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915 results for “morphological evolution”
Figure 12 from: Soares KDA, de Carvalho MR (2020) Phylogenetic relationship of catshark species of the genus Scyliorhinus (Chondrichthyes, Carcharhiniformes, Scyliorhinidae) based on comparative morphology. Zoosystematics and Evolution 96(2): 345-395. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.96.52420
Figure 12 Detail of muscle coracobranchialis. A, Cephaloscyllium umbratile, USP uncatalogued, male, 409 mm TL; B, Schroederichthys saurisqualus, UERJ uncatalogued, female, 564 mm TL. bbq, basibranchial; cb I–V, ceratobranchials I–V; cbb, basibranchial copula; cor, coracoid bar; hb II–III, hypobranchials II–III; mcb II–IV, muscles coracobranchialis I–IV; mpc, pericardial membrane.
Figure 13 from: Soares KDA, de Carvalho MR (2020) Phylogenetic relationship of catshark species of the genus Scyliorhinus (Chondrichthyes, Carcharhiniformes, Scyliorhinidae) based on comparative morphology. Zoosystematics and Evolution 96(2): 345-395. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.96.52420
Figure 13 Neurocranium; dorsal view. A, Scyliorhinus ugoi, USNM 221611, male, 432 mm TL; B, Cephaloscyllium variegatum, AMS I.43762-001, female, 670 mm TL; C, Schroederichthys saurisqualus, UERJ uncatalogued, female, 564 mm TL; D, Atelomycterus fasciatus, CSIRO H1298-7, male, 370 mm TL; E, Asymbolus rubiginosus, AMS I.30393-004, male, 527 mm TL; F, Figaro boardmani, CSIRO H989-5, female, 465 mm TL; G, Apristurus longicephalus, HUMZ 170382, male, 475 mm TL. af, anterior fontanelle; asc, anterior semicircular canal; eph, epiphyseal notch; foe, external foramen of preorbital canal; ins, internasal septum; iof, infraorbital canal of the lateral line; lrc, lateral rostral cartilage; mrc, medial rostral cartilage; nc, nasal capsule; pep, preorbital process; prf, parietal fossa; psc, posterior semicircular canal; pt, pterotic process; ptp, postorbital process; sc, supraorbital crest.
Figure 10 from: Soares KDA, de Carvalho MR (2020) Phylogenetic relationship of catshark species of the genus Scyliorhinus (Chondrichthyes, Carcharhiniformes, Scyliorhinidae) based on comparative morphology. Zoosystematics and Evolution 96(2): 345-395. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.96.52420
Figure 10 Detail of the insertion region of the muscle coracomandibularis. A, Cephaloscyllium umbratile, USP uncatalogued, male, 409 mm TL; B, Haploblepharus edwardsii, AMNH 40988, male, 480 mm TL. cbm, basimandibular cartilage; cor, coracoid bar; mca, muscle coracoarcualis; mch, m. coracohyoideus; mck, Meckel's cartilage; mcm, m. coracomandibularis.
Figure 11 from: Soares KDA, de Carvalho MR (2020) Phylogenetic relationship of catshark species of the genus Scyliorhinus (Chondrichthyes, Carcharhiniformes, Scyliorhinidae) based on comparative morphology. Zoosystematics and Evolution 96(2): 345-395. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.96.52420
Figure 11 Hypobranchial musculature. A, Cephaloscyllium umbratile, uncatalogued, male, 409 mm TL; B, Galeus antillensis, UF 77853, female, 370 mm TL; C, Holohalaelurus regani, SAIAB 25717, male, 610 mm TL; D, Apristurus longicephalus, HUMZ 170382, male, 475 mm TL; bh, basihyal; bhf, adjacent flap of the basihyal; ch, ceratohyal; cor, coracoid bar; mca, muscle coracoarcualis; mch, m. coracohyoideus; mcm, m. coracomandibularis; ocm, origin of the m. coracomandibularis.
Figure 1 from: Soares KDA, de Carvalho MR (2020) Phylogenetic relationship of catshark species of the genus Scyliorhinus (Chondrichthyes, Carcharhiniformes, Scyliorhinidae) based on comparative morphology. Zoosystematics and Evolution 96(2): 345-395. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.96.52420
Figure 1 Ventral view of the head. A, Scyliorhinus canicula, MNHN 1999–1732, female, 418.5 mm TL; B, Schroederichthys saurisqualus, UERJ uncatalogued, female, 564 mm TL; C, Holohalaelurus regani, SAIAB 25717, male, 610 mm TL. anf, anterior nasal flap; llf, lower labial furrow; mrd, mesonarial crest; ulf, upper labial furrow. Scale bar: 20 mm.
Supplementary material 5 from: Hundsdoerfer AK, Kitching IJ (2020) Morphological evolution in Hyles Hübner, 1819 hawkmoths (Lepidoptera, Sphingidae): reconstructing the ancestral Hyles habitus. Nota Lepidopterologica 43: 181-210. https://doi.org/10.3897/nl.43.49512
Figure S2
Supplementary material 1 from: Hundsdoerfer AK, Kitching IJ (2020) Morphological evolution in Hyles Hübner, 1819 hawkmoths (Lepidoptera, Sphingidae): reconstructing the ancestral Hyles habitus. Nota Lepidopterologica 43: 181-210. https://doi.org/10.3897/nl.43.49512
Table S1
Supplementary material 3 from: Hundsdoerfer AK, Kitching IJ (2020) Morphological evolution in Hyles Hübner, 1819 hawkmoths (Lepidoptera, Sphingidae): reconstructing the ancestral Hyles habitus. Nota Lepidopterologica 43: 181-210. https://doi.org/10.3897/nl.43.49512
Table S3
Supplementary material 2 from: Hundsdoerfer AK, Kitching IJ (2020) Morphological evolution in Hyles Hübner, 1819 hawkmoths (Lepidoptera, Sphingidae): reconstructing the ancestral Hyles habitus. Nota Lepidopterologica 43: 181-210. https://doi.org/10.3897/nl.43.49512
Table S2
Supplementary material 4 from: Hundsdoerfer AK, Kitching IJ (2020) Morphological evolution in Hyles Hübner, 1819 hawkmoths (Lepidoptera, Sphingidae): reconstructing the ancestral Hyles habitus. Nota Lepidopterologica 43: 181-210. https://doi.org/10.3897/nl.43.49512
Figure S1
Phylogenomics of Perityleae (Compositae) provides new insights into morphological and chromosomal evolution of the rock daisies
<p>Rock daisies (Perityleae; Compositae) are a diverse clade of seven genera and ca. 84 minimum-rank taxa that mostly occur as narrow endemics on sheer rock-cliffs throughout the southwest U.S. and northern Mexico. Taxonomy of Perityleae has traditionally been based on morphology and cytogenetics. To test taxonomic hypotheses and utility of characters emphasized in past treatments, we present the first densely sampled molecular phylogenies of Perityleae and reconstruct trait and chromosome evolution. We inferred phylogenetic trees from whole chloroplast genomes, nuclear ribosomal cistrons, and hundreds of low-copy nuclear genes using genome skimming and target-capture. Discordance between sources of molecular data suggests a underappreciated history of hybridization in Perityleae. Phylogenies support the monophyly of subtribe Peritylinae, a distinctive group possessing a four-lobed disc corolla; however, all of the phylogenetic trees generated in this study reject the monophyly of the most species-rich genus, Perityle as well as its sections Perityle sect. Perityle, Perityle sect. Laphamia, and Perityle sect. Pappothrix. Using reversible jump MCMC, our results suggest that morphological characters traditionally used to classify members of Perityleae have evolved multiple times within the group. A base chromosome number of x=18 gave rise to lower base numbers in subtribe Peritylinae (x=12, 13, 16, 17, and 19) by descending dysploidization. Most taxa constitute a monophyletic lineage with a base chromosome number of x=17, with many polyploidization events. These results demonstrate the advantages and obstacles to next-generation sequencing approaches in synantherology while laying the foundation for taxonomic revision and comparative study of the evolutionary ecology of Perityleae</p>
Data from: Head-turning morphologies: evolution of shape diversity in the mammalian atlas-axis complex
Mammals flex, extend, and rotate their spines as they perform behaviors critical for survival, such as foraging, consuming prey, locomoting, and interacting with conspecifics or predators. The atlas-axis complex is a mammalian innovation that allows precise head movements during these behaviors. While morphological variation in other vertebral regions has been linked to ecological differences in mammals, less is known about morphological specialization in the cervical vertebrae, which are developmentally constrained in number but highly variable in size and shape. Here, we present the first phylogenetic comparative study of the atlas-axis complex across mammals. We used spherical harmonics to quantify 3D shape variation of the atlas and axis across a diverse sample of species, and performed phylogenetic analyses to investigate if vertebral shape is associated with body size, locomotion, and diet. We found that differences in atlas and axis shape are partly explained by phylogeny, and that mammalian subclades differ in morphological disparity. Atlas and axis shape diversity is associated with differences in body size and locomotion; large terrestrial mammals have craniocaudally elongated vertebrae, while smaller mammals and aquatic mammals have more compressed vertebrae. These results provide a foundation for investigating functional hypotheses underlying the evolution of neck morphologies across mammals.
Data from: Evolution of eye morphology and rhodopsin expression in the Drosophila melanogaster species subgroup
A striking diversity of compound eye size and shape has evolved among insects. The number of ommatidia and their size are major determinants of the visual sensitivity and acuity of the compound eye. Each ommatidium is composed of eight photoreceptor cells that facilitate the discrimination of different colours via the expression of various light sensitive Rhodopsin proteins. It follows that variation in eye size, shape, and opsin composition is likely to directly influence vision. We analyzed variation in these three traits in D. melanogaster, D. simulans and D. mauritiana. We show that D. mauritiana generally has larger eyes than its sibling species, which is due to a combination of larger ommatidia and more ommatidia. In addition, intra- and inter-specific differences in eye size among D. simulans and D. melanogaster strains are mainly caused by variation in ommatidia number. By applying a geometric morphometrics approach to assess whether the formation of larger eyes influences other parts of the head capsule, we found that an increase in eye size is associated with a reduction in the adjacent face cuticle. Our shape analysis also demonstrates that D. mauritiana eyes are specifically enlarged in the dorsal region. Intriguingly, this dorsal enlargement is associated with enhanced expression of rhodopsin 3 in D. mauritiana. In summary, our data suggests that the morphology and functional properties of the compound eyes vary considerably within and among these closely related Drosophila species and may be part of coordinated morphological changes affecting the head capsule.
Data from: Linked morphological changes during palate evolution in early tetrapods
We examined the shapes and sizes of dermal bones of the palate of selected Palaeozoic tetrapods in order to identify the ancestral states of palatal bone morphologies in the earliest tetrapods, to learn how the composition of the palate varies within and among early tetrapod radiations, and recognize evolutionary correlations among the size and shapes of skeletal elements in this important group of animals. We find that whereas the palatal bones themselves and their arrangements are usually conserved, considerable correlated evolutionary change occurs in the shapes and sizes of the bones. Some of the changes in the bones are allometrically linked to overall palate size, which varies more than 100-fold among the taxa in our sample. Often, these allometries were only hinted at in traditional independent contrasts-based regressions of log transformed data, particularly because many allometries are subtle, their slopes may vary among subclades, and the scatter around some trendlines is high. Rather, the allometries showed up in analyses of size-standardized palatal bone dimensions investigated using independent contrasts, bivariate phylomorphospace plots, and mirrored character reconstructions on the phylogenetic tree. We find negative allometry for parasphenoid lengths and widths essentially across the entire tree of Palaeozoic tetrapods, but with different trajectories characterizing the two largest clades, the temnospondyls and the lepospondyls. The lengths of several other elements may show positive allometries, either across the entire tree or in just a subclade. One possible positive allometry exists for the ectopterygoid, which appears to allometrically shorten in temnospondyls that evolve small body and palate size, and, as in Doleserpeton can be lost altogether. Both shortening and loss could be by the same developmental change, paedomorphosis, a form of heterochrony. Paedomorphosis might also account for evolution of relatively large parasphenoids in both lepospondyls and diminutive temnospondyls, but does not seem to explain evolution of ectopterygoid loss in lepospondyls. A regularity observed across nearly all taxa in our study set is an inverse correlation between the lengths of the vomer and pterygoid, bones that lie adjacent to one another along the long palatal axis. Further work is needed to learn whether such correlated evolution might be due to adaptation and/or to developmental bias, and particularly, to learn how correlations and allometries themselves evolve.
Figure 2 from: Sousa FB, Milanin T, Morandini AC, Espinoza LL, Flores-Gonzales A, Gomes AL.S, Matoso DA, Mathews PD (2021) Molecular diagnostic based on 18S rDNA and supplemental taxonomic data of the cnidarian coelozoic Ceratomyxa (Cnidaria, Myxosporea) and comments on the intraspecific morphological variation. Zoosystematics and Evolution 97(2): 307-314. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.97.64769
Figure 2 Transmission electron microscopy images of Ceratomyxa amazonensis isolated of Symphysodon discus from the Unini River, Amazonas State, Brazil. a. Myxospore showing two sub-spherical polar capsules and sporoplasm (sp) occupying most of the myxospore volume; b. Detail of the apical suture (black arrow) and sporoplasmosomes (arrowheads); c. Detail of lateral suture (black arrow); d. Polar capsule displaying still uncoiled internal polar tubule (black arrow). Scale bars: 2 µm (a); 1 µm (c); 500 nm (b, d).
Figure 1 from: Sousa FB, Milanin T, Morandini AC, Espinoza LL, Flores-Gonzales A, Gomes AL.S, Matoso DA, Mathews PD (2021) Molecular diagnostic based on 18S rDNA and supplemental taxonomic data of the cnidarian coelozoic Ceratomyxa (Cnidaria, Myxosporea) and comments on the intraspecific morphological variation. Zoosystematics and Evolution 97(2): 307-314. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.97.64769
Figure 1 Light photomicrographs of Ceratomyxa amazonensis plasmodia. a, b. Slightly elongated plasmodia showing mature myxospores (white asterisks) and few early sporogonic stages (arrows); c. Spherical plasmodium with two slightly crescent-shaped mature myxospores (ms) and containing early sporogonic stages (arrows); d. Differential interference contrast microscopy snapshot of a slightly crescent-shaped mature myxospore. Scale bars: 10 µm.
Data from: Evolution of increased competitiveness in cows trades offs with reduced milk yield, fertility and more masculine morphology
In some species females compete for food, foraging territories, mating, and nesting sites. Competing females can exhibit morphological, physiological and behavioral adaptations typical of males, which are commonly considered as secondary sexual traits. Competition and the development of traits increasing competitiveness require much energy and may exert adverse effects on fecundity and survival. From an evolutionary perspective, positive selection for increased competitiveness would then result in evolution of reduced values for traits related to fitness such as fecundity and survival. There is recent evidence for such evolutionary trade-offs involving male competition, but no study has considered competing females so far. Using data from competitions for dominance in cows (Bos taurus), we found negative genetic correlations between traits providing success in competition, i.e., fighting ability, and fitness traits related to milk production and with fertility (the inverse of parity-conception interval). Fighting ability also showed low but positive genetic correlations with "masculine" morphological traits, and negative correlations with "feminine" traits. A genetic change in traits over time has occurred due to selection on competitiveness, corresponding to an evolutionary process of "masculinization" counteracting the official selection for milk yield. Similar evolutionary trade-off between success in competition and fitness components may be present in various species experiencing female competition.
Fruit syndromes in Viburnum: correlated evolution of color, nutritional content, and morphology in bird-dispersed fleshy fruits
<p>Premise</p> <p>A key question in plant dispersal via animal vectors is where and why fruit colors vary between species and how color relates to other fruit traits. To better understand the factors shaping the evolution of fruit color diversity, we tested for the existence of syndromes of traits (color, morphology, and nutrition) in the fruits of Viburnum. We placed these results in a larger phylogenetic context and reconstructed ancestral states to assess how Viburnum fruit traits have evolved across the clade.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We find that blue Viburnum fruits are not very juicy, have high lipid content, and large, round endocarps surrounded by a small quantity of pulp. Red fruits display the opposite suite of traits: they are very juicy with low lipid content and smaller, flatter endocarps. The ancestral Viburnum fruit may have gone through a sequence of color changes before maturation (green to yellow to red to black), though our reconstructions are equivocal. In one major clade of Viburnum (Nectarotinus), fruits mature synchronously with reduced intermediate color stages. Most transitions between fruit colors occurred in this synchronously fruiting clade.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>It is widely accepted that fruit trait diversity has primarily been driven by the differing perceptual abilities of bird versus mammal frugivores. Yet within a clade of largely bird-dispersed fruits, we find clear correlations between color, morphology, and nutrition. These correlations are likely driven by a shift from sequential to synchronous development, followed by diversification in color, nutrition, and morphology. A deeper understanding of fruit evolution within clades will elucidate the degree to which such syndromes structure extant fruit diversity.</p>
Data from: Phylogenetic relationships and morphological evolution in the carnivorous genus Philcoxia (Plantaginaceae, Gratioleae)
Philcoxia (Plantaginaceae, Gratioleae) is a genus with seven species of small herbs endemic to Brazil. It is characterized by underground stems and petioles, peltate leaves, and zigzag racemose inflorescences, in addition to a remarkable carnivorous syndrome. The phylogenetic placement of Philcoxia within tribe Gratioleae has been uncertain since its discovery due to its unique morphology and limited data from phylogenetic studies. We tested the phylogenetic placement of Philcoxia within Gratioleae, increasing the number of species sampled within both the genus and the rest of the tribe, and sequencing four regions from cpDNA (rpl16, rps16, and trnL introns and the trnL-trnF intergenic spacer) and one from nrDNA (ITS1 spacer); we used both parsimony and Bayesian inference to reconstruct the phylogeny. Moreover, we assessed both the monophyly of the genus and interspecific relationships. Finally, we performed ancestral character state reconstructions of 10 morphological characters to infer synapomorphies for the genus and specific clades within it. Philcoxia was recovered as monophyletic, with maximum support values, as sister to Stemodia stellata. Five morphological character states were reconstructed as potential synapomorphies for the Philcoxia clade (rosetted herb habit, underground stems and petioles, floral resupination, number of stamens reduced to two, and number of fertile thecae per anther reduced to one), whereas fourwere reconstructed as potential synapomorphies for specific clades within the genus (peltate leaves, irregular rosettes, vegetative propagation by rhizomes, and presence of tubers). Further anatomical studies, in association with ecological data, would provide insight into the structure of the underground systems and its adaptive significance, and would further elucidate the evolution of carnivory in Philcoxia. Our study highlights the need to reassess the concepts and circumscriptions of some currently accepted genera of the Gratioleae such as Bacopa, Conobea, and Stemodia, and for the tribe Angelonieae.
Data from: A multiple peak adaptive landscape based on feeding strategies and roosting ecology shaped the evolution of cranial covariance structure and morphological differentiation in phyllostomid bats
We explored the evolution of morphological integration in the most noteworthy example of adaptive radiation in mammals, the New World leaf-nosed bats, using a massive dataset and by combining phylogenetic comparative methods and quantitative genetic approaches. We demonstrated that the phenotypic covariance structure remained conserved on a broader phylogenetic scale but also showed a substantial divergence between inter-clade comparisons. Most of the phylogenetic structure in the integration space can be explained by splits at the beginning of the diversification of major clades. Our results provide evidence for a multiple peak adaptive landscape in the evolution of cranial covariance structure and morphological differentiation, based upon diet and roosting ecology. In this scenario, the successful radiation of phyllostomid bats was triggered by the diversification of dietary and roosting strategies, and the invasion of these new adaptive zones lead to changes in phenotypic covariance structure and average morphology. Our results suggest that intense natural selection preceded the invasion of these new adaptive zones and played a fundamental role in shaping cranial covariance structure and morphological differentiation in this hyper-diverse clade of mammals. Finally, our study demonstrates the power of combining comparative methods and quantitative genetic approaches when investigating the evolution of complex morphologies.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
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