not established in the absence of the differentiation of copulatory organ morphologies, even if genetic differentiation is prominent. These results suggested that their phylogenetic distance does not predict pre-mating reproductive isolation. Furthermore, in the present study, we present a clear example of pre-mating reproductive isolation driving speciation between closely related lineages.</p>
Root morphological responses to population density vary with soil conditions and growth stages
<p>How plants cope with the increase of population density via root plasticity is not well documented. Abiotic environments and plant ontogeny may play an important role in determining plant response to density and thus contribute to understanding this issue. We aimed to investigate root plasticity in response to density under contrasting soil conditions at three stages of plant growth in an annual herbaceous species <i><span>Abutilon theophrasti</span></i>. We conducted a field experiment by subjecting plant individuals to low, medium and high densities (13.4, 36.0 and 121.0 plants m<sup><span>-2</span></sup>, respectively) under fertile and infertile soil conditions, and a series of root traits were measured at three harvests when they had grown for 30, 50 and 70 d. Results revealed the complexity of root response to density, which may increase, decrease or canalize, depending on the strength of above- and below-ground interactions, which varied with soil conditions or growth stage. The intensity of above- and/or below-ground interactions increased with decreased soil resources, but first increased then decreased with growth stage. Facilitation is more likely to occur at low to moderate below-ground interaction, when above-ground interaction is negligible, and resources are abundant and at early stage of plant growth. Plants may prefer to adjust biomass allocation to maintain total mass stable initially, before suffering decreased total mass, in response to intraspecific interactions.</p>
Phenotypic plasticity in plant defense across life stages: inducibility, transgenerational induction, and transgenerational priming in wild radish
As they develop, many plants deploy shifts in anti-herbivore defense allocation due to changing costs and benefits of their defensive traits. Plant defenses are known to be primed or directly induced by herbivore damage within generations, and across generations by long-lasting epigenetic mechanisms. However, little is known about the ontogenetic trajectories of epigenetically inducible defensive traits across generations and their consequences. To help fill this knowledge gap, we conducted a multigenerational experiment to determine whether defense induction in wild radish plants was reflected in chromatin modifications (DNA methylation); we then examined ontogenetic trajectories (seedlings to reproductive plants) of current and transgenerational plasticity in anti-herbivore chemical (glucosinolates) and physical (trichomes) defenses in this species. Herbivory triggered genome methylation both in targeted plants and their offspring. Within one generation, both defenses were highly inducible at the seedling stage but only marginally or non-inducible in reproductive plants. Across generations, herbivory experienced by mother plants caused strong direct induction of physical defenses in their progeny, with effects lasting from seedling to reproductive stages. For chemical defenses, however, this transgenerational induction was evident only in adults. Transgenerational priming was observed in physical defenses both for seedlings and adult plants. Our results show that transgenerational induction and priming in response to herbivore offense differ for physical and chemical defense and change across plant life stages.
Census data of growth, mortality and size stage transitions of nests of leaf-cutting ant species before and after fires
<p>We hypothesized that fires will affect more the species that build external, easily flammable thatch mounds with superficial fungal gardens (<i>Acromyrmex lobicornis</i>) than colonies that build subterranean nests in the less-flammable bare-ground (<i>Acromyrmex striatus</i>). We use a stochastic matrix demographic model parameterized with 4 years of data in pre and post fire scenarios. This data set contain all the census data which from we build the matrix models.</p>
Figure 19 in The preimaginal stages of Minotetrastichus frontalis (Nees) and Chrysocharis laomedon (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), parasitoids associated with Phyllonorycter issikii (Kumata) (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae)
Figure 19. Prepupa of C. laomedon in mine of P. issikii (Photo: A.V. Mishchenko, 17 July 2009).
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.