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1,913 results for “Morphological characters”
FIGURE. Umbellules within four populations of Sanicula orthacantha, showing the fruits characters and the variation in numbers of staminate flowers (each line represents a plant individual). The ratio of staminate flowers number/ umbellule number is given for each individual. A. China, Hubei, Xuan'en, Qizimei Mountain, H.M. Li, Y.M. Yi & Y.S. Zhang 1077 (NAS). B. China, Jiangxi, Jiujiang, Lushan, H.M. Li, Y.S. Zhang & Y. Xu 1109 (NAS). C. China, Chongqing, Nanchuan, Jinfo Shan, H.M. Li, Y.S. Zhang & X. Zhang 1141 (NAS). D. China, Sichuan, Emei Shan, H.M. Li & Y.S. Zhang 1157 (NAS). All same scale. in Taxonomic studies on the genus Sanicula (Apiaceae) from China ( ): The clarification of some morphological distinction between S. orthacantha var. orthacantha and S. orthacantha var. brevispina, with the reduction of S. petagnioides to the synonymy of the former, and S. orthacantha var. stolonifera to
FIGURE. Umbellules within four populations of Sanicula orthacantha, showing the fruits characters and the variation in numbers of staminate flowers (each line represents a plant individual). The ratio of staminate flowers number/ umbellule number is given for each individual. A. China, Hubei, Xuan'en, Qizimei Mountain, H.M. Li, Y.M. Yi & Y.S. Zhang 1077 (NAS). B. China, Jiangxi, Jiujiang, Lushan, H.M. Li, Y.S. Zhang & Y. Xu 1109 (NAS). C. China, Chongqing, Nanchuan, Jinfo Shan, H.M. Li, Y.S. Zhang & X. Zhang 1141 (NAS). D. China, Sichuan, Emei Shan, H.M. Li & Y.S. Zhang 1157 (NAS). All same scale.
FIGURE. Umbellules within two populations of Sanicula orthacantha var. brevispina from China, Sichuan, Emei Shan, showing the fruits characters and the variation in numbers of staminate flowers (each line represents a plant individual). The ratio of staminate flowers number/ umbellule number is given for each individual. A. C.H. Li 1122 (NAS). B. H.M. Li & Y.S. Zhang 1151 (NAS). in Taxonomic studies on the genus Sanicula (Apiaceae) from China ( ): The clarification of some morphological distinction between S. orthacantha var. orthacantha and S. orthacantha var. brevispina, with the reduction of S. petagnioides to the synonymy of the former, and S. orthacantha var. stolonifera to
FIGURE. Umbellules within two populations of Sanicula orthacantha var. brevispina from China, Sichuan, Emei Shan, showing the fruits characters and the variation in numbers of staminate flowers (each line represents a plant individual). The ratio of staminate flowers number/ umbellule number is given for each individual. A. C.H. Li 1122 (NAS). B. H.M. Li & Y.S. Zhang 1151 (NAS).
FIGURE. Individuals in two Populations of Sanicula orthacantha var. brevispina from China, Sichuan, Emei Shan, showing the variation in plant size and rhizome character (each line represents a population). A. C.H. Li 1122 (NAS). B. H.M. Li & Y.S. Zhang 1151 (NAS). in Taxonomic studies on the genus Sanicula (Apiaceae) from China ( ): The clarification of some morphological distinction between S. orthacantha var. orthacantha and S. orthacantha var. brevispina, with the reduction of S. petagnioides to the synonymy of the former, and S. orthacantha var. stolonifera to
FIGURE. Individuals in two Populations of Sanicula orthacantha var. brevispina from China, Sichuan, Emei Shan, showing the variation in plant size and rhizome character (each line represents a population). A. C.H. Li 1122 (NAS). B. H.M. Li & Y.S. Zhang 1151 (NAS).
FIGURE 1 in Tricholoma tianshanense sp. nov., in Tricholoma sect. Caligata from Tianshan Mountains in China evidenced by morphological characters and phylogenetic analyses
FIGURE 1. Phylogram generated from Bayesian analysis based on internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) sequence data. Bootstrap support values equal to or greater than 50% and Bayesian posterior probabilities equal to or greater than 0.75 are given at the nodes. The tree is rooted with Hypsizygus marmoreus (HMW1). Newly obtained sequences are indicated in bold.
FIGURE 2 in Tricholoma tianshanense sp. nov., in Tricholoma sect. Caligata from Tianshan Mountains in China evidenced by morphological characters and phylogenetic analyses
FIGURE 2. Basidiomata of Tricholoma tianshanense (HMUT 1112, holotype). a. Obverse view, b. Reverse view. Bars = 2 cm.
FIGURE 3 in Tricholoma tianshanense sp. nov., in Tricholoma sect. Caligata from Tianshan Mountains in China evidenced by morphological characters and phylogenetic analyses
FIGURE 3. Micro-characteristics of Tricholoma tianshanense (HMUT 1112, holotype). a. Basidiospores; b. Basidia; c. Pileipellis; d. Lamellar trama; Bars a, b = 10 μm, c, d = 20 μm.
FIGURE 5. Morphological characters for Sorocea species. A in Molecular phylogenetics of Sorocea (Moraceae)
FIGURE 5. Morphological characters for Sorocea species. A. Leaves of S. bonplandii (Santos 140). B. Leaf of S. uaupensis (Pederneiras 698). C. Abaxial surface of the leaf of S. pubivena (Pederneiras 736). D. Pistillate flower of S. muriculata (Medeiros 684). E. Pistillate flower of S. uaupensis (Pederneiras 697). F. Pistillate flower of S. klotzschiana (Pederneiras 744). G. Pistillate flower of S. guilleminiana (Santos 128). H. Fruit of S. muriculata (Medeiros 684). I. Fruit of S. uaupensis (Pederneiras 697). Photos: L. Mattos.
FIGURE 1. Morphological characters for Sorocea. A in Molecular phylogenetics of Sorocea (Moraceae)
FIGURE 1. Morphological characters for Sorocea. A. Presence of the milky latex in S. bonplandii (Santos 140, SP). B. Leaves of S. bonplandii (Santos 140, SP). C. Staminate inflorescence of S. bonplandii (Santos 140, SP). D. Pistillate inflorescences of S. guilleminiana (Santos 128, SP). E. Development of pistillate inflorescences of S. hilarii (Borges 294, SP). F. Fruits of S. bonplandii (Santos 140, SP). Photos: L.C. Pederneiras, S. Romaniuc-Neto and A. Santos.
Phylogenetic results of 6 morphological character matrices
<p>The construction of morphological character matrices is central to paleontological systematic study, which extracts paleontological information from fossils. Although the word information has been repeatedly mentioned in a wide array of paleontological systematic studies, its meaning has rarely been clarified and there has not been a standard to measure paleontological information due to the incompleteness of fossils, difficulty of recognizing homologous and homoplastic structures, etc. Here, based on information theory, we show the deep connections between paleontological systematic study and communication system engineering. It is information, the decrease of uncertainty, in morphological characters that distinguishes operational taxonomic units (OTUs) and reconstructs evolutionary history. We propose that concepts in communication system engineering such as source coding and channel coding correspond in paleontological studies to the construction of diagnostic features and the entire character matrices, which should be distinguished as how typical communication systems are engineered because these two steps serve dual purposes. With character matrices from six different vertebrate groups, we analyzed their information properties including source entropy, mutual information, and channel capacity. Estimation of channel capacity shows upper limits of all matrices in transmitting paleontological information, indicating that, due to the presence of noise, too many characters not only increase the burden in character scoring, but also may decrease quality of matrices. Information entropy, which measure how informative a variable is, of each character is tested as a weighting criterion in parsimony-based systematic studies, the results show high consistence with existing knowledge with both good resolution and interpretability.</p>
FIGURE 5 in Review of the genus Pleurotroppopsis Girault (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) with interspecific phylogenetic relationships based on morphological characters
FIGURE 5. Pleurotroppopsis femorata (Surekha & Narendran). a‒c, paratype female: a, habitus in dorsal view; b, habitus in lateral view; c, labels. d‒f, paratype male: d, habitus in dorsal view; e, habitus in lateral view; f, labels. Scale bar: 0.5 mm. ©The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London, and made available under Creative Commons License 4.0 (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
FIGURE 16 in Review of the genus Pleurotroppopsis Girault (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) with interspecific phylogenetic relationships based on morphological characters
FIGURE 16. Pleurotropposis pilosa (Risbec), lectotype female: a–e, habitus in dorsal and lateral views; f, frontovertex; g, labels.
FIGURE 17 in Review of the genus Pleurotroppopsis Girault (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) with interspecific phylogenetic relationships based on morphological characters
FIGURE 17. Pleurotropposis podagrica (Waterston). a‒c, holotype female: a, habitus in dorsal view; b, mesosoma in dorsal view; c, labels. d‒e, paratype male: d, habitus in dorsal view; e, mesosoma and head with antenna in dorsal view. Scale bar: 0.5 mm. ©The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London, and made available under Creative Commons License 4.0 (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
FIGURE 2. Pleurotroppopsis dactylispae Cao & Zhu. a‒g in Review of the genus Pleurotroppopsis Girault (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) with interspecific phylogenetic relationships based on morphological characters
FIGURE 2. Pleurotroppopsis dactylispae Cao & Zhu. a‒g, holotype female: a, vertex; b, thorax in dorsal view; c, propodeum in dorsal view; d, metasoma in dorsal view; e, postorbital groove; f, piliferous punctures on gaster in dorsal view; g, habitus in dorsal view. h‒m, paratype male: h, habitus in dorsal view; i, vertex and antennae; j, mesosoma in dorsal view; k, metasoma in dorsal view. Scale bar: a–d, i–k, 0.2 mm; e–f, 0.1 mm; g–h, 0.5 mm.
FIGURE 6 in Review of the genus Pleurotroppopsis Girault (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) with interspecific phylogenetic relationships based on morphological characters
FIGURE 6. Pleurotroppopsis hirta (Kamijo), holotype female: a, frontovertex; b, wings in dorsal view; c, head in frontal view; d, habitus in dorsal view; e, mesosoma in dorsal view; f, labels. Scale bar: 0.5 mm.
FIGURE 13 in Review of the genus Pleurotroppopsis Girault (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) with interspecific phylogenetic relationships based on morphological characters
FIGURE 13. Pleurotroppopsis nitifrons (Bouček), holotype female: a, habitus in dorsal view; b, mesosoma in dorsal view; c, labels. Scale bar: 0.5 mm. ©The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London, and made available under Creative Commons License 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
FIGURE 19 in Review of the genus Pleurotroppopsis Girault (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) with interspecific phylogenetic relationships based on morphological characters
FIGURE 19. Phylogenetic relationships of Pleurotroppopsis species based on morphological characters. Unambiguous apomorphies are mapped on branches using WinClada, with black circles representing nonhomplasious changes (synapomorphies or autapomorphies), and white circles representing homplasious changes. The mirror cladogram of the strict consensus tree with 89 steps obtained from parsimony analyses in TNT is shown on the right, with numbers above the nodes indicating bootstrap values.
FIGURE 9 in Review of the genus Pleurotroppopsis Girault (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) with interspecific phylogenetic relationships based on morphological characters
FIGURE 9. Pleurotroppopsis javana (Bouček), holotype female: a, habitus in dorsal view; b, mesosoma in dorsal view; c, labels. Scale bar: 0.5 mm. ©The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London, and made available under Creative Commons License 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
FIGURE 15. Pleurotroppopsis peukscutella Cao & Zhu. a‒d in Review of the genus Pleurotroppopsis Girault (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) with interspecific phylogenetic relationships based on morphological characters
FIGURE 15. Pleurotroppopsis peukscutella Cao & Zhu. a‒d, holotype female: a, vertex and mesoscutum; b, mesosoma in dorsal view; c, gaster in dorsal view; d, habitus in dorsal view. e–h, paratype male: e, habitus in dorsal view; f, head in dorsal view; g, mesosoma in dorsal view; h, metasoma in dorsal view. Scale bar: a–c, f–h, 0.2 mm; d–e, 0.5 mm.
FIGURE 1 in Review of the genus Pleurotroppopsis Girault (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) with interspecific phylogenetic relationships based on morphological characters
FIGURE 1. Propodeum of Pleurotroppopsis japonica (Kamijo) with illustrations of the propodeal structures.
FIGURE 4 in Review of the genus Pleurotroppopsis Girault (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) with interspecific phylogenetic relationships based on morphological characters
FIGURE 4. Pleurotroppopsis dentata (Surekha & Narendran), paratype female. a–b, habitus in dorsal view; c, mesosoma in dorsal view; d, vertex; e, labels. Scale bar: 0.5 mm. ©The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London, and made available under Creative Commons License 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
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