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Fig. 3 in Reproductive cycle of the Neotropical cichlid yellow peacock bass Cichla kelberi: A novel pattern of testicular development

Fig. 3. Structure of the germinal epithelium in C. kelberi. (a and b) germinal epithelium highlighting the spermatogenic cysts in distinct layers. H.E. stain. (c) Outline highlighting the maintenance of a continuous germinal epithelium after the higher layers cysts break. Sc1 - primary spermatocyte; St - spermatid; Sz - spermatozoa.

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Fig. 4 in Reproductive cycle of the Neotropical cichlid yellow peacock bass Cichla kelberi: A novel pattern of testicular development

Fig. 4. Testicular morphological characteristics of the initial phases of C. kelberi gonadal development. (a) and (b) Immature phase: germinal epithelium showing a reduced number of primary spermatogonia (Sg1). (c) and (d) Preparatory phase: presence of lots of primary spermatogonia and cysts of secondary spermatogonia (Sg2). Mitotic figures are also observed in this phase, highlighting the spermatogonial proliferation (arrow).

Figure 5A-C in Silks and silk-producing organs of Neotropical tarantula Avicularia metallica (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Theraphosidae)

Figure 5A-C. Spinneret silk spigot ultrastructure: A – two spigots of posterior lateral spinnerets. B – enlarged view of framed section in A: opening at the end of shaft, from which silk secretion is extruded, C – opening at the end of shaft, filled with solidified silk secretion. The secretion has two components. Peripheral (S1) component of solidified protein mixture surrounds the central (S2) component, which unlike component S1, has a granular appearance. SPI – spigots, bas – basal part (socket), term – terminal part of spigot (shaft).

Figure 2A-B in Silks and silk-producing organs of Neotropical tarantula Avicularia metallica (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Theraphosidae)

Figure 2A-B. Macrostructure of shelter and attachment fields: A – mid-section of silken tube. Arrows indicate where the tube is attached to the substratum by means of attachment fields (AF). B – detailed view of an attachment field.

Figure 4A-D in Silks and silk-producing organs of Neotropical tarantula Avicularia metallica (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Theraphosidae)

Figure 4A-D. SEM micrographs of spinnerets: A – overview of ventral side of a nymph. B – enlarged view of framed section in A: posterior part of ventral side of opisthosoma with two pairs of spinnerets. C – surface of posterior lateral spinnerets with spigots, partly covered by adjacent hairs (setae). Location of spigots is marked with arrows. D – detailed view of surface of spinnerets with spigots, hairs and silk fibrils. CH – chelicerae, HA – hairs, PE – pedipalps, PMS – posterior median spinnerets, PLS – posterior lateral spinnerets, SI – silk, SP – spinnerets, SPI – spigots, I. – IV. – first to fourth pairs of legs.

Figure 1A-B in Silks and silk-producing organs of Neotropical tarantula Avicularia metallica (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Theraphosidae)

Figure 1A-B. Adult female Avicularia metallica: A – a female sitting on a leaf of Dwarf Cavendish banana Musa acuminata. B – the same female kept inside a glass insectarium. The female leans against the glass wall both with its feet and spinnerets at the end of its opisthosoma. SP – spinnerets, I. – IV. – first to fourth pairs of legs.

Figure 3 in Silks and silk-producing organs of Neotropical tarantula Avicularia metallica (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Theraphosidae)

Figure 3. Entrance into the shelter. AF – attachment fields, CF – connecting fibers, EO – entry opening, TU – tube.

Figure 8A-D in Silks and silk-producing organs of Neotropical tarantula Avicularia metallica (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Theraphosidae)

Figure 8A-D. Amorphous and fibrous structures in attachment fields: A – Spot of amorphous (i.e. nongranular) secretion on the surface of plastic wall with fibrils of various lengths leading from it in numerous places. B – enlarged view of framed section in A. C – Detailed view of surface of the spot. Granular secretion in center of image is the main structural material of a fibril. D – detailed view of fibril (150–170 nm in diameter) with characteristic globular ultrastructure, formed on the underlying layer of nongranular component of silken spot. GS – granular secretion, NGS – nongranular secretion, NF – nanofibril.

Figure 7A-C in Silks and silk-producing organs of Neotropical tarantula Avicularia metallica (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Theraphosidae)

Figure 7A-C. SEM micrographs of attachment field silk: A – Cut-out section of plastic container, covered with silk of attachment fields – AFS. Places with the highest concentration of nanofibrils appear in the image as whitish spots without clear borders. This silk constitutes an adhesive foundation layer onto which the spider attaches connecting fibers, B – attachment of a connecting fiber (CF) to the substratum covered with adhesive silk. Before joining with the silk of attachment fields, the thick connecting fibers ramify into several thinner fibers with fewer nanofibrils. As the fibers progressively ramify before they are anchored in the AFS-covered substratum, the bundles become gradually less compact until separate nanofibrils remain. C – enlarged view of framed section in B.

Figure 9A-B in Silks and silk-producing organs of Neotropical tarantula Avicularia metallica (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Theraphosidae)

Figure 9A-B. Connection between nongranular silken secretion and fibrils: A – Solidified drop of amorphous secretion joined with fibrils. B – enlarged view of ultrastructure of silk where the two types of secretion connect.

FIGURE 2 in Extinction risk or lack of sampling in a threatened species: Genetic structure and environmental suitability of the neotropical frog Pristimantis penelopus (Anura: Craugastoridae)

FIGURE 2: (Left) Maximum clade credibility tree depicting the phylogenetic position of Pristimantis penelopus within the P. ridens series. Numbers on nodes indicate posterior probabilities. Numbers below nodes represent nodal support using the ultrafast bootstrap (see methods). Asterisks indicate nodal support above 95% in both Bayesian and ML methods. (Right) Haplotype network based on 460 bp of the COI region. Numbers of mutational steps are shown on the lines connecting haplotypes. Colors refer to geographic locations shown in Figure 1.

FIGURE 4 in Extinction risk or lack of sampling in a threatened species: Genetic structure and environmental suitability of the neotropical frog Pristimantis penelopus (Anura: Craugastoridae)

FIGURE 4: Potential distribution of Pristimantis penelopus based on ecological niche modeling (red). Yellow dots represents occurrence localities used to calibrate the model. See main text for details.

FIGURE 1 in Extinction risk or lack of sampling in a threatened species: Genetic structure and environmental suitability of the neotropical frog Pristimantis penelopus (Anura: Craugastoridae)

FIGURE 1: Geographic sampling of Pristimantis penelopus. Colored circles indicate sequenced specimens. Different colors represent the populations used in the genetic analysis (see Figure 2 for color codes).

FIGURE 3 in Extinction risk or lack of sampling in a threatened species: Genetic structure and environmental suitability of the neotropical frog Pristimantis penelopus (Anura: Craugastoridae)

FIGURE 3: Phenotypic variation of Pristimantis penelopus across its distribution. Localitites are shown in Appendix 1.

Fig. 90 in Systematics of the Neotropical fish subfamily Glandulocaudinae (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae)

Fig. 90. Comparative plots of (a) Number of pored lateral-line scales; (b) Number of horizontal scale rows on body; (c) Number of lateral-series scales; (d) Number of horizontal scale rows around the caudal peduncle; (e) Number of predorsal scales; (f) Total number of vertebrae for samples of Mimagoniates microlepis within range of species expressed by Tukey box plots. For I, II, III, IV and V locations, see full legends at Fig. 89.

Fig. 89 in Systematics of the Neotropical fish subfamily Glandulocaudinae (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae)

Fig. 89. Comparative plots of the number of branched anal-fin rays for population samples of Mimagoniates microlepis within range of species expressed by Tukey box plots based on percentiles.

Fig. 84 in Systematics of the Neotropical fish subfamily Glandulocaudinae (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae)

Fig. 84. Mimagoniates microlepis, adult male, USNM 249885, 41.2 mm SL; pelvic-fin rays, ventral view, left side. All rays with fewer branches compared to those of large adult male in Fig. 83.

Fig. 86 in Systematics of the Neotropical fish subfamily Glandulocaudinae (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae)

Fig. 86. Mimagoniates microlepis, adult male, USNM 249876, 59.3 mm SL; jaws and dentition, lateral view, right side, anterior at right. Compare number of maxillary teeth (10) in this specimen with that in Fig. 87 (6). Number of maxillary teeth varies considerably in specimens depending on their standard length.

Fig. 85 in Systematics of the Neotropical fish subfamily Glandulocaudinae (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae)

Fig. 85. Mimagoniates microlepis, adult male, USNM 236089, 45.3 mm SL; osteology of caudal skeleton and caudal-fin squamation (lower left), lateral view, left side. Principal caudal ray 12 indicated. Relationship of modified dorsal lobe caudal-fin squamation to caudal gland shown in inset at lower left. Distal regions of ventral and posterior scales and their epidermis form flap partly covering intake openings of pump chamber. Modified from Menezes et al. (1988).

Fig. 70 in Systematics of the Neotropical fish subfamily Glandulocaudinae (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae)

Fig. 70. Mimagoniates rheocharis, adult male, MZUSP 40278, holotype, 47.3 mm SL, Brazil, Santa Catarina State, rio Faxinalzinho at Mãe dos Homens, near Praia Grande. Modified from Menezes & Weitzman (1990).