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3,905 results for “eye”
Data from: Flickers of speciation? Sympatric color morphs of the arc-eye hawkfish, Paracirrhites arcatus, reveal key elements of divergence-with-gene-flow
One of the primary challenges of evolutionary research is to identify ecological factors that favor reproductive isolation. Therefore, studying partially isolated taxa has the potential to provide novel insight into the mechanisms of evolutionary divergence. Our study utilizes an adaptive color polymorphism in the arc-eye hawkfish (Paracirrhites arcatus) to explore the evolution of reproductive barriers in the absence of geographic isolation. Dark and light morphs are ecologically partitioned into basaltic and coral microhabitats a few meters apart. To test whether ecological barriers have reduced gene flow among dark and light phenotypes, we evaluated genetic variation at 30 microsatellite loci and a nuclear exon (Mc1r) associated with melanistic coloration. We report low, but significant microsatellite differentiation among color morphs and stronger divergence in the coding region of Mc1r indicating signatures of selection. Critically, we observed greater genetic divergence between color morphs on the same reefs than between the same morphs in different geographic locations. We hypothesize that adaptation to the contrasting microhabitats is overriding gene flow and is responsible for the partial reproductive isolation observed between sympatric color morphs. Combined with complementary studies of hawkfish ecology and behavior, these genetic results indicate an ecological barrier to gene flow initiated by habitat selection and enhanced by assortative mating. Hence the arc-eye hawkfish fulfill theoretical expectations for the earliest phase of speciation-with-gene-flow.
Data from: Feather melanin and micro-structure variation in dark-eyed junco (Junco hyemalis) across an elevational gradient in the Selkirk Mountains
Variation in feather melanism and microstructure can arise through sexual selection and ecological functional drivers. Melanin-based plumage traits are associated with sexual dichromatism and the intensity of sexual selection in many avian species, but also have several ecological benefits such as protection against ultra-violet (UV) radiation, camouflage, and feather strength. Additionally, feather microstructure influences thermoregulation. Plumage variation across species is well documented; however, the relative role of sexual selection and ecological drivers in intra-specific and within-population variation is less established. We investigated UV reflectance, melanism, and feather microstructure in a population of Oregon dark-eyed juncos Junco hyemalis oreganus between high (1900–2200 m a.s.l.) and low (450–800 m a.s.l.) elevations in the Selkirk Mountains to evaluate potential sexual selection and ecological drivers of variation. We found no difference in UV reflectance or lightness (melanism) of head feathers between elevations, but individuals at high elevation had lighter (less melanism) and less brown (less pheomelanin) body contour feathers than at low elevations. High elevation individuals also had longer contour feathers with more pronounced plumulaceous regions. Sexual dichromatism did not vary between elevations, leading us to reject sexual selection in favour of ecological functional drivers of plumage variation in this system. To our knowledge, this is the first study to identify within-population differences in feather melanism and microstructure between different elevations.
Data from: Cryptic speciation and gene flow in a migratory songbird species complex: insights from the red-eyed vireo (Vireo olivaceus)
Migratory species that alternate between sympatry and allopatry over the course of an annual cycle are promising subjects for studies seeking to understand the process of speciation in the absence of strict geographic isolation. Here we sought to identify cryptic species and assess rates of gene flow in a clade of neotropical migrant songbirds in which geography and taxonomy are currently out of sync: the Red-Eyed Vireo (V. olivaceus) Species Complex. Phylogenetic, clustering, and statistical species delimitation analyses found that V. olivaceus includes two non-sister lineages migrating in opposite directions across the equator. Analyses of gene flow identified low levels of introgression between two species pairs, but none between northern and southern olivaceus. We also identified substantial well-supported conflicts between nuclear and mitochondrial topologies. Although the geographic distribution of mito-nuclear discordance is suggestive of hybridization and mitochondrial capture, we found no evidence of introgression in the nuclear genome of populations with discordant mitochondrial gene trees. Our study finds that species boundaries match breeding range and migratory phenology rather than the existing taxonomy in this group, and demonstrates the utility of genomic data in inferring species boundaries in recently diverged clades.
Data from: The evolution of vertebrate eye size across an environmental gradient: phenotype does not predict genotype in a Trinidadian killifish
Vertebrates exhibit substantial variation in eye size. Eye size correlates positively with visual capacity and behaviors that enhance fitness, such as predator avoidance. This foreshadows a connection between predation and eye size evolution. Yet, the conditions that favor evolutionary shifts in eye size, besides the well-known role for light availability, are unclear. We tested the influence of predation on the evolution of eye size in Trinidadian killifish, Rivulus hartii. Rivulus are located across a series of communities where they coexist with visually oriented piscivores ('high predation' sites), and no predators ('Rivulus-only' sites). Wild-caught Rivulus from high predation sites generally exhibited a smaller relative eye size than communities that lack predators. Yet, such differences were inconsistent across rivers. Second-generation common garden reared fish revealed repeatable decreases in eye size in Rivulus from high predation sites. We performed additional experiments that tested the importance of light and resources on eye size evolution. Sites that differ in light or resource availability did not differ in eye size. Our results argue that differences in predator-induced mortality underlie genetically-based shifts in vertebrate eye size. We discuss the drivers of eye size evolution in light of the nonparallel trends between the phenotypic and common garden results.
Anatomy study: Eye
Eyes study Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
London Eye, London, UK
London Eye, London, England Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Maya Sculpture Fungi Eyes
Pieza maya de coleccion en Aeropuerto La Aurora, Guatemala Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Middle Eye Cave
Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Egyptian Eye Puzzle Version 01
Egyptian Eye Puzzle Version 01 Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
FIGURES 19–20. Fig. 19, eye length versus head width measurements for A. barbigula, A. mediterrae and A in Australian ants of the genus Aphaenogaster (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
FIGURES 19–20. Fig. 19, eye length versus head width measurements for A. barbigula, A. mediterrae and A. poultoni; Fig. 20, scape length versus head width measurements for A. barbigula, A. mediterrae and A. poultoni.
FIGURE 75. Tibia 1 length and relationship between tibia 1 and metatarsus 1 in Two new genera of small, six-eyed pholcid spiders from West Africa, and first record of Spermophorides for mainland Africa (Araneae: Pholcidae)
FIGURE 75. Tibia 1 length and relationship between tibia 1 and metatarsus 1 lengths in 422 species of pholcids. Each species is represented by a single male specimen, usually the type specimen measured in the original description or in a redescription. Large marks indicate Spermophorides species (round marks: 18 Canary Island species, six Mediterranean species, and S. africana [arrow]; square: S. lascars from the Seychelles). Data are mainly from taxonomic papers by B. A. Huber (http://www.uni-bonn.de/~bhuber1/publications.htm); data on Spermophorides are from Wunderlich (1987, 1992), Saaristo (2001), and from B. A. Huber (herein and unpublished).
FIGURE 74 in Two new genera of small, six-eyed pholcid spiders from West Africa, and first record of Spermophorides for mainland Africa (Araneae: Pholcidae)
FIGURE 74. Map showing the known distributions of Nyikoa n. gen. and Anansus n. gen., as well as the only known record of Spermophorides in Africa.
FIGURES 62–66. Spermophorides africana, n in Two new genera of small, six-eyed pholcid spiders from West Africa, and first record of Spermophorides for mainland Africa (Araneae: Pholcidae)
FIGURES 62–66. Spermophorides africana, n. sp. 62, 63. Left palp, prolateral and retrolateral views. 64. Male chelicerae, frontal view. 65, 66. Cleared epigynum, ventral and dorsal views. b, genital bulb; ba, bulbal apophysis; e, embolus; p, procursus. Scale lines: 0.1 mm.
FIGURES 57–61. Anansus debakkeri n in Two new genera of small, six-eyed pholcid spiders from West Africa, and first record of Spermophorides for mainland Africa (Araneae: Pholcidae)
FIGURES 57–61. Anansus debakkeri n. sp. 57, 58. Left palp, prolateral and retrolateral views. 59. Left procursus, retrolateral view. 60, 61. Cleared female genitalia, ventral and dorsal views. b, genital bulb; e, embolus; ep, epigynal pocket; p, procursus; pp, pore plate. Scale lines: 0.2 mm.
FIGURES 50–56 in Two new genera of small, six-eyed pholcid spiders from West Africa, and first record of Spermophorides for mainland Africa (Araneae: Pholcidae)
FIGURES 50–56. Anansus aowin (50, 51) and A. ewe (52–56). 50, 51. Comb hairs on male tarsus 4, lateral and ventral views. 52. Details of left male palp, retrolateral view. 53. Distinctive sclerite of procursus set with brush of hairs (hairs lost in this specimen). 54. Male gonopore with four epiandrous spigots. 55. Male ALS. 56. Dorsal view of cleared female internal genitalia. p, procursus; pp, pore plate; tr, trochanter. Scale lines: 10 µm (53, 55), 20 µm (50, 51, 54), 100 µm (52, 56).
FIGURES 18–25. Nyikoa limbe n in Two new genera of small, six-eyed pholcid spiders from West Africa, and first record of Spermophorides for mainland Africa (Araneae: Pholcidae)
FIGURES 18–25. Nyikoa limbe n. sp. 18–21. Left procursus, retrolateral (18), ventral (19), dorsal (20) and distal (21) views. 22. Male palpal tarsal organ. 23. Comb hairs ventrally on male tarsus 4. 24. Male chelicerae, frontal view. 25. Male gonopore. Scale lines: 10 µm (22), 30 µm (23, 25), 100 µm (18–21, 24).
FIGURE 1 in Two new genera of small, six-eyed pholcid spiders from West Africa, and first record of Spermophorides for mainland Africa (Araneae: Pholcidae)
FIGURE 1. Cladograms of pholcines, using equal character weights (A) and successive weighting (B) in NONA. Wedge-shaped branches represent multiple taxa in a clade. Numbered clades are supported as follows: 1. (Pholcinae) proximo-lateral apophyses on male chelicerae, six eyes, embolus tubular and membranous. 2. Male palpal tibia-tarsus joints shifted to prolateral side. 3. Male palpal trochanter with retrolateral apophysis. 4. Genital bulb attached dorsally. 5. ALS "piriform gland spigots" absent. 6. Eye triads widely separated. 7. Like 2 above, plus male palpal tibia spindleshaped. 8. Proximo-lateral apophyses on male chelicerae directed upwards, not backwards.
FIGURES 13–17. Nyikoa limbe n in Two new genera of small, six-eyed pholcid spiders from West Africa, and first record of Spermophorides for mainland Africa (Araneae: Pholcidae)
FIGURES 13–17. Nyikoa limbe n. sp. 13, 14. Left palp, prolateral and retrolateral views. 15. Male chelicerae, frontal view. 16, 17. Cleared epigynum, ventral and dorsal views. b, bulb; e, putative embolus; p, procursus. Scale lines: 0.2 mm.
FIGURES 26–31. Nyikoa limbe n in Two new genera of small, six-eyed pholcid spiders from West Africa, and first record of Spermophorides for mainland Africa (Araneae: Pholcidae)
FIGURES 26–31. Nyikoa limbe n. sp. 26. Female ALS. 27. Male ALS. 28. Male ALS with thick silk line emerging from widened spigot. 29. Epigynum, ventral view. 30. Detail of pore plate. 31. Dorsal view of cleared female internal genitalia. ep, epigynal pockets; pgs, "piriform gland spigots"; pp, pore plate. Scale lines: 7 µm (26, 27, 30), 20 µm (28), 100 µm (29, 31).
FIGURES 2–12 in Two new genera of small, six-eyed pholcid spiders from West Africa, and first record of Spermophorides for mainland Africa (Araneae: Pholcidae)
FIGURES 2–12. Photographs of habitus and female abdomens. 2, 3. Nyikoa limbe, male in dorsal and lateral views. 4, 5. Anansus aowin, male in dorsal and lateral views. 6–8. Anansus ewe, male in dorsal, lateral, and ventral views. 9. Anansus ewe, female abdomen, ventral view. 10. Spermophorides africana, female abdomen, ventral view. 11, 12. Spermophorides africana, male in dorsal and lateral views.
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