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Figure 14 from: Valdespino IA (2020) Taxonomic innovations in South American Selaginella (Selaginellaceae, Lycopodiophyta): description of five new species and an additional range extension. PhytoKeys 159: 71-113. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.159.55330
Figure 14 Selaginella xanthoneura Valdespino. A Habit, upper surface of stem B branch section, upper surface, note terminal strobilus C branch section, lower surface D branch section showing median leaves, upper surfaces E, F branch section showing axillary leaf (E) and lateral leaf (F), lower surfaces. A–F line drawing made from the holotype and isotypes as follow: A, C–D. E, F (holotype) and B (isotypes at GH & NY). Illustration by Haruto Fukuda.
Figure 12 from: Valdespino IA (2020) Taxonomic innovations in South American Selaginella (Selaginellaceae, Lycopodiophyta): description of five new species and an additional range extension. PhytoKeys 159: 71-113. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.159.55330
Figure 12 Selaginella pubimarginata Valdespino. A Megaspore, proximal face B detail of megaspore, proximal face C megaspore, distal face D detail of megaspore, distal face E microspore, proximal face F detail of microspore, proximal face G microspore, distal face H detail of microspore, distal face. A–H taken from the holotype.
Figure 15 from: Valdespino IA (2020) Taxonomic innovations in South American Selaginella (Selaginellaceae, Lycopodiophyta): description of five new species and an additional range extension. PhytoKeys 159: 71-113. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.159.55330
Figure 15 Selaginella xanthoneura Valdespino. A Lateral leaf from stem, upper surface. B proximal half of lateral leaf, upper surface (same leaf shown in A) C distal half of lateral leaf, upper surface (same leaf shown in A) D lateral leaf, lower surface E proximal half of lateral leaf, lower surface (same leaf shown in D) F distal half of lateral leaf, lower surface (same leaf shown in D); note, submarginal, elongate and papillate idioblasts (F1) G median leaf from stem branch, upper surface H proximal half of lateral leaf, upper surface (same leaf shown in G); note submarginal band of idioblasts (a) and stomata along midrib (b) I distal half of median leaf, upper surface (same leaf shown in G); note, short elongate and papillate idioblasts (a). A–I taken from the holotype.
Figure 11 from: Valdespino IA (2020) Taxonomic innovations in South American Selaginella (Selaginellaceae, Lycopodiophyta): description of five new species and an additional range extension. PhytoKeys 159: 71-113. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.159.55330
Figure 11 Selaginella pubimarginata Valdespino. A Section of lower surface of stem showing lateral and median leaves and axillar leaf B lateral leaf, lower surface C proximal half of lateral leaf, upper surface (same leaf shown in B) D section of proximal acroscopic margin and base of lateral leaf, lower surface (same leaf shown in B); note elongate, papillate idioblasts (a) E distal half of lateral leaf, lower surface (same leaf shown in B); note elongate, papillate idioblasts (a) F mid-section of lateral leaf, lower surface (same leaf shown in B); note elongate, papillate idioblasts (a) and stomata along midrib (b) G axillary leaf (a) and portions of lateral and median leaves, lower surfaces H detail of outer half of median leaf (a) and axillary rhizophores (b), lower surfaces (same leaf shown in G). A–H taken from the holotype.
Figure 10 from: Valdespino IA (2020) Taxonomic innovations in South American Selaginella (Selaginellaceae, Lycopodiophyta): description of five new species and an additional range extension. PhytoKeys 159: 71-113. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.159.55330
Figure 10 Selaginella pubimarginata Valdespino. A Section of upper surface of stem showing median and lateral leaves B median leaf, upper surface C distal half of median leaf, upper surface (same leaf shown in B) D proximal half of median leaf, upper surface (same leaf shown in B) E section of median leaf outer half, upper surface; note prominent elongate, papillate idioblast (a) and submarginal stomata (b) F detail of midsection of inner half of median leaf, upper surface G detail of median leaf, upper surface; note papillate cells H lateral leaf, upper surface I section of proximal, acroscopic half of lateral leaf, upper surface (same leaf shown in H) J section of distal and basiscopic half of lateral leaf, upper surface (same leaf shown in H) K detail of section of basiscopic margin of lateral leaf, upper surface (same leaf shown in H); note submarginal stomata (a) and teeth-like hairs (b) L detail of lateral leaf, upper surface; note papillate cells. A–L taken from the holotype.
Figure 1 from: Valdespino IA (2020) Taxonomic innovations in South American Selaginella (Selaginellaceae, Lycopodiophyta): description of five new species and an additional range extension. PhytoKeys 159: 71-113. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.159.55330
Figure 1 Selaginella gioiae Valdespino. A Habit, upper surface of stem and (a) detail of terminal strobili on branch, lower surface B branch section, upper surface C branch section showing terminal strobilus, lower surface D median leaves with details of a leaf margin, upper surface E, F branch section showing axillary leaf (E) and lateral leaf (F), lower surface. A–F line drawing made from the holotype. Illustration by Haruto Fukuda.
Performance simulation of short term alternative refrigerants for innovative hybrid high temperature heat pump
<p>This dataset is generated by CNR-ITC in order to simulate and compare the thermodynamic performance of short-term alternative refrigerants in HP cycles at various operating conditions. The purpose of this dataset within the project is to select the most promising fluid in an innovative hybrid high temperature HP developed by HIREF. The generated data are thermodynamic properties and performance (COP, VRE) values from simulation of thermodynamic HP cycles with home made software developed in Matlab environment.</p>
The encyclopaedia, its innovators, and the intellectual networks in the Carolingian world
<p>When Isidore of Seville (d. 636) wrote his Etymologiae, he hardly foresaw that his encyclopaedia will become a bestseller. More than 1500 medieval manuscripts of this work survive, a testament to its popularity. Moreover, we observe what may be termed the ‘wikipedization’ of the Etymologiae: before the 12th century, Isidore’s work was the only encyclopaedia on the market, and its users, in a characteristic medieval fashion, preferred to edit it rather than to write new works. By studying these medieval ‘edits’, we can understand how innovation occurred in the Middle Ages, asses the changes in medieval knowledge landscape, and above all, we can trace their spreading to understand the diffusion of innovation in the medieval world. The Innovating Knowledge project focuses on the first three centuries of the circulation of the Etymologiae. Its aim is to unearth the specific contribution of Carolingian innovators and thus to provide new insights into the first European period of major intellectual flourishing known as the Carolingian renaissance.<br> <br> This talk was originally presented at the monthly webinar of the Huygens Institute on November 25, 2020.</p>
Data from: The coevolution of innovation and technical intelligence in primates
In birds and primates, the frequency of behavioural innovation has been shown to covary with absolute and relative brain size, leading to the suggestion that large brains allow animals to innovate, and/or that selection for innovativeness, together with social learning, may have driven brain enlargement. We examined the relationship between primate brain size and both technical (i.e. tool using) and non-technical innovation, deploying a combination of phylogenetically informed regression and exploratory causal graph analyses. Regression analyses revealed that absolute and relative brain size correlated positively with technical innovation, and exhibited consistently weaker, but still positive, relationships with non-technical innovation. These findings mirror similar results in birds. Our exploratory causal graph analyses suggested that technical innovation shares strong direct relationships with brain size, body size, social learning rate and social group size, whereas non-technical innovation did not exhibit a direct relationship with brain size. Nonetheless, non-technical innovation was linked to brain size indirectly via diet and life-history variables. Our findings support 'technical intelligence' hypotheses in linking technical innovation to encephalization in the restricted set of primate lineages where technical innovation has been reported. Our findings also provide support for a broad co-evolving complex of brain, behaviour, life-history, social and dietary variables, providing secondary support for social and ecological intelligence hypotheses. The ability to gain access to difficult-to-extract, but potentially nutrient-rich, resources through tool use may have conferred on some primates adaptive advantages, leading to selection for brain circuitry that underlies technical proficiency.
Data from: Head shape modulates diversification of a classic cichlid pharyngeal jaw innovation
Functional innovations are often invoked to explain the uneven distribution of ecological diversity. Innovations may provide access to new adaptive zones by expanding available ecological opportunities and may serve as catalysts of adaptive radiation. However, diversity is often unevenly distributed within clades that share a key innovation, highlighting the possibility that the impact of the innovation is mediated by other traits. Pharyngognathy is a widely recognized innovation of the pharyngeal jaws that enhances the ability to process hard and tough prey in several major radiations of fishes, including marine wrasses and freshwater cichlids. We explored diversification of lower pharyngeal jaw shape, a key feature of pharyngognathy, and the extent to which it is influenced by head shape in Neotropical cichlids. While pharyngeal jaw shape was unaffected by either head length or head depth, its disparity declined dramatically with increasing head width. Head width also predicted the rate of pharyngeal jaw evolution such that higher rates were associated with narrow heads. Wide heads are associated with exploiting prey that require intense processing by pharyngeal jaws that have expanded surfaces for the attachment of enlarged muscles. However, we show that a wide head constrains access to adaptive peaks associated with several trophic roles. A constraint on the independent evolution of pharyngeal jaw and head shape may explain the uneven distribution of ecological diversity within a clade that shares a major functional innovation.
Data from: Sustained miniaturization and anatomical innovation in the dinosaurian ancestors of birds
Recent discoveries have highlighted the dramatic evolutionary transformation of massive, ground-dwelling theropod dinosaurs into light, volant birds. Here, we apply Bayesian approaches (originally developed for inferring geographic spread and rates of molecular evolution in viruses) in a different context: to infer size changes and rates of anatomical innovation (across up to 1549 skeletal characters) in fossils. These approaches identify two drivers underlying the dinosaur-bird transition. The theropod lineage directly ancestral to birds undergoes sustained miniaturization across 50 million years and at least 12 consecutive branches (internodes) and evolves skeletal adaptations four times faster than other dinosaurs. The distinct, prolonged phase of miniaturization along the bird stem would have facilitated the evolution of many novelties associated with small body size, such as reorientation of body mass, increased aerial ability, and paedomorphic skulls with reduced snouts but enlarged eyes and brains.
Data from: Timing of morphological and ecological innovations in the cyanobacteria – a key to understanding the rise in atmospheric oxygen
When cyanobacteria originated and diversified, and what their ancient traits were, remain critical unresolved problems. Here, we used a phylogenomic approach to construct a well-resolved 'core' cyanobacterial tree. The branching positions of four lineages (Thermosynechococcus elongatus, Synechococcus elongatus, Synechococcus PCC 7335 and Acaryochloris marina) were problematic, probably due to long branch attraction artifacts. A consensus genomic tree was used to study trait evolution using ancestral state reconstruction (ASR). The early cyanobacteria were probably unicellular, freshwater, had small cell diameters, and lacked the traits to form thick microbial mats. Relaxed molecular clock analyses suggested that early cyanobacterial lineages were restricted to freshwater ecosystems until at least 2.4 Ga, before diversifying into coastal brackish and marine environments. The resultant increases in niche space and nutrient availability, and consequent sedimentation of organic carbon into the deep oceans, would have generated large pulses of oxygen into the biosphere, possibly explaining why oxygen rose so rapidly. Rapid atmospheric oxidation could have destroyed the methane-driven greenhouse with simultaneous drawdown in pCO(2), precipitating 'Snowball Earth' conditions. The traits associated with the formation of thick, laminated microbial mats (large cell diameters, filamentous growth, sheaths, motility and nitrogen fixation) were not seen until after diversification of the LPP, SPM and PNT clades, after 2.32 Ga. The appearance of these traits overlaps with a global carbon isotopic excursion between 2.2 and 2.1 Ga. Thus, a massive re-ordering of biogeochemical cycles caused by the appearance of complex laminated microbial communities in marine environments may have caused this excursion. Finally, we show that ASR may provide an explanation for why cyanobacterial microfossils have not been observed until after 2.0 Ga, and make suggestions for how future paleobiological searches for early cyanobacteria might proceed. In summary, key evolutionary events in the microbial world may have triggered some of the key geologic upheavals on the Paleoproterozoic Earth.
Data from: Comparative evolution of an archetypal adaptive radiation: innovation and opportunity in Anolis lizards
Adaptive radiation is a widely recognized pattern of evolution wherein substantial phenotypic change accompanies rapid speciation. Adaptive radiation may be triggered by environmental opportunities resulting from dispersal to new areas or via the evolution of traits, called key innovations, that allow invasion of new niches. Species sampling is a known source of bias in many comparative analyses, yet classic adaptive radiations have not been studied comparatively with comprehensively sampled phylogenies. In this study we use unprecedented comprehensive phylogenetic sampling of Anolis lizard species to examine comparative evolution in this well-studied adaptive radiation. We compare adaptive radiation models within Anolis and in the Anolis clade and a potential sister lineage, the Corytophanidae. We find evidence for island (i.e., opportunity) effects and no evidence for trait (i.e., key innovation) effects causing accelerated phenotypic evolution within Anolis. However, island effects are scale dependent: when Anolis and Corytophanidae are analyzed together, no island effect is evident. We find no evidence for an island effect on speciation rate, and tenuous evidence for greater speciation rate due to trait effects. These results suggest the need for precision in treatments of classic adaptive radiations such as Anolis, and further refinement of the concept of adaptive radiation.
A Peacock Bass (Cichla) functional novelty relaxes a constraint imposed by the classic cichlid pharyngeal jaw innovation
Innovations may provide access to new resources but often result in significant trade-offs. Pharyngognathy is a classic pharyngeal jaw innovation in which the left and right lower pharyngeal jaw (LPJ) bones are united into a single structure, producing a strong bite but reduced gape. Throughout cichlids, pharyngeal suturing occurs along the entire medial border between LPJ bones, except in Peacock bass (Cichla), where these bones are connected by ligaments only in their anterior region. We show that this limited attachment permits the jaw bones to spread apart and we link this feature to an increase in pharyngeal gape that is comparable to non-pharyngognathous species. The capacity of the LPJ bones to spread apart is strongest in juveniles and is mostly lost during development. Juvenile Cichla exhibit size-specific pharyngeal gape similar to non-pharyngognathous percomorphs, but adults exhibit pharyngeal gape on par with other predatory cichlids. Relaxation of pharyngeal suturing offsets a major deleterious consequence of pharyngognathy by reducing gape limitation and we propose this may accelerate the ontogenetic transition to piscivory. Partial reversal of the classic cichlid pharyngeal jaw innovation highlights the functional trade-offs that often accompany innovations and may be a major cause of variation in their macroevolutionary consequences.
Data from: Modelling the spread of innovation in wild birds
We apply three plausible algorithms in agent-based computer simulations to recent experiments on social learning in wild birds. Although some of the phenomena are simulated by all three learning algorithms, several manifestations of social conformity bias are simulated by only the approximate majority (AM) algorithm, which has roots in chemistry, molecular biology and theoretical computer science. The simulations generate testable predictions and provide several explanatory insights into the diffusion of innovation through a population. The AM algorithm's success raises the possibility of its usefulness in studying group dynamics more generally, in several different scientific domains. Our differential-equation model matches simulation results and provides mathematical insights into the dynamics of these algorithms.
Data from: Morphological innovation and the evolution of hadrosaurid dinosaurs
The hadrosaurids were a successful group of herbivorous dinosaurs. During the Late Cretaceous, 100 to 66 million years ago, hadrosaurids had high diversity, rapid speciation rates, and wide geographic distribution. Most hadrosaurids were large-bodied and had similar postcranial skeletons. However, they show important innovations in the skull, including disparate crests that functioned as socio-sexual display structures, and a complex feeding apparatus, with specialized jaws bearing dental batteries. Little is known about the macroevolutionary processes that produced these evolutionary novelties. Here we provide novel perspectives using evolutionary rates and disparity analyses. Our results show that hadrosaurid cranial evolution was complex and dynamic, but their postcranial skeleton and body size were conservative. High cranial disparity was achieved through multiple bursts of phenotypic innovation. We highlight contrasting evolutionary trends between the disparate facial skeleton and crests, which both showed multiple high-rate shifts, and the feeding apparatus, which had low variance and high rates on a single phylogenetic branch leading to the diverse Saurolophidae, within hadrosaurids. We reveal that rapid evolutionary rates were important for producing the high disparity of exaggerated crests, and present novel evidence that the hadrosaurid diversification was linked to both a key adaptive innovation in the feeding apparatus, and to multiple bursts of innovation in socio-sexual displays.
Data from: Characterizing innovators: ecological and individual predictors of problem-solving performance
Behavioural innovation, the use of new behaviours or existing ones in novel contexts, can have important ecological and evolutionary consequences for animals. An understanding of these consequences would be incomplete without considering the traits that predispose certain individuals to exhibit innovative behaviour. Several individual and ecological variables are hypothesized to affect innovativeness, but empirical studies show mixed results. We examined the effects of dominance rank, exploratory personality, and urbanisation on the innovativeness of wild-caught black-capped chickadees using a survival analysis of their performance in two problem-solving tasks. Additionally, we provide one of the first investigations of the predictors of persistence in a problem-solving context. For lever pulling, we found a trend for dominants to outperform subordinates, particularly in rural birds, which did not align with predictions from the necessity drives innovation hypothesis. When examining possible explanations for this trend we found that older chickadees outperformed younger birds. This follow-up analysis also revealed a positive effect of exploratory personality on the lever-pulling performance of chickadees. Our results suggest that experience may foster innovation in certain circumstances, for instance via the application of previously-acquired information or skills to a novel problem. As we found different predictors for both tasks, this suggests that task characteristics influence the innovative propensity of individuals, and that their effects should be investigated experimentally.
Data from: Prophage as a genetic reservoir: Promoting diversity and driving innovation in the host community
Sequencing of bacterial genomes has revealed an abundance of prophage sequences in many bacterial species. Since these sequences are accessible, through recombination, to infecting phages, bacteria carry an arsenal of genetic material that can be used by these viruses. We develop a mathematical model to isolate the effects of this phenomenon on the coevolution of temperate phage and bacteria. The model predicts that prophage sequences may play a key role in maintaining the phage population in situations that would otherwise favour host cell resistance. In addition, prophage recombination facilitates the existence of multiple phage types, thus promoting diverse co-existence in the phage-host ecosystem. Finally, because the host carries an archive of previous phage strategies, prophage recombination can drive waves of innovation in the host cell population.
Data from: Adaptive radiation in labrid fishes: a central role for functional innovations during 65 My of relentless diversification
Early burst patterns of diversification have become closely linked with concepts of adaptive radiation, reflecting interest in the role of ecological opportunity in modulating diversification. But, this model has not been widely explored on coral reefs, where biodiversity is exceptional, but many lineages have high dispersal capabilities and a pan-tropical distribution. We analyze adaptive radiation in labrid fishes, arguably the most ecologically dominant and diverse radiation of fishes on coral reefs. We test for time-dependent speciation, trophic diversification, and origination of 15 functional innovations, and early bursts in a series of functional morphological traits associated with feeding and locomotion. We find no evidence of time-dependent or early burst evolution. Instead, the pace of speciation, ecological diversification, and trait evolution has been relatively constant. The origination of functional innovations has slowed over time, although few arose early. The labrid radiation seems to have occurred in response to extensive and still increasing ecological opportunity, but within a rich community of antagonists that may have prevented abrupt diversification. Labrid diversification is closely tied to a series of substantial functional innovations that individually broadened ecological diversity, ultimately allowing them to invade virtually every trophic niche held by fishes on coral reefs.
Data from: The evolution of pharyngognathy: a phylogenetic and functional appraisal of the pharyngeal jaw key innovation in labroid fishes and beyond
The perciform group Labroidei includes approximately 2,500 species and comprises some of the most diverse and successful lineages of teleost fishes. Composed of four major clades, Cichlidae, Labridae (wrasses, parrotfishes and weed whitings), Pomacentridae (damselfishes), and Embiotocidae (surfperches), labroids have been an icon for studies of biodiversity, adaptive radiation, and sexual selection. The success and diversification of labroids have been largely attributed to the presence of a major innovation in the pharyngeal jaw apparatus, pharyngognathy, which is hypothesized to increase feeding capacity and versatility. We present results of large-scale phylogenetic analyses and a survey of pharyngeal jaw functional morphology, that allow us to examine the evolution of pharyngognathy in a historical context. Phylogenetic analyses were based on a sample of 188 acanthomorph species, primarily percomorphs, and DNA sequence data collected from ten nuclear loci that have been previously used to resolve higher-level ray-finned fish relationships. Phylogenies inferred from this dataset using maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses indicate polyphyly of the traditional Labroidei and clearly separate Labridae from the remainder of the traditional labroid lineages (Cichlidae, Embiotocidae, and Pomacentridae). These three "chromide" families all grouped together within a newly discovered clade of 40 families and more than 5,300+ species (>30% of percomorphs and >17% of all ray-finned fishes), which we name Ovalentaria for its characteristic demersal, adhesive eggs with chorionic filaments. This fantastically diverse clade includes some of the most species-rich lineages of marine and freshwater fishes, including all representatives of the Cichlidae, Embiotocidae, Pomacentridae, Ambassidae, Gobiesocidae, Grammatidae, Mugilidae, Opistognathidae, Pholidichthyidae, Plesiopidae (including Notograptus), Polycentridae, Pseudochromidae, Atherinomorpha, and Blennioidei. Beyond the discovery of Ovalentaria, this study provides a surprising, but well-supported, hypothesis for a convict-blenny (Pholidichthys) sister group to the charismatic cichlids and new insights into the evolution of pharyngognathy. Bayesian stochastic mapping ancestral state reconstructions indicate pharyngognathy has evolved at least six times in percomorphs, including four separate origins in members of the former Labroidei, one origin in the Centrogenyidae, and one origin within Beloniformes. Our analyses indicate that all pharyngognathous fishes have a mechanically efficient biting mechanism enabled by the muscular sling and a single lower jaw element. However, a major distinction exists between Labridae, which lacks the widespread, generalized percomorph pharyngeal biting mechanism, and all other pharyngognathous clades, which possess this generalized biting mechanism in addition to pharyngognathy. This suggests that labrids have a functionally more restricted pharyngeal system than all other pharyngognathous clades.
ScienceDex guides
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.