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FIGURE 4 in Diversification events of the shield morphology in shore crabs and their relatives through development and time

FIGURE 4. Analysis of morphological diversity changes through time. Black line represents mean, light grey and dark grey areas represent 50% and 95% confidence intervals, respectively. Sum of variances used as measure for morphological diversity on y-axis. Stratigraphic time bins in million years on x-axis, from left to right: Eocene, Oligocene, Miocene, Pliocene, Pleistocene including extant fauna. Ages following Cohen et al. (2023). Asterisks mark significant changes between time bins.

FIGURE 3 in Diversification events of the shield morphology in shore crabs and their relatives through development and time

FIGURE 3. Phylogenetic tree of selected fossil and extant representatives of Carcinidae. Selected reconstructed shield outlines (based on PC1 and PC2 of outline analysis) based on ancestral state estimates are centred on the node they represent. Asterisks mark fossil species.

FIGURE 2 in Diversification events of the shield morphology in shore crabs and their relatives through development and time

FIGURE 2. Scatter plot of the first two principal components from the PCA on the outline analysis of shields of Carcinidae. Grey outlines in the background describe shape variation across the morphospace.

FIGURE 1 in Diversification events of the shield morphology in shore crabs and their relatives through development and time

FIGURE 1. Different developmental stages of Carcinus maenas under fluorescent and natural light. Cyan-coloured circles mark position of first harmonic, used to align shapes. A: Lateral view of zoea under fluorescent light. B: Dorsal view of megalopa under fluorescent light (car_29G; Appendix 1). C: Dorsal view of juvenile under fluorescent light (car_2C; Appendix 1). D: Dorsal view of young adult under natural light (Oliver Mengedoht/Panzerwelten.de, Recklinghausen), source image did not contain a scale.

FIGURE S1 in The challenge of hard-to-reach spaces in mechanical fossil preparation: Development of the Wada air scribe, a novel short-bodied air scribe with an adjustable handle

FIGURE S1. The prototype of the Wada air scribe. The short air scribe and the cylinder were welded together, at an L-shaped configuration. The impact angle remained fixed at 90 degrees and could not be adjusted.

FIGURE S4. The production flow for a in The challenge of hard-to-reach spaces in mechanical fossil preparation: Development of the Wada air scribe, a novel short-bodied air scribe with an adjustable handle

FIGURE S4. The production flow for a bushing. Schematic diagrams in lateral (upper row) and front (middle row) views and cross-sections (lower row) are shown.

FIGURE 11 in The challenge of hard-to-reach spaces in mechanical fossil preparation: Development of the Wada air scribe, a novel short-bodied air scribe with an adjustable handle

FIGURE 11. Usage example of the Wada air scribe. A, fossil preparation inside of the deep cavity; B, preparation under a microscope using the Wada air scribe.

FIGURE 8 in The challenge of hard-to-reach spaces in mechanical fossil preparation: Development of the Wada air scribe, a novel short-bodied air scribe with an adjustable handle

FIGURE 8. The assembly drawing of the Wada air scribe and the handle form 1 (A-C) and 2 (D-F). A, insert the air scribe between the left and right arm; B, angle adjustment of the Wada air scribe; C, the Wada air scribe with the handle form 1 in right lateral view; D, insert the air scribe into the body holder and attach them to the support rod; E, angle adjustment of the Wada air scribe; F, the Wada air scribe with the handle form 2.

FIGURE 6. The handle form 1. A in The challenge of hard-to-reach spaces in mechanical fossil preparation: Development of the Wada air scribe, a novel short-bodied air scribe with an adjustable handle

FIGURE 6. The handle form 1. A, production process. The component numbers correspond to those in Figure 2; B, the handle in right lateral view; C, the handle in top view; D, the handle with the socket head screw (M4) in bottom view; E, the handle in left lateral view.

FIGURE 5. The Wada air scribe. A in The challenge of hard-to-reach spaces in mechanical fossil preparation: Development of the Wada air scribe, a novel short-bodied air scribe with an adjustable handle

FIGURE 5. The Wada air scribe. A, the structure of the Wada air scribe. The component numbers correspond to those in the Figure 2; B, diagram of the Wada air scribe in lateral view; C, cross section of the Wada air scribe in lateral view.

FIGURE 3 in The challenge of hard-to-reach spaces in mechanical fossil preparation: Development of the Wada air scribe, a novel short-bodied air scribe with an adjustable handle

FIGURE 3. The junction (A-E), cylinder (F-J), and bushing (K-O) in right lateral (A, B, C, F, G, H, K, L, and M), back (D), and front (I and N) views. The component numbers correspond to those of Figure 2. A, one-fifth from the screw head of a fully threaded hex screw; B, the junction; C, diagram of the junction; D, the junction; E, cross section of the junction; F, a coupling nut; G, the cylinder; H, diagram of the cylinder; I, the cylinder; J, cross section of the cylinder; K, middle part of a partially threaded socket head screw; L, the bushing; M, diagram of the bushing highlighting the stem and an exhaust hole; N, the bushing; O, cross section of the bushing.

FIGURE 7. The handle form 2. A in The challenge of hard-to-reach spaces in mechanical fossil preparation: Development of the Wada air scribe, a novel short-bodied air scribe with an adjustable handle

FIGURE 7. The handle form 2. A, production process of the support rod; B, production process of the body holder; C, the support rod in right lateral view; D, the support rod in top view; E. the support rod in bottom view; F, the support rod in front view; G, the body holder in right lateral view; H, the body holder in front view. The component numbers correspond to those in Figure 2.

FIGURE 2 in The challenge of hard-to-reach spaces in mechanical fossil preparation: Development of the Wada air scribe, a novel short-bodied air scribe with an adjustable handle

FIGURE 2. List of the components for one Wada air scribe and two forms of the handle. The "M" designation for metric screws indicates the outer diameter of the screw thread in mm.

FIGURE 1 in The challenge of hard-to-reach spaces in mechanical fossil preparation: Development of the Wada air scribe, a novel short-bodied air scribe with an adjustable handle

FIGURE 1. Usage example of a conventional pen-shaped pneumatic air scribe. A. Fossil preparation inside of the deep cavity. Note that preparators are required to hold the air scribe at an awkward angle when they try to prepare a hard-to-reach area. B. Micropreparation using the pen-shaped air scribe. The handle of the air scribe could be caught on the rim of the objective lens.

FIGURE S3. The production flow for a in The challenge of hard-to-reach spaces in mechanical fossil preparation: Development of the Wada air scribe, a novel short-bodied air scribe with an adjustable handle

FIGURE S3. The production flow for a cylinder. Schematic diagrams in lateral (upper row) and front (lower row) views are shown.

FIGURE S2. The production flow for a in The challenge of hard-to-reach spaces in mechanical fossil preparation: Development of the Wada air scribe, a novel short-bodied air scribe with an adjustable handle

FIGURE S2. The production flow for a junction. Schematic diagrams in lateral view (upper row) and crosssections (lower row) are shown.

FIGURE 10. Comparison between the commercially available air scribe and the Wada air scribes. A, a in The challenge of hard-to-reach spaces in mechanical fossil preparation: Development of the Wada air scribe, a novel short-bodied air scribe with an adjustable handle

FIGURE 10. Comparison between the commercially available air scribe and the Wada air scribes. A, a penshaped air scribe (Micro Jack 2 from PaleoTools®); B, the Wada air scribe.

FIGURE 4 in The challenge of hard-to-reach spaces in mechanical fossil preparation: Development of the Wada air scribe, a novel short-bodied air scribe with an adjustable handle

FIGURE 4. The assembly drawing of the stylus, spring, and bushing. Note that the distance between the bushing and the base of the stylus must be more than 1 mm.

FIGURE 9. The Wada air scribe with handle forms 1 in The challenge of hard-to-reach spaces in mechanical fossil preparation: Development of the Wada air scribe, a novel short-bodied air scribe with an adjustable handle

FIGURE 9. The Wada air scribe with handle forms 1 (A-C) and 2 (D-F) at a straight angle (0 degrees) (A and D) and a right angle (90 degrees) (B and D), respectively. Using a closed-cell polyurethane foam sleeve cover to encase the handles can effectively reduce the impact on the hand (C and F).