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Figure 5 in Effect of three different land use types on the temporal dynamics of microarthropod abundance in the high Guinean savanna of Ngaoundéré (Adamawa, Cameroon)

Figure 5. Temporal variation of Collembola, Oribatida and Gamasina abundance (tsd. ind./m2) in savanna and experimental field in (A) 2017 and (B) 2018. Abundance being significantly different from each other in time per treatment are marked by different letters for each microarthropod group (Wilcoxon signed-rank test [p ˂ 0.05]). Months not sampled are marked by asterisks. Error bars = standard error. sav ctrl: savanna, mb: maize bare, mbnpk: maize with chemical NPK fertilizer, mmdom: maize with dry organic matter (DOM).

Figure 2 in Effect of three different land use types on the temporal dynamics of microarthropod abundance in the high Guinean savanna of Ngaoundéré (Adamawa, Cameroon)

Figure 2. Completely randomized block design of the experimental field; experimental field before sowing (A: 08/05/17) and with maize crop (B: 28/06/17); sav ctrl: savanna untreated (outside). mb(1): maize bare = maize plot without mulch or NPK fertilizer; mbnpk(2): maize bare with NPK = Maize plot treated with NPK fertilizer only and mmdom(3): maize mulch = maize plot treated with mulch only.

Figure 1 in Effect of three different land use types on the temporal dynamics of microarthropod abundance in the high Guinean savanna of Ngaoundéré (Adamawa, Cameroon)

Figure 1. Weather data for the Ngaoundéré area, Jan. to Dec. 2017 and 2018, provided by Ngaoundéré airport meteorological station; t: temperature, p: precipitation, h: relative humidity; h: averages per month; p: sum per month.

Figure 3 in Effect of three different land use types on the temporal dynamics of microarthropod abundance in the high Guinean savanna of Ngaoundéré (Adamawa, Cameroon)

Figure 3. Abundances (mean ± S.E.) of Acari and Collembola for the rainy seasons of 2017 (n = 4) and 2018 (n = 4) as well as for the dry season of 2017/18 (n = 2). n sampling campaigns with 9 samples per plot [sav ctrl: savanna; mb: maize bare; mbnpk: maize with chemical NPK fertilizer; mmdom: maize with dead organic matter (DOM)].

Figure 4 in Effect of three different land use types on the temporal dynamics of microarthropod abundance in the high Guinean savanna of Ngaoundéré (Adamawa, Cameroon)

Figure 4. Abundances (mean ± S.E.) of Oribatida and Gamasina for the rainy seasons of 2017 (n = 4) and 2018 (n = 4) as well as for the dry season of 2017/18 (n = 2). n sampling campaigns with 9 samples per plot [sav ctrl: savanna; mb: maize bare; mbnpk: maize with chemical NPK fertilizer; mmdom: maize with dead organic matter (DOM)].

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2022View details →

Figure 2 in Multivariate analysis of the effects of site factors on the distributions of raphignathoid mites (Acari: Raphignathoidea)

Figure 2. Total abundance values of the species according to habitat types (a), seasons (b) and elevation belts (c).

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2022View details →

Figure 1 in Multivariate analysis of the effects of site factors on the distributions of raphignathoid mites (Acari: Raphignathoidea)

Figure 1. The frequency (1) and abundance (2) values of the species (a), genus (b), and families (c).

opencc-zeroMar 2024View details →

Effects of relational and instrumental messaging on human perception of rattlesnakes

We tested the effects of relational and instrumental message strategies on US residents' perception of rattlesnakes—animals that tend to generate feelings of fear, disgust, or hatred but are nevertheless key members of healthy ecosystems. We deployed an online survey to social media users (n=1,182) to describe perceptions of rattlesnakes and assess the change after viewing a randomly selected relational or instrumental video message. An 8–item, pre– and post– Rattlesnake Perception Test (RPT) evaluated perception variables along emotional, knowledge, and behavioral gradients on a 5–point Likert scale; the eight responses were combined to produce an Aggregate Rattlesnake Perception (ARP) score for each participant. We found that people from Abrahamic religions (i.e., Christianity, Judaism, Islam) and those identifying as female were associated with low initial perceptions of rattlesnakes, whereas agnostics and individuals residing in the Midwest region and in rural residential areas had relatively favorable perceptions. Overall, both videos produced positive changes in rattlesnake perception, although the instrumental video message led to a greater increase in ARP than the relational message. The relational message was associated with significant increases in ARP only among females, agnostics, Baby Boomers (age 57–75), and Generation–Z (age 18–25 to exclude minors). The instrumental video message was associated with significant increases in ARP, and this result varied by religious group. ARP changed less in those reporting prior experience with a venomous snake bite (to them, a friend, or a pet) than in those with no such experience. Our data suggest that relational and instrumental message strategies can improve people's perceptions of unpopular and potentially dangerous wildlife, but their effectiveness may vary by gender, age, religious beliefs, and experience. These results can be used to hone and personalize communication strategies to improve perceptions of unpopular wildlife species.

Imidacloprid exposure through soil and its effect on Anthophora plumipes, a ground-nesting bee

These are the raw data files is associated with the manuscript titled "Neonicotinoid exposure through soil and its effect on Anthophora plumipes, a ground-nesting bee".

opencc-zeroMar 2024View details →

The effect of experimental pollinator decline on pollinator-mediated selection on floral traits

Human-mediated environmental change, by reducing mean fitness, is hypothesized to strengthen selection on traits that mediate interactions among species. For example, human-mediated declines in pollinator populations are hypothesized to reduce mean seed production by increasing the magnitude of pollen limitation and thus strengthen pollinator-mediated selection on floral traits that increase pollinator attraction or pollen transfer efficiency. To test this hypothesis, we measured two female fitness components and six floral traits of Lobelia siphilitica plants exposed to supplemental hand-pollination, ambient open-pollination, or reduced open-pollination treatments. The reduced treatment simulated pollinator decline, while the supplemental treatment was used to estimate pollen limitation and pollinator-mediated selection. We found that plants in the reduced pollination treatment were significantly pollen-limited, resulting in pollinator-mediated selection for taller inflorescences and more vibrant petals, both traits that could increase pollinator attraction. This contrasts with plants in the ambient pollination treatment, where reproduction was not pollen-limited and there was no significant pollinator-mediated selection on any floral trait. Our results support the hypothesis that human-mediated environmental change can strengthen the selection on traits of interacting species and suggest that these traits have the potential to evolve in response to changing environments.

Data from: Carry-over effect of leguminous winter cover crops and living mulches on winter wheat as a second main crop following white cabbage

Background: In trials on two strategies for the integration of legumes in a vegetable crop rotation (leguminous winter cover crops and living mulches), data were collected on the two subsequent crops white cabbage and winter wheat. The data on biomass and soil mineral nitrogen content are made publicly available here.    Abstract: The direct effect of winter cover crops (WCC) or living mulches (LM) on a first vegetable crop has already been investigated. However, little is known about the effect on growth and yield of a second cash crop. The aim of the study was to assess the carry-over effect of legumes grown as WCC or LM on winter wheat as a second crop after cabbage measured in yield and nitrogen release. Two field trials were carried out in Germany between 2019 and 2022. In the WCC trial rye, rye with vetch, vetch, pea and faba bean were used as WCC and compared to bare soil. The WCC biomass was incorporated before cabbage planting in late spring. For the LM trial, perennial ryegrass or white clover were used as LM during cabbage cultivation and compared to bare soil. The LM biomass was incorporated together with the cabbage residues (STU/STT) and compared to an early incorporation of LM biomass before cabbage planting (RT). Winter wheat in both trials was seeded as the second main crop in the rotation in the fall.

opencc-zeroMar 2024View details →

Data for: Harvest and decimation affect genetic drift and the effective population size in wild reindeer

Harvesting and culling are methods used to monitor and manage wildlife diseases. An important consequence of these practices is a change in the genetic dynamics of affected populations that may threaten their long-term viability. The effective population size (Ne) is a fundamental parameter for describing such changes as it determines the amount of genetic drift in a population. Here, we estimate Ne of a harvested wild reindeer population in Norway. Then we use simulations to investigate the genetic consequences of management efforts for handling a recent spread of chronic wasting disease, including increased adult male harvest and population decimation. The Ne/N ratio in this population was found to be 0.124 at the end of the study period, compared to 0.239 in the preceding 14-year period. The difference was caused by increased harvest rates with a high proportion of adult males (older than 2.5 years) being shot (15.2 % in 2005-2018 and 44.8 % in 2021). Increased harvest rates decreased Ne in the simulations, but less sex-biased harvest strategies had a lower negative impact. For harvest strategies that yield stable population dynamics, shifting the harvest from calves to adult males and females increased Ne. Population decimation always resulted in decreased genetic variation in the population, with higher loss of heterozygosity and rare alleles with more severe decimation or longer periods of low population size. A very high proportion of males in the harvest had the most severe consequences for the loss of genetic variation. This study clearly shows how the effects of harvest strategies and changes in population size interact to determine the genetic drift of a managed population. The long-term genetic viability of wildlife populations subject to disease will also depend on the population impacts of the disease and how these interact with management actions.

Electrochemical data plotted in A. Fasano, V. Fourmond and C. Léger, « Outer-sphere effects on the O2 sensitivity, catalytic bias and catalytic reversibility of hydrogenases », Chem. Sc. (2024). doi: 10.1039/D4SC00691G

Text files of the electrochemical data plotted in A. Fasano, V. Fourmond and C. Léger, « Outer-sphere effects on the O2 sensitivity, catalytic bias and catalytic reversibility of hydrogenases », Chem. Sc. (2024) (<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/D4SC00691G" target="_blank" rel="noopener">doi: 10.1039/D4SC00691G)</a>

When does antimicrobial resistance increase bacterial fitness? Effects of dosing, social interactions and frequency dependence on the benefits of AmpC β-lactamases in broth, biofilms and a gut infection model.

One of the longstanding puzzles of antimicrobial resistance is why the frequency of resistance persists at intermediate levels.  Theoretical explanations for the lack of fixation of resistance include cryptic costs of resistance or negative frequency-dependence but are seldom explored experimentally.  β-lactamases, which detoxify penicillin-related antibiotics, have well-characterized frequency-dependent dynamics driven by cheating and cooperation.  However, bacterial physiology determines whether β-lactamases are cooperative and we know little about the sociality or fitness of β-lactamase producers in infections.  Moreover, media-based experiments constrain how we measure fitness, and ignore important parameters such as infectivity and transmission among hosts.  Here, we investigated the fitness effects of broad-spectrum AmpC β-lactamases in Enterobacter cloacae in broth, biofilms and gut infections in a model insect.  We quantified frequency- and dose-dependent fitness using cefotaxime, a third-generation cephalosporin.  We predicted that infection dynamics would be similar to those observed in biofilms, with social protection extending over a wide dose range.  We found evidence for the sociality of β-lactamases in all contexts with negative frequency-dependent selection ensuring the persistence of wild-type bacteria although cooperation was less prevalent in biofilms, contrary to predictions.  While competitive fitness in gut infections and broth had similar dynamics, incorporating infectivity into measurements of fitness in infections significantly affected conclusions.  Resistant bacteria had reduced infectivity which limited the fitness benefits of resistance to infections challenged with low antibiotic doses and having low initial frequencies of resistance.  The fitness of resistant bacteria in more physiologically tolerant states (in biofilms, in infections) could be constrained by the presence of wild-type bacteria, high antibiotic doses and limited availability of β-lactamases.  One conclusion is that increased tolerance of β -lactams does not necessarily increase selection pressure for resistance.  Overall, both cryptic fitness costs and frequency-dependence curtailed the fitness benefits of resistance in this study.

opencc-zeroDec 2023View details →

Selfish herd effects in aggregated caterpillars and their interaction with warning signals

Larval Lepidoptera gains survival advantages by aggregating, especially when combined with aposematic warning signals, yet reductions in predation risk may not be experienced equally across all group members. Hamilton's selfish herd theory predicts that larvae that surround themselves with their group mates should be at lower risk of predation, and those on the periphery of aggregations experience the greatest risk, yet this has rarely been tested. Here, we expose aggregations of artificial 'caterpillar' targets to predation from free-flying, wild birds to test for marginal predation when all prey are equally accessible, and for interaction between warning colouration and marginal predation. We find that targets nearer the centre of the aggregation survived better than peripheral targets and nearby targets isolated from the group. However, there was no difference in survival between peripheral and isolated targets. We also find that grouped targets survived better than isolated targets when both are aposematic, but not when they are non-signalling. To our knowledge, our data provide the first evidence to suggest that avian predators preferentially target peripheral larvae from aggregations, and that prey warning signals enhance predator avoidance of groups.

opencc-by-4.0Feb 2019View details →

Bottom of DR1 tank, the sides of the module are fitted with glass panels which allow natural light from a window to enter the tank, and the observer to view the behaviour of the broodstock. This device ensures easy viewing and checking of the broodstock, facilitates management of feeding and allows effective monitoring of reproduction. in Reproduction of Zingel asper (Linnaeus, 1758) in controlled conditions: an assessment of the experiences realized since 2005 at the Besançon Natural History Museum

Bottom of DR1 tank, the sides of the module are fitted with glass panels which allow natural light from a window to enter the tank, and the observer to view the behaviour of the broodstock. This device ensures easy viewing and checking of the broodstock, facilitates management of feeding and allows effective monitoring of reproduction.

opencc-by-4.0Oct 2017View details →

Fig. 1 in Differences in volatile composition and sexual morphs in rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) flowers and their effect in the Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera, Apidae) attraction

Fig. 1. Relation between compounds in rambutan hermaphrodite flowers from Herradero (Her RH) and Metapa orchard (Her RM), and male flowers (Male RH).

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2016View details →

Fig. 1 in Effects of changes in the riparian forest on the butterfly community (Insecta: Lepidoptera) in Cerrado areas

Fig. 1. Butterfly sampling sites at the Pindaíba River Basin, MT – Brazil; (CVS 1, CVS 2, CVS 3, CVS 4 = Caveira stream (1st to 4th order); MS 1, MS 2, MS 3 and MS 4 = Mata Stream (1st to 4th order).

Molecular Insights into the Effects of F16L and F19L Substitutions on the Conformation and Aggregation Dynamics of Human Calcitonin

<a name="_Hlk145518059"></a>Human calcitonin (hCT) regulates calcium-phosphorus metabolism, but its amyloid aggregation disrupts physiological activity, increases thyroid carcinoma risk, and hampers its clinical use for bone-related diseases like osteoporosis and Paget’s disease. Improving hCT with targeted modifications to mitigate amyloid formation while maintaining function holds promise as a strategy. Understanding how each residue in hCT's amyloidogenic core affects its structure and aggregation dynamics is crucial for designing effective analogs. Mutants F16L-hCT and F19L-hCT, where Phe residues in the core are replaced with Leu as in non-amyloidogenic salmon calcitonin, showed different aggregation kinetics. However, the molecular effects of these substitutions in hCT are still unclear. Here, <a name="OLE_LINK4"></a>we systematically investigated the folding and self-assembly conformational dynamics of hCT, F16L-hCT, and F19L-hCT through multiple long-timescale independent atomistic discrete molecular dynamics (DMD) simulations. Our results indicated that the hCT monomer primarily assumed unstructured conformations with dynamic helices around residues 4-12 and 14-21. During self-assembly, the amyloidogenic core of hCT14-21 converted from dynamic helices to β-sheets. However, substituting F16L did not induce significant conformational changes, as F16L-hCT exhibited similar characteristics to wild-type hCT in both monomeric and oligomeric states. In contrast, F19L-hCT exhibited substantially more helices and fewer β-sheets than hCT, irrespective of their monomers or oligomers. The substitution of F19L significantly enhanced the stability of the helical conformation for hCT14-21, thereby suppressing the helix-to-β-sheet conformational conversion. Overall, our findings elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying hCT aggregation and the effects of F16L and F19L substitutions on the conformational dynamics of hCT, highlighting the critical role of F19 as an important target in the design of amyloid-resistant hCT analogs for future clinical applications.