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FIG. 1 in Biological and cultural history of domesticated dogs in the Americas

FIG. 1. — "Canis mexicana", a domestic dog with peculiar humps and apparent muscle hypertrophy, as depicted in 1651 by Hernández in his Rerum medicarum Novae Hispaniae thesaurus (Hernández 1992). Previously dismissed as a caricature (Ueck 1961), it may actually illustrate a phenotype associated with mutations in the myostatin gene. Picture retrieved from Internet Archive https://archive.org/details/rerummedicarumno00hern/page/466/mode/1up, last consultation on 30 November 2021.

FIG. 5 in Biological and cultural history of domesticated dogs in the Americas

FIG. 5. — Photos of selected dog breeds originating in the Americas. A-J, dogs from North America; K-P, dogs from South and Central America and Cuba. All photo images are from Shutterstock, photo credit is indicated in parenthesis. A, Alaskan Malamute, 19 months old (Eric Isselee); B, Longhaired whippet (MirasWonderland); C, American bulldog puppy, five months old (Erik Lam); D, American cocker spaniel standing with reflection on white background, three years old (WilleeCole Photography); E, three American hairless terriers (Dora Zett); F, Chesapeake Bay retriever (Erik Lam); G, American Akita (Jagodka); H, Silken Windhound (Erik Lam); I, Siberian Husky, four years old (Eric Isselee); J, Miniature American shepherd (MirasWonderland); K, young chihuahuas (cynoclub); L, Xoloitzcuintli,Mexican hairless dog (Masarik); M, Peruvian hairless dog, one year old (Rosa Jay); N, young Bichon Havanese dog (Dorottya Mathe); O, Brazilian Fox-terrier (venturinirica); P, Argentinian Dogo (GeptaYs).

FIG. 2 in Biological and cultural history of domesticated dogs in the Americas

FIG. 2. — Remains of pre-Columbian domestic dogs as reported in the nineteenth century. Drawings of remains of domestic dogs excavated from the graves of Ancon in Peru, as depicted in Reiss & Stübel (1880-1886: plates 117, 118; picture modified to exclude the depiction of a fox-like animal). A, mummies, as well as skull with mandible of one mummy, of shepherd-like domestic dogs; B, skulls and mandibles of shepherd-like, dachshund-like, and bulldog-like domestic dogs as well as long bones of the forelimb of a dachshund-like domestic dog. Two of these skulls are also depicted in Figure 3. Available from the IberoAmerikanisches Institut (Preussischer Kulturbesitz), https://digital.iai.spk-berlin.de/viewer/image/1681616637/225/ and https://digital.iai.spk-berlin.de/viewer/ image/1681616637/229/, last consultation on 30 November 2021. Drawings are not to scale.

FIG. 4 in Biological and cultural history of domesticated dogs in the Americas

FIG. 4. — Skulls of putative pre-Columbian domestic dogs at the Museum für Naturkunde Berlin, Germany. Skulls are housed in the Nehring-Collection (Zoologische Sammlung der KÖniglichen Landwirtschaftlichen Hochschule zu Berlin). A, "Inca dog" from Ancon (Zm 355), Peru (Nehring 1884), annotated as "Inca dog from Ancon, 1889" (as noted in the collection catalogue [1886] and as written on the actual specimen). This specimen most likely does not belong to the collection described by Nehring (1884: fig. 3) and Reiss & Stübel (1880-1886: fig. 1), which also originated from the graves in Ancon, Peru, but which are assumed to have been destroyed in the World Wars (Ueck 1961; B, C, Pre-Columbian dogs (7031 and 7013) from Puebla, Mexico, Nehring-Collection. Specimens are without present-day collection numbers. Every skull is depicted in dorsal, ventral, and lateral view (from left to right), where the lateral view of B is mirrored. B, "7031" and C, "7013" although also housed in the Nehring-Collection, were found by Prof. Seler in Berlin (as described in the collection files). In contrast to A, these apparently unpublished remains are described as "from an old grave in the district Chalchicomula, close to Jalapazco, Puebla Mexico". Further, both skulls are described as to be "surely from a time before the conquest of Mexico". Scale bar: 5 cm.

FIG. 7 in Biological and cultural history of domesticated dogs in the Americas

FIG. 7. — Cranium of a Salish woolly dog (Specimen #1) excavated in 1977 from the Semiahmoo Spit, WA (45WH17), dated to 900-420 years BP (Montgomery 1979): A, lateral view; B, dorsal view; C, occlusal view. Scale bar: 1 cm.

Figures 1–5. Haroldiellus species. 1 in A third species of Haroldiellus Gordon and Skelley, 2007 from Mexico and Central America (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae: Aphodiini)

Figures 1–5. Haroldiellus species. 1) H. sallei dorsal habitus. 2) H. lansbergei dorsal habitus. 3) H. woodruffi, holotype, dorsal habitus. 4) H. sallei protibia dorsal surface with punctures. 5) H. woodruffi protibia dorsal surface without punctures. Scale line = 0.5 mm.

Figure 11 in A third species of Haroldiellus Gordon and Skelley, 2007 from Mexico and Central America (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae: Aphodiini)

Figure 11. Distribution map of Haroldiellus sallei (blue) as currently known from specimen labels and literature records. Map made with SimpleMappr (Shorthouse 2010).

Figure 17 in A third species of Haroldiellus Gordon and Skelley, 2007 from Mexico and Central America (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae: Aphodiini)

Figure 17. Distribution map of Haroldiellus woodruffi new species (blue) as currently known from specimen labels. Map made with SimpleMappr (Shorthouse 2010).

Figures 12–16. Haroldiellus woodruffi, male holotype. 12 in A third species of Haroldiellus Gordon and Skelley, 2007 from Mexico and Central America (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae: Aphodiini)

Figures 12–16. Haroldiellus woodruffi, male holotype. 12) Lateral habitus. 13) Ventral habitus. 14) Epipharynx. 15–16) Genitalia dorsal and lateral. Scale line = 0.5 mm (figure 12 same scale bar as 13, figure 16 same scale bar as 15).

Figure 11. Asiocnemis colombicus n in New fossil false click-beetles from the Americas (Coleoptera: Eucnemidae)

Figure 11. Asiocnemis colombicus n. sp., holotype, dorsal view of mesotibia and mesotarsus. Because of the shooting angle of the image tibia appears shorter than tarsus, right proportions are shown in Figure 8.

Figure 10. Asiocnemis colombicus n in New fossil false click-beetles from the Americas (Coleoptera: Eucnemidae)

Figure 10. Asiocnemis colombicus n. sp., holotype, ventral view of side of fore body showing scape, pedicel and flagellomeres 1–7 and the basally open, medially sharply defined antennal groove.

Figure 9. Asiocnemis colombicus n in New fossil false click-beetles from the Americas (Coleoptera: Eucnemidae)

Figure 9. Asiocnemis colombicus n. sp., holotype, ventral view of side of fore body showing flagellomeres 2–9 and the basally open, medially sharply defined antennal groove.

Figures 6–9 in A third species of Haroldiellus Gordon and Skelley, 2007 from Mexico and Central America (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae: Aphodiini)

Figures 6–9. Heads of Haroldiellus species. 6) H. sallei. 7) H. lansbergei. 8) H. woodruffi female allotype. 9) H. woodruffi male holotype. Scale line = 0.5 mm (all figures).

Figure 10 in A third species of Haroldiellus Gordon and Skelley, 2007 from Mexico and Central America (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae: Aphodiini)

Figure 10. Distribution map of Haroldiellus lansbergei (blue) as currently known from specimen labels and literature records. Chiapas, Mexico is striped because it is a literature record that may represent the new species H. woodruffi described herein. Map made with SimpleMappr (Shorthouse 2010).

Figure 3. Neusiokia appalachiensis n in New fossil false click-beetles from the Americas (Coleoptera: Eucnemidae)

Figure 3. Neusiokia appalachiensis n. sp., holotype, ventral view of tips of protibiae and protarsi. Left arrow points at the divided protibial spur, right arrow points at the second protibial spur.

Figure 3. Solanum sanchez-vegae. A in Four New Vining Species of Solanum (Dulcamaroid Clade) from Montane Habitats in Tropical America

Figure 3. Solanum sanchez-vegae. A) portion of stem, B) petiole articulation, C) buds, D) open flower, E) flower cross-section showing stigma detail, F) anthers, G) fruit. A–F drawn from Smith & Sanchez-Vega 7524, G from Hutchison et al. 5738. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010502.g003

Figure 1. Solanum aspersum. A in Four New Vining Species of Solanum (Dulcamaroid Clade) from Montane Habitats in Tropical America

Figure 1. Solanum aspersum. A) portion of stem, with details of trichomes, B) young bud, C) open flower, D) fruiting inflorescence, E) young fruit. A–C drawn from MacDougal et al. 4251, D–E from Zak 1857A. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010502.g001

Figure 4 in Four New Vining Species of Solanum (Dulcamaroid Clade) from Montane Habitats in Tropical America

Figure 4. Solanum sanchez-vegae. Peru. La Libertad. A. Cano s.n. (photograph courtesy of A. Cano, USM). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010502.g004

Figure 5. Solanum sousae. A in Four New Vining Species of Solanum (Dulcamaroid Clade) from Montane Habitats in Tropical America

Figure 5. Solanum sousae. A) portion of stem with flowering inflorescence, B) flower, C) flower cross section, D) anthers, E) portion of stem with fruiting inflorecence. A–D drawn from Ventura 2212, E from Maya J. 3938. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010502.g005

Figure 2. Solanum luculentum. A in Four New Vining Species of Solanum (Dulcamaroid Clade) from Montane Habitats in Tropical America

Figure 2. Solanum luculentum. A) portion of stem with flowering inflorescence, B) detail of stem with peeling bark, C) buds, D) open long-styled flower with anthers removed, E) long-styled flower cross-section, F) anthers, G) short-styled flower cross-section, H) fruiting inflorescence from putatively pistillate individual. A–B drawn from Nee & Callejas 32546, C–F from Steyermark et al. 127855, G from Steyermark & Dunsterville 100777, H from Killip & Smith 15952. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010502.g002