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Fig. 8 in Spatial and temporal distribution of fish larvae in marginal lagoons of Pantanal, Mato Grosso State, Brazil

Fig. 8. Mean fish larvae density as a function of Rotifera and Copepoda density in marginal lagoons along the Cuiabá River between December 2006 and April 2007.

Fig. 6 in Spatial and temporal distribution of fish larvae in marginal lagoons of Pantanal, Mato Grosso State, Brazil

Fig. 6. Correlation of the mean density of fish larvae with: (a) Mean depth of the lagoons during the sampled periods; (b) Fluviometric level of the Cuiabá River during those periods; (c) Mean zooplankton density during those periods; and (d) Mean water transparency of the lagoons during the sampling periods.

Fig. 3 in Spatial and temporal distribution of fish larvae in marginal lagoons of Pantanal, Mato Grosso State, Brazil

Fig. 3. Spatial distribution of fish larvae in marginal lagoons along the Cuiabá River in December 2006 as a function of: (a) Sampling point (1 = entrance, 2 = middle, 3 = end of lagoon, 1.1 = entrance of channel and 1.2 = end of channel, only in lagoons that present this characteristic); (b) Frequency of occurrence of the four taxa with the highest densities; and (c) Developmental stages.

Fig. 1 in Spatial and temporal distribution of fish larvae in marginal lagoons of Pantanal, Mato Grosso State, Brazil

Fig. 1. Location of sampling sites in the floodplain of Cuiabá River, Pantanal, Mato Grosso State, Brazil.

Fig. 2 in Spatial and temporal distribution of fish larvae in marginal lagoons of Pantanal, Mato Grosso State, Brazil

Fig. 2. Spatial distribution of fish larvae in marginal lagoons along the Cuiabá River in December 2006.

Fig. 4 in Spatial and temporal distribution of fish larvae in marginal lagoons of Pantanal, Mato Grosso State, Brazil

Fig. 4. Temporal distribution of fish larvae in marginal lagoons along the Cuiabá River between December 2006 and April 2007.

Fig. 7 in Spatial and temporal distribution of fish larvae in marginal lagoons of Pantanal, Mato Grosso State, Brazil

Fig. 7. Correlation of the mean larval density and precipitation in marginal lagoons along the Cuiabá River between December 2006 and April 2007.

Fig. 11 in Tectonic history and the biogeography of the freshwater fishes from the coastal drainages of eastern Brazil: an example of faunal evolution associated with a divergent continental margin

Fig. 11. (a) The main axes of Quaternary tectonics in Brazil (gray lines) (according to Saadi, 1993) and areas of coincident distributional rages of several species in both isolated coastal rivers and adjacent drainages. (b) The northeastern margin of Brazil, including the Parnaíba, São Francisco and adjacent coastal rivers (c) The Southern most Brazil, encompassing the Uruguay and surroundings coastal rivers as well as the headwaters of the Paranapanema, Ivaí, Iguacú and Ribeira de Iguape. (d) The area encompassed by the CRSB, in southeastern Brazil, including the coastal rivers and the adjacent upper Tietê and upper Iguaçu.

Fig. 4 in Tectonic history and the biogeography of the freshwater fishes from the coastal drainages of eastern Brazil: an example of faunal evolution associated with a divergent continental margin

Fig. 4. Geographic location of the Brazilian Atlantic continental margin and of the coastal drainages of eastern Brazil (shaded area) and areas showed in figures 6, 7 and 8 (modified from Hearn et al., 2000).

Fig. 9 in Tectonic history and the biogeography of the freshwater fishes from the coastal drainages of eastern Brazil: an example of faunal evolution associated with a divergent continental margin

Fig. 9. Cladograms of taxa and areas showing the sister-group relationships included in Pattern A. a) Catfishes of the family Trichomycteridae. b) Catfishes of the family Doradidae. The degree of inclusiveness of this pattern suggests the most ancient cladogenetic event that is still recognized in respect to the ichthyofauna of the Brazilian coastal rivers.

Fig. 7 in Tectonic history and the biogeography of the freshwater fishes from the coastal drainages of eastern Brazil: an example of faunal evolution associated with a divergent continental margin

Fig. 7. (a) Map of northeastern segment of Southeastern Brazilian coast showing the complex system of Pre-Cambrian and Mesozoic continental rifts controlling drainage and topography. (b) Detail of the straight course of the rio Paraíba do Sul Rift Valley produced from a digital elevation model by radar interferometry (NASA, The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission).

Fig. 3 in Tectonic history and the biogeography of the freshwater fishes from the coastal drainages of eastern Brazil: an example of faunal evolution associated with a divergent continental margin

Fig. 3. Rivers and uplifts of Atlantic South America. A) break-up uplifts (megadomes) and associated principal rifts. Megadomes: Guyana/Guinea (1), NE Brazil/Niger (2), Mantiqueira/Angola (3), Uruguay/SW Africa (4), Somuncurá (5) and Deseado (6). Break-up rifts: Tacutu (I), Foz do Amazonas (II), Reconcavo Tucano-Jatobá (III) and Taubaté (IV). B) detail of the uplift from the Southeastern Brazil (from Cox, 1989 and Potter, 1997).

Fig. 2 in Tectonic history and the biogeography of the freshwater fishes from the coastal drainages of eastern Brazil: an example of faunal evolution associated with a divergent continental margin

Fig. 2. The South American Plate and its major tectono-sedimentary domains (from Milani & Thomaz-Filho, 2000).

Fig. 11. A–G in Cutting the ribbon: bathyal Nemertea from seeps along the Costa Rica margin, with descriptions of 2 new genera and 9 new species

Fig. 11. A–G. Tetrastemma sundbergi sp. nov., holotype (SIO-BIC N256), transverse histological sections. H–M. Tetrastemma strandae sp. nov., holotype (SIO-BIC N285), horizontal histological sections (H–I) and transverse histological sections (J–M). A. Anterior tip of head with proboscis pore. B. Brain region with well-visible cerebral canal (arrowhead). C. Proboscis with 10 proboscis nerves (arrowheads) in stomach region. D. Pyloric region. E. Intestinal region with ovaries. F. Anterior part of lateral nerve cord. G. Posterior part of lateral nerve cord located in body wall musculature. H. Longitudinal section through anterior tip with proboscis pore. I. Longitudinal section through the ventral part of the anterior tip. J. Intestinal region with testes. K. Proboscis in stomach region with 10 proboscis nerves (arrowheads). L. Proboscis armature. M. Lateral nerve cord in intestinal region. Abbreviations: ap = accessory stylet pouch; as = accessory stylet; br = brain; cc = cerebral canal; cg = cephalic glands; cm = circular muscle layer; co = cerebral organ; dl = dorsal brain lobe; ec = excretory canal; i = intestine; ic = intestinal cecum; lb = lateral blood vessel; lm = longitudinal muscle layer; ln = lateral nerve cord; mv = mid-dorsal-vessel; o = ovary; p = proboscis; pe = proboscis epithelium; pp = proboscis pore; py = pylorus; rc = rhynchocoel; sb = stylet basis; t = testis; vc = ventral commissure; vl = ventral brain lobe. Scale: 100 µm.

Fig. 10. A–G in Cutting the ribbon: bathyal Nemertea from seeps along the Costa Rica margin, with descriptions of 2 new genera and 9 new species

Fig. 10. A–G. Alvinonemertes dariae gen. et sp. nov., holotype (SIO-BIC N281), transverse histological sections. H–N. Alvinonemertes claudiae gen. et sp. nov., holotype (SIO-BIC N283), transverse histological sections. A. Anterior tip of head with proboscis pore. B. Brain region. C. Anterior brain region with cerebral canal (arrowhead). D. Stomach region with excretory canal. E. Posterior body region with testes. F. Lateral nerve cord with accessory nerve in stomach region. G. Proboscis armature, accessory stylet pouches with accessory stylets. H. Anterior tip of head with proboscis pore. I. Region anterior to cerebral ganglia with well-visible cerebral canal (arrowhead). J. Anterior brain region. K. Pyloric region. L. Proboscis and mid-dorsal vessel in stomach region. M. Proboscis armature, circular basis of central stylet. N. Proboscis armature, accessory stylet pouches with accessory stylets. Abbreviations: an = accessory nerve; ap = accessory stylet pouch; as = accessory stylet; bl = blood vessel; br = brain; cg = cephalic glands; cm = circular muscle layer; co = cerebral organ; dl = dorsal brain lobe; ec = excretory canal; gd = gonoduct; i = intestine; ic = intestinal cecum; ip = intestinal pouches; lm = longitudinal muscle layer; ln = lateral nerve cord; mv = mid-dorsal vessel; p = proboscis; pe = proboscis epithelium; pp = proboscis pore; py = pylorus; rc = rhynchocoel; rd = rhynchodaeum; sb = stylet basis; st = stomach; t = testis; vl = ventral brain lobe. Scale bars: A–G = 100 µm; H–N = 30 µm.

Fig. 8 in Cutting the ribbon: bathyal Nemertea from seeps along the Costa Rica margin, with descriptions of 2 new genera and 9 new species

Fig. 8. Live images of eumonostiliferous hoplonemerteans collected along the Costa Rica margin and the NE Pacific. A. Chernyshevia escarpiaphila sp. nov., paratype (SIO-BIC N112). B. Chernyshevia escarpiaphila sp. nov., paratype (SIO-BIC N266). C. Octocoral Paragorgia sp. (SIO-BIC Co3054) with several specimens of Alvinonemertes dariae sp. nov., holotype (arrows; ex SIO-BIC N262). D. Alvinonemertes dariae sp. nov., holotype (ex SIO-BIC N262).E. Antipatharian coral (SIO-BIC Co3031) with specimens of Alvinonemertes dagmarae sp. nov., holotype (SIO-BIC N260). F. Alvinonemertes christianeae sp. nov., holotype (SIO-BIC N253). G. Alvinonemertes claudiae sp. nov., holotype (ex SIO-BIC N231). H. Alvinonemertes tatjanae sp. nov., holotype (SIO-BIC N119). I. Eumonostilifera (SIO-BIC N259). J–L. Tetrastemma sundbergi sp. nov., holotype (SIO-BIC N256) whole animal (J), dorsal view of head (K), and ventral view of head (L). M. Tetrastemma polyakovae sp. nov. (MZUCR Nemertea Collection MZUCR-101-01). N. Tetrastemma polyakovae sp. nov., holotype (SIO-BIC N258), with everted proboscis. O. Eumonostilifera (SIO-BIC N109).

Fig. 7 in Cutting the ribbon: bathyal Nemertea from seeps along the Costa Rica margin, with descriptions of 2 new genera and 9 new species

Fig. 7. Maximum likelihood (ML) tree for the monostiliferan supermatrix based on the concatenated four gene dataset (16S, COI, 18S, H3). Black circles indicate nodal support of 100/100/1.0; asterisks indicate nodal support of either 100/ or /1.0. Alternative branches found in the BI analysis are given as blue dotted lines. Sonnenemertes cantelli Chernyshev, Abukawa & Kajihara, 2015 and Micrura callima Sundberg & Gibson, 1995 were used for outgroup rooting. Specimens belonging to new species are given in bold. Specimen-ID, sampling locality, and depth (for deep-sea species) are provided.

Fig. 6 in Cutting the ribbon: bathyal Nemertea from seeps along the Costa Rica margin, with descriptions of 2 new genera and 9 new species

Fig. 6. Maximum likelihood (ML) tree for the polystiliferan supermatrix based on the concatenated four gene dataset (16S, COI, 18S, H3). Black circles indicate nodal support of 100/100/1.0; asterisks indicate nodal support of either 100/ or /1.0. Alternative branches found in the BI analysis are given as blue dotted lines. Sonnenemertes cantelli Chernyshev, Abukawa & Kajihara, 2015 and Micrura callima Sundberg & Gibson, 1995 were used for outgroup rooting. The reptant hoplonemertean specimen collected at the Costa Rica margin is given in bold. Specimen-ID, sampling locality, and depth (for deep-sea species) are provided.

Fig. 5 in Cutting the ribbon: bathyal Nemertea from seeps along the Costa Rica margin, with descriptions of 2 new genera and 9 new species

Fig. 5. Maximum likelihood (ML) tree for the heteronemertean supermatrix based on the concatenated four gene dataset (16S, COI, 18S, H3). Numbers beside nodes indicate support values. Black circles indicate nodal support of 100/100/1.0; asterisks indicate nodal support of either 100/ or /1.0. Alternative branches found in the BI analysis are given as blue dotted lines. Tubulanus polymorphus Renier, 1804 and Carinoma mutabilis Griffin, 1898 were used for outgroup rooting. The specimen found at the Costa Rica margin is given in bold. Specimen-ID, sampling locality, and depth (for deep-sea species) are provided.

Fig. 4 in Cutting the ribbon: bathyal Nemertea from seeps along the Costa Rica margin, with descriptions of 2 new genera and 9 new species

Fig. 4. Tubulanus cf. lutescens Cantell, 2001 (SIO-BIC N277), transverse histological sections. A. Anterior region of head with proboscis pore. B. Posterior brain region with mouth opening and buccal nerves (arrowheads). C. Proboscis composition and the two proboscis nerves (arrowheads) in the foregut region. D. Brain region showing the cerebral canal. E. Body wall composition in the foregut region, arrowhead indicates upper dorsal nerve. F. Lateral nerve cord in the foregut region. Abbreviations: br = brain; cc = cerebral canal; cl = cephalic loop; dl = dorsal brain lobe; e = epidermis; es = esophagus; icm = inner circular muscle layer; lb = lateral blood vessel; lm = longitudinal muscle layer; ln = lateral nerve cord; mo = mouth opening; ocm = outer circular muscle layer; p = proboscis; pcm = circular musculature of proboscis; pcn = precerebral nerves; pe = proboscis epithelium; plm = longitudinal musculature of proboscis; pp = proboscis pore; rc = rhynchocoel; rcm = circular musculature of rhynchocoel; vc = ventral commissure; vl = ventral brain lobe. Scale bars: A–C, E = 200 µm; D, F = 100 µm.