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Fig. 7 in Faunal dynamics across the Silurian-Devonian positive isotope excursions (δ C, δ O) in Podolia, Ukraine: Comparative analysis of the Ireviken and Klonk events
Fig. 7. Stratigraphical distribution of the Al−normalized abundance for selected major and trace elements as well as Al2O3 and TOC contents (wt. %) and the U/Th ratio (for redox thresholds see Racka et al. 2010) from the Kytayhorod section (see SOM 2). Thicker vertical lines indicate level of the ratios for average limestone after Wedepohl (1971, 1991). Approximated proxy values, resulted from the content of Mo below the detection levels, are asterisked. Shades of gray denote three slices of the ESCIE.
Fig. 11 in Faunal dynamics across the Silurian-Devonian positive isotope excursions (δ C, δ O) in Podolia, Ukraine: Comparative analysis of the Ireviken and Klonk events
Fig. 11. Lowermost Wenlock lithologic and faunal succession at Kytayhorod, against the key brachiopod assemblages (see Fig. 10) and a representative micritic microfacies of the Restiv Beds, i.e., bioturbated skeletal wackestone to packstone with shelly bioclasts, crinoids, and trilobites (compare Fig. 5). Note onset of the carbon isotope excursion (ESCIE) before the ending of Ireviken Event.
Fig. 21 in Faunal dynamics across the Silurian-Devonian positive isotope excursions (δ C, δ O) in Podolia, Ukraine: Comparative analysis of the Ireviken and Klonk events
Fig. 21. Distribution of chitinozoans species, diversity, and ecological indices through the S–D boundary beds in the Dnistrove section. Shades of gray denote two slices of the SIDECIE.
Fig. 8 in Faunal dynamics across the Silurian-Devonian positive isotope excursions (δ C, δ O) in Podolia, Ukraine: Comparative analysis of the Ireviken and Klonk events
Fig. 8. Secular trends of δ13C and δ18O values in carbonate and organic matter, Δ13C and total organic carbon from section 64 near Dnistrove village (see SOM 3). Two slices S−1 to S−3 (marked by shades of grey) denote of the Silurian–Devonian transition carbon isotope excursion (SIDECIE): the interval S−3 corresponds to the isotopic highstand; S−2 to the increasing curve segment, and S−1 to the regional background. Lithology after Nikiforova et al. (1972: fig. 82), modified. Note that the Klonk biotic event (crossed band) is associated roughly with the final positive shift (S−2) and initial highstand (S−3) δ13C curve slices; its lower event boundary corresponds to a collapse of carbonate production and chitinozoan crisis near the base of Dnistrove Level, and the upper boundary is questionably placed below an acme level of brachiopod and conodont faunas (see Figs. 4 and 23).
Fig. 15 in Faunal dynamics across the Silurian-Devonian positive isotope excursions (δ C, δ O) in Podolia, Ukraine: Comparative analysis of the Ireviken and Klonk events
Fig. 15. Conodont and graptolite distribution in the Kytayhorod section. Numbers near the ovals are numbers of specimens in the sample. Shades of gray denote three slices of the ESCIE.
Fig. 1 in Faunal dynamics across the Silurian-Devonian positive isotope excursions (δ C, δ O) in Podolia, Ukraine: Comparative analysis of the Ireviken and Klonk events
Fig. 1. Schematic compilation of positive δ13C excursions and global events in the Late Ordovician to Early Devonian interval (adapted from Stricanne et al. 2006: fig. 1; for more refined composite isotopic curve see Cramer et al. 2011a: fig. 3; for discussion of the Silurian timescale see Cramer et al. 2011b and Melchin et al. 2012). Abbreviations: Dev., Devonian; ESCIE, early Sheinwoodian carbon isotope excursion; SIDECIE, Silurian–Devonian carbon isotope excursion.
Fig. 18 in Faunal dynamics across the Silurian-Devonian positive isotope excursions (δ C, δ O) in Podolia, Ukraine: Comparative analysis of the Ireviken and Klonk events
Fig. 18. Faunal dynamics across the Ireviken Event and early Sheinwoodian carbon isotope excursion (ESCIE) in the Kytayhorod section. Shades of gray denote three slices of the ESCIE.
Fig. 10 in Faunal dynamics across the Silurian-Devonian positive isotope excursions (δ C, δ O) in Podolia, Ukraine: Comparative analysis of the Ireviken and Klonk events
Fig. 10. Distribution of brachiopod species, diversity, and ecological indices through the Kytayhorod Horizon in Kytayhorod section. Dominating species are marked with thicker lines. Shades of gray denote three slices of the ESCIE.
Fig. 19 in Faunal dynamics across the Silurian-Devonian positive isotope excursions (δ C, δ O) in Podolia, Ukraine: Comparative analysis of the Ireviken and Klonk events
Fig. 19. Distribution of brachiopod species, diversity, and ecological indices through the S–D passage beds at Dnistrove. Dominating species marked with thicker lines. Shades of gray denote two slices of the SIDECIE.
Fig. 14. Silurian brachiopods from the Kytayhorod section. A. Meristina bilobata Modzalevskaya, 1980 in Faunal dynamics across the Silurian-Devonian positive isotope excursions (δ C, δ O) in Podolia, Ukraine: Comparative analysis of the Ireviken and Klonk events
Fig. 14. Silurian brachiopods from the Kytayhorod section. A. Meristina bilobata Modzalevskaya, 1980, ZPAL Bp 71/24, shell in dorsal (A1), ventral (A2), lateral (A3), posterior (A4), and anterior (A5) views; Demshyn beds, sample D2. B. Meristina incrassata Modzalevskaya, 1980, ZPAL Bp 71/25, shell in dorsal (B1), ventral (B2), lateral (B3), posterior (B4), and anterior (B5) views; Maryanivka beds, sample M1. C. Meristina podolica (Nikiforova, 1954), ZPAL Bp 71/26, shell in dorsal (C1), ventral (C2), lateral (C3), posterior (C4), and anterior (C5) views; upper part of the Restiv beds. D. Glassia elongata Davidson, 1881, ZPAL Bp 71/27, shell in dorsal (D1), ventral (D2), lateral (D3), posterior (D4), and anterior (D5) views; Restiv beds, 0.8 m above sample R−1. E. Howellella globosa Tsegelnyuk, 1976, ZPAL Bp 71/28, in dorsal (E1), ventral (E2), lateral (E3), posterior (E4), and anterior (E5) views; lower part of the Maryanivka beds. F. Eospirifer radiatus (Sowerby, 1834), ZPAL Bp 71/29, slightly incomplete shell in dorsal (F1), ventral (F2), lateral (F3), posterior (F4), and anterior (F5) views; Demshyn beds. Scale bars 2 mm.
Fig. 13. Silurian brachiopods from the Kytayhorod section. A in Faunal dynamics across the Silurian-Devonian positive isotope excursions (δ C, δ O) in Podolia, Ukraine: Comparative analysis of the Ireviken and Klonk events
Fig. 13. Silurian brachiopods from the Kytayhorod section. A. Plagiorhycha depressa (Sowerby, 1839), ZPAL Bp 71/16, shell in dorsal (A1), ventral (A2), lateral (A3), posterior (A4), and anterior (A5) views; Restiv beds, sample R1. B, C. Atrypina barrandii (Davidson, 1848), ZPAL Bp 71/17 (B), ZPAL Bp 71/18 (C), two shells in dorsal (B1, C1), ventral (B2, C2), lateral (B3, C3), posterior (B4, C4), and anterior (B5, C5) views; upper part of the Restiv beds (B) and upper part of the Demshyn beds (C). D. Plectatrypa imbricata (Sowerby, 1839), ZPAL Bp 71/19, shell in dorsal (D1), ventral (D2), lateral (D3), posterior (D4), and anterior (D5) views; Demshyn beds, sample D1. E. Oglupes sp., ZPAL Bp 71/20, shell with partially preserved frills in ventral view; Restiv beds, sample R2. F. Sphaerirhynchia aff. wilsoni (Sowerby, 1816), ZPAL Bp 71/21, complete shell in dorsal (F1), ventral (F2), lateral (F3), posterior (F4), and anterior (F5) views; Demshyn beds. G. Antirhynchonella linguifera (Sowerby, 1839), ZPAL Bp 71/22, large shell in dorsal (G1), ventral (G2), lateral (G3), posterior (G4), and anterior (G5) views; lower part of the Maryanivka beds. H. Atrypa sp., ZPAL Bp 71/23, shell in dorsal (H1), ventral (H2), lateral (H3), posterior (H4), and anterior (H5) views; Demshyn beds. Scale bars 2 mm.
Fig. 17 in Faunal dynamics across the Silurian-Devonian positive isotope excursions (δ C, δ O) in Podolia, Ukraine: Comparative analysis of the Ireviken and Klonk events
Fig. 17. Stereoscan microphotographs of selected Chitinozoa from the Kytayhorod section. A, H. Margachitina margaritana (Eisenack, 1937). A. ZPAL Ch. 8/170S42, sample Kt 06/03; chain of ten vesicles in lateral view (A1) and detail of the connetcion between the vesicle (A2). H. ZPAL Ch. 8/170S32, sample Kt 08/11; fragment of a chain of two slightly deformed vesicles showing how aperture is linked to the succeeding vesicle. B. Calpichitina densa (Eisenack, 1962), ZPAL Ch 8/176S58, sample Kt 06/15. C. Pterochitina cf. macroptera Eisenack, 1959, ZPAL Ch. 8/156S128, sample Kt 06/16. D. Ancyrochitina sp., ZPAL Ch 8/176S58, sample Kt 06/06. E. Eisenackitina dolioliformis Umnova, 1976, ZPAL Ch 8/176S73, sample Kt 06/05. F. Cingulochitina odiosa (Laufeld, 1974), ZPAL Ch 8/172S46, sample Kt 06/16. G. Cingulochitina crassa Nestor, 1994, ZPAL Ch 8/172S48, sample Kt 06/13. I. Angochitina longicollis Eisenack, 1959, ZPAL Ch. 8/157S62, sample Kt 08/10. J. Ancyrochitina primitiva Eisenack, 1964, ZPAL Ch 8/176S58, sample Kt 06/08. K. Eisenackitina lagena (Eisenack, 1968), ZPAL Ch 8/176S70, sample Kt 06/03. L, M. Conochitina proboscifera Eisenack, 1937. L. ZPAL Ch 8/176S50, sample Kt 06/17. M. ZPAL Ch 8/176S41, sample Kt 06/14. N. Conochitina tuba Eisenack, 1932, ZPAL Ch 8/176S40, sample Kt 06/16. O, P. Conochitina pachycephala Eisenack, 1964. O. ZPAL Ch 8/176S39, sample Kt 06/18. P. ZPAL Ch 8/176S44, sample Kt 06/17. Q. Conochitina cf. mamilla Laufeld, 1974, ZPAL Ch 8/176S27, sample Kt 06/13. R. Conochitina sp. ZPAL Ch 8/176S29, sample Kt 06/11. S. Cingulochitina cingulata (Eisenack, 1937), ZPAL Ch 8/172S55, sample Kt 06/15.
Fig. 6. A in Faunal dynamics across the Silurian-Devonian positive isotope excursions (δ C, δ O) in Podolia, Ukraine: Comparative analysis of the Ireviken and Klonk events
Fig. 6. A. Secular trends of δ13C and δ18O values in carbonate and organic matter, Δ13C and total organic carbon from section 96 near Kytayhorod village (see SOM 1). Lithology after Nikiforova et al. (1972: fig. 82), modified. Three slices E−1 to E−3 (marked by shades of grey) denote of the early Sheinwoodian (ESCIE) carbon isotope excursion: the interval E−2 corresponds to the isotopic highstand (see a widened excursion definition in Cramer et al. 2010, also Sadler 2012); E−1 and E−3 to the increasing and decreasing curve segments, respectively, and E−4 to the regional background. Note that the Ireviken biotic event (crossed band) correlates with the initial positive δ13C shift slice (E−1); the lower event boundary corresponds the last occurrence of conodont Pseudooneotodus tricornis, and the upper boundary is questionably placed above the disappearance of chitinozoan Eisenackitina cf. dolioliformis (Figs. 15, 16; see Jeppsson 1997; Nestor et al. 2002;). Approximated Δ13C levels are calculated for δ13Cvalues averaged for two stratigraphically adjacent samples, carb as shown also by a dotted line of the curve. The microfacies illustrated are marked as rectangles. B. General view of the natural outcrop in the Dniester River valley (Tarnawa tributary) near Kytayhorod village; arrow indicates the main sampled site.
Fig. 2. A in Faunal dynamics across the Silurian-Devonian positive isotope excursions (δ C, δ O) in Podolia, Ukraine: Comparative analysis of the Ireviken and Klonk events
Fig. 2. A. General location of the study area in Ukraine. B. Distribution of the Silurian and Devonian deposits in Podolia, SW Ukraine, and geological setting of the study area. C. Location of two sampled outcrops (arrowed) in the vicinity of Dniester valley (modified from Małkowski et al. 2009: fig. 1). Section numbers after Nikiforova et al. (1972): Kytayhorod (96) and Dnistrove (64).
Fig. 16 in Faunal dynamics across the Silurian-Devonian positive isotope excursions (δ C, δ O) in Podolia, Ukraine: Comparative analysis of the Ireviken and Klonk events
Fig. 16. Distribution of chitinozoans species, diversity, and ecological indices in the Kytayhorod section. Shades of gray denote three slices of the ESCIE.
Fig. 9 in Faunal dynamics across the Silurian-Devonian positive isotope excursions (δ C, δ O) in Podolia, Ukraine: Comparative analysis of the Ireviken and Klonk events
Fig. 9. Stratigraphic distribution of the Al−normalized abundance for selected major and trace elements as well as Al2O3 and TOC contents (wt.%) and the U/Th and V/Cr ratios from the Dnistrove section (see SOM 4). Approximated proxy values, resulted from the Mo, V, and Cr content below the detection levels, are asterisked. Averaged data for the higher Lower Devonian strata from Zalishchyky (Ivanie Beds; Małkowski et al. 2009; Fig. 2; see SOM 4) are also shown. Shades of gray denote two slices of the SIDECIE.
Fig. 4 in Faunal dynamics across the Silurian-Devonian positive isotope excursions (δ C, δ O) in Podolia, Ukraine: Comparative analysis of the Ireviken and Klonk events
Fig. 4. Lithologic and faunal succession through the Silurian–Devonian boundary beds at Dnistrove in the early Klonk Event, with detail of newly proposed Dnistrove Level, against the secular pattern of δ13C (black curve) and δ18O (grey curve) values (after Małkowski and Racki 2009: table 2). Note that the system boundary is placed 0.7 m higher than the tentative positioning given in Małkowski et al. (2009: fig. 6). Onset of the carbon isotope anomaly (SIDECIE), first appearances of the index graptolite and conodont species are shown, as well as the key brachiopod distribution (Baliński 2012; see also Figs. 8, 19, 20), rapid lateral changes of crinoid accumulations, and selected samples.
Fig. 1. Adult Saurolophus skulls compared. A. Saurolophus angustirostris Rozhdestvensky, 1952 in Cranial osteology and ontogeny of Saurolophus angustirostris from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia with comments on Saurolophus osborni from Canada
Fig. 1. Adult Saurolophus skulls compared. A. Saurolophus angustirostris Rozhdestvensky, 1952, based on MPC 100/706, late Campanian–?Maastrichtian Nemegt Formation, Mongolia; in lateral (A1), posterior (A2), and dorsal (A3) view. Skull roof with crest removed as denoted by cross−hatching (A4). B. Skull of Saurolophus osborni Brown, 1912, AMNH 5220, Maastrichtian Horseshoe Canyon Formation, Alberta, Canada; in lateral view. Dashed lines imply inferred margins.
Fig. 2 in Comparative analyses of the fragmented mitochondrial genomes of wild pig louse Haematopinus apri from China and Japan
Fig. 2. The complete mitochondrial genome of wild pig louse Haematopinus apri form China. Each minichromosome has a coding region and a non-coding region (NCR, in black). The names and transcript orientation of genes are indicated in the coding region and the minichromosomes are placed in alphabetical order of protein-coding genes and rRNA genes. Abbreviations: atp6 and atp8, ATP synthase F0 subunits 6 and 8; cytb, cytochrome b; cox1-3, cytochrome c oxidase subunits 1–3; nad1-6 and nad4L, NADH dehydrogenase subunits 1–6 and 4L; rrnS and rrnL, small and large subunits of ribosomal RNA. tRNA genes are indicated with their single-letter abbreviations of the corresponding amino acids.
FIGURE 5 in Comparative characterization of digestive proteases in redhead cichlid (Vieja melanurus) and twoband cichlid (Vieja bifasciata) (Percoidei: Cichlidae)
FIGURE 5 | Effect of inhibitors on alkaline digestive proteases of Vieja melanurus and V. bifasciata: Alkaline control (alkaline proteases without inhibitor), TPCK (N-p-Tosyl-L-phenylalanine chloromethyl ketone), PHEN (phenanthroline), EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid), TLCK (TosylL-lysyl-chloromethane hydrochloride), OVO (ovalbumin), SBT1 (soybean trypsin inhibitor), PMSF (phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride) (mean ± SD, n = 3) significant differences (P<0.05) between inhibitors values are shown by letters. Different letter between bars indicates statistical differences.
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