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Text-fig. 9. Portnallia. a–j: P. bognorensis M.CHANDLER. a–g: Holotype, V. 30421. a: Oblique lateral view with dorsal surface of locule cast facing towards right side. b: Basal view (original illustration from pl. 28, fig. 40 of Chandler 1961). c–g: Micro CT data. c–f: Surface renderings. c: Lateral view with interlocular septum facing forward. d: lateral view with dorsal surface of locule facing forward. e: Basal view. f: Apical view. g: Digital transverse section near equatorial position showing (c) to u-shaped locules. h: Apical view of tetralocular fruit, V. 30423 (original illustration from pl. 28, fig. 42 of Chandler 1961). i: Transverse section of specimen in (h), reflected light. j–o: P. sheppeyensis M.CHANDLER, Holotype V. 30428, here synomomized with P. bognorensis, from micro-CT data. j–m: Surface renderings. j: Lateral view with interlocular septum facing forward. k: Lateral view with dorsal surface of locule facing forward. l: Basal view. m: Apical view. n: Digital equatorial transverse section showing the three preserved locules and extensive cracking due to pyrite decomposition. o: Translucent volume rendering, apical view showing (c) to u-shaped locules. Scale bars 2 mm, bar in (a) applies also to (b), bar in (e) applies to also to (c, d), bar in (g) applies also to (f), bar in (j) applies to applies also to (k–m). in Mastixioid Fruits (Cornales) From The Early Eocene London Clay Flora: Morphology, Anatomy And Nomenclatural Revision

Text-fig. 9. Portnallia. a–j: P. bognorensis M.CHANDLER. a–g: Holotype, V. 30421. a: Oblique lateral view with dorsal surface of locule cast facing towards right side. b: Basal view (original illustration from pl. 28, fig. 40 of Chandler 1961). c–g: Micro CT data. c–f: Surface renderings. c: Lateral view with interlocular septum facing forward. d: lateral view with dorsal surface of locule facing forward. e: Basal view. f: Apical view. g: Digital transverse section near equatorial position showing (c) to u-shaped locules. h: Apical view of tetralocular fruit, V. 30423 (original illustration from pl. 28, fig. 42 of Chandler 1961). i: Transverse section of specimen in (h), reflected light. j–o: P. sheppeyensis M.CHANDLER, Holotype V. 30428, here synomomized with P. bognorensis, from micro-CT data. j–m: Surface renderings. j: Lateral view with interlocular septum facing forward. k: Lateral view with dorsal surface of locule facing forward. l: Basal view. m: Apical view. n: Digital equatorial transverse section showing the three preserved locules and extensive cracking due to pyrite decomposition. o: Translucent volume rendering, apical view showing (c) to u-shaped locules. Scale bars 2 mm, bar in (a) applies also to (b), bar in (e) applies to also to (c, d), bar in (g) applies also to (f), bar in (j) applies to applies also to (k–m).

Text-fig. 2. Tectocarya spp. a–n: Tectocarya grandis (E.REID et M.CHANDLER) comb. n. Holotype V.22968. a: Lateral view of broken endocarp, reflected light. b–d: Longitudinal views, surface renderings from micro-CT data. e: Translucent volume renderings. f: Apical view, surface rendering. g: View of transversely broken surface showing curved locule, reflected light. h–n: Successive digital transverse sections. Note septum in the dorsal infold (arrows). o, p: Tectocarya rhenana KIRCHH., Miocene of Germany, dorsal view and transverse section [Holotype of Mastixoidea tectocaryoides KIRCHH., Alfred Mine near Konzendorf, photo by Dieter Mai] (Synonym of T. rhenana MAI, 1993). q: T. rhenana transverse section. from Mine Alfred, Düren, Germany, coll. Claire A. Brown 1952, USNM 355632. r, s: Tectocarya sp. from late Eocene of Post, Oregon, USA, physical transverse section, reflected light. UF279-50014. [Surface views of same specimen shown in Manchester and McIntosh 2007: figs 62, 63]. Scale bars 1 cm in (a–r), 0.5 cm in (s). in Mastixioid Fruits (Cornales) From The Early Eocene London Clay Flora: Morphology, Anatomy And Nomenclatural Revision

Text-fig. 2. Tectocarya spp. a–n: Tectocarya grandis (E.REID et M.CHANDLER) comb. n. Holotype V.22968. a: Lateral view of broken endocarp, reflected light. b–d: Longitudinal views, surface renderings from micro-CT data. e: Translucent volume renderings. f: Apical view, surface rendering. g: View of transversely broken surface showing curved locule, reflected light. h–n: Successive digital transverse sections. Note septum in the dorsal infold (arrows). o, p: Tectocarya rhenana KIRCHH., Miocene of Germany, dorsal view and transverse section [Holotype of Mastixoidea tectocaryoides KIRCHH., Alfred Mine near Konzendorf, photo by Dieter Mai] (Synonym of T. rhenana MAI, 1993). q: T. rhenana transverse section. from Mine Alfred, Düren, Germany, coll. Claire A. Brown 1952, USNM 355632. r, s: Tectocarya sp. from late Eocene of Post, Oregon, USA, physical transverse section, reflected light. UF279-50014. [Surface views of same specimen shown in Manchester and McIntosh 2007: figs 62, 63]. Scale bars 1 cm in (a–r), 0.5 cm in (s).

Text-fig. 1. Locality map with the approximate extent of Clarkia Lake during Miocene times in what is today northern Idaho, USA. Black dots mark three of the localities yielding the Miocene Clarkia flora; the fossil leaf of Nymphaea sp. described here comes from locality P-33. Other symbols: Dashed lines for county boundaries; a thin dotted line for Idaho State Hwy 3; a triangle for the local peak of Bechtel Butte; and a star for the town of Clarkia. Inset: Location of the map in northern Idaho. Abbreviations: WA – Washington state, OR – Oregon, ID – Idaho, MT – Montana. Map redrawn from Ladderud et al. (2015). in First Water Lily, A Leaf Of Nymphaea Sp., From The Miocene Clarkia Flora, Northern Idaho, Usa: Occurrence, Taphonomic Observations, Floristic Implications

Text-fig. 1. Locality map with the approximate extent of Clarkia Lake during Miocene times in what is today northern Idaho, USA. Black dots mark three of the localities yielding the Miocene Clarkia flora; the fossil leaf of Nymphaea sp. described here comes from locality P-33. Other symbols: Dashed lines for county boundaries; a thin dotted line for Idaho State Hwy 3; a triangle for the local peak of Bechtel Butte; and a star for the town of Clarkia. Inset: Location of the map in northern Idaho. Abbreviations: WA – Washington state, OR – Oregon, ID – Idaho, MT – Montana. Map redrawn from Ladderud et al. (2015).

Text-fig. 2. Nymphaea sp. from the Miocene Clarkia Lake flora, Locality P-33. a: Photograph of the fossil leaf. b: Sketch of leaf showing the salient features of shape, basal lobes and margin, eccentric insertion point of the abaxial petiole, and primary actinodromous venation. Dashed lines represent torn edge of lamina; dotted line is outline of right basal lobe. Line drawing by P. Martin Sander. Scale bar applies to both photo and drawing. in First Water Lily, A Leaf Of Nymphaea Sp., From The Miocene Clarkia Flora, Northern Idaho, Usa: Occurrence, Taphonomic Observations, Floristic Implications

Text-fig. 2. Nymphaea sp. from the Miocene Clarkia Lake flora, Locality P-33. a: Photograph of the fossil leaf. b: Sketch of leaf showing the salient features of shape, basal lobes and margin, eccentric insertion point of the abaxial petiole, and primary actinodromous venation. Dashed lines represent torn edge of lamina; dotted line is outline of right basal lobe. Line drawing by P. Martin Sander. Scale bar applies to both photo and drawing.

Text-fig. 4. Original floral picture of locality Líšeň-Neklež drawn by Zlatko Kvaček, scale bars 10 mm. a: Alnus cf. julianiformis (STERNB.) KVAČEK et HOLÝ, MB102; b: Osmunda parschlugiana (UNGER) ANDR., MB81; c: Salvinia reussii ETTINGS., MB86; d: cf. Engelhardia orsbergensis (P.WESSEL et C.O.WEBER) JÄHNICHEN, MAI et H.WALTHER, MB104; e: Laurophyllum sp., MB89a; f:?Polypodiaceae gen. et sp. indet., MB84; g: Ulmus sp., MB105a; h: Ulmus sp., MB106; i: Schoenoplectiella cf. ragozinii (P.I.DOROF.) DOWELD, MB88a; j: Leguminophyllum sp. 1, MB96; k: Salix variansG ÖPP., MB107; l:?Carya sp., MB89b; m: Leguminophyllum sp. 1, MB97; n: Leguminophyllum sp. 1, MB87; o: Podocarpium podocarpum (A.BRAUN) HEREND., MB100; p: "Parrotia" pristina (ETTINGSH.) STUR, MB92. in A New Early Miocene (Ottnangian) Flora Of The "Rzehakia Beds" From Brno-Líšeň

Text-fig. 4. Original floral picture of locality Líšeň-Neklež drawn by Zlatko Kvaček, scale bars 10 mm. a: Alnus cf. julianiformis (STERNB.) KVAČEK et HOLÝ, MB102; b: Osmunda parschlugiana (UNGER) ANDR., MB81; c: Salvinia reussii ETTINGS., MB86; d: cf. Engelhardia orsbergensis (P.WESSEL et C.O.WEBER) JÄHNICHEN, MAI et H.WALTHER, MB104; e: Laurophyllum sp., MB89a; f:?Polypodiaceae gen. et sp. indet., MB84; g: Ulmus sp., MB105a; h: Ulmus sp., MB106; i: Schoenoplectiella cf. ragozinii (P.I.DOROF.) DOWELD, MB88a; j: Leguminophyllum sp. 1, MB96; k: Salix variansG ÖPP., MB107; l:?Carya sp., MB89b; m: Leguminophyllum sp. 1, MB97; n: Leguminophyllum sp. 1, MB87; o: Podocarpium podocarpum (A.BRAUN) HEREND., MB100; p: "Parrotia" pristina (ETTINGSH.) STUR, MB92.

Text-fig. A3. a: Leaf morphotype 1 Tebano MSF SG 049. b: Leaf morphotype 2 Oriolo MSF 631. c: Leaf morphotype 3 Oriolo MSF n.n. d, f: Leaf morphotype 4. d: Oriolo MSF 891. e: Oriolo MSF 856. f: Oriolo MSF 858. g: Leaf morphotype 5 Oriolo MSF 783. h: Leaf morphotype 6 Oriolo MSF 952. i: Leaf morphotype 7 Oriolo MSF 862. j, l: Leaf morphotype 8. j: Oriolo MSF 912. k: Oriolo MSF 662. l: Oriolo MSF 662-1. m: Leaf morphotype 9 Oriolo MSF 715. n: Leaf morphotype 10 Oriolo MSF 716. o: Leaf morphotype 11, overview and detail of margin Oriolo MSF 880. p–z: Various rosaceous leaves/ leaflets. p: Oriolo MSF 943. q: Oriolo MSF 890. r: Oriolo MSF 950. s: Oriolo MSF 958. t: Oriolo MSF 966 aff. Sorbus. u: Oriolo MSF 956. v: Oriolo MSF 961. w: Oriolo MSF 962. x: Oriolo MSF 874. y: Oriolo MSF 883. z: Oriolo MSF 960. in The Late Early Pleistocene Flora Of Oriolo, Faenza (Italy): Assembly Of The Modern Forest Biome

Text-fig. A3. a: Leaf morphotype 1 Tebano MSF SG 049. b: Leaf morphotype 2 Oriolo MSF 631. c: Leaf morphotype 3 Oriolo MSF n.n. d, f: Leaf morphotype 4. d: Oriolo MSF 891. e: Oriolo MSF 856. f: Oriolo MSF 858. g: Leaf morphotype 5 Oriolo MSF 783. h: Leaf morphotype 6 Oriolo MSF 952. i: Leaf morphotype 7 Oriolo MSF 862. j, l: Leaf morphotype 8. j: Oriolo MSF 912. k: Oriolo MSF 662. l: Oriolo MSF 662-1. m: Leaf morphotype 9 Oriolo MSF 715. n: Leaf morphotype 10 Oriolo MSF 716. o: Leaf morphotype 11, overview and detail of margin Oriolo MSF 880. p–z: Various rosaceous leaves/ leaflets. p: Oriolo MSF 943. q: Oriolo MSF 890. r: Oriolo MSF 950. s: Oriolo MSF 958. t: Oriolo MSF 966 aff. Sorbus. u: Oriolo MSF 956. v: Oriolo MSF 961. w: Oriolo MSF 962. x: Oriolo MSF 874. y: Oriolo MSF 883. z: Oriolo MSF 960.

Text-fig. 3. a: Pterigophycos sp., whole-plant specimen, coll. No. 22.116, larger blades denoted B1–4 (for details, see text), scale bar = 2 cm; b: Close-up of blades B1 and B2, which resemble P. spectabilis A.MASSAL. and P. canossae A.MASSAL., respectively; c: Closeup of blade B3 resembling P. canossae; d: Close-up of blade B4 resembling P. gazolanus A.MASSAL. or Laminarites irideaephyllus A.MASSAL. Scale bars = 1 cm unless otherwise stated. in A Whole-Plant Specimen Of The Marine Macroalga Pterigophycos From The Eocene Of Bolca (Veneto, N-Italy)

Text-fig. 3. a: Pterigophycos sp., whole-plant specimen, coll. No. 22.116, larger blades denoted B1–4 (for details, see text), scale bar = 2 cm; b: Close-up of blades B1 and B2, which resemble P. spectabilis A.MASSAL. and P. canossae A.MASSAL., respectively; c: Closeup of blade B3 resembling P. canossae; d: Close-up of blade B4 resembling P. gazolanus A.MASSAL. or Laminarites irideaephyllus A.MASSAL. Scale bars = 1 cm unless otherwise stated.

Text-fig. 5. Vegetation zones in P. R. China (Editorial Committee of Vegetation Map of China, The Chinese Academy of Sciences 2007), and assumed location of extant reference vegetation type of Wiesa fossil assemblage (rectangle), as revealed from qualitative floristic analysis. Extant reference vegetation type present in southern belt of zone of subtropical evergreen broadleaved forest, with minor overlap into zone of tropical forest. in Assessment Of Phytogeographic Reference Regions For Cenozoic Vegetation: A Case Study On The Miocene Flora Of Wiesa (Germany)

Text-fig. 5. Vegetation zones in P. R. China (Editorial Committee of Vegetation Map of China, The Chinese Academy of Sciences 2007), and assumed location of extant reference vegetation type of Wiesa fossil assemblage (rectangle), as revealed from qualitative floristic analysis. Extant reference vegetation type present in southern belt of zone of subtropical evergreen broadleaved forest, with minor overlap into zone of tropical forest.

Text-fig. 4. Graphical visualization of Phytogeographic Reference Regions Assessment (PRRA) of nearest living relative genera of fossil-taxa from late Early Miocene Wiesa assemblage in eastern Germany. Analysis yields only NLRs which have modern distribution area (partly) in E and SE Asia. For relationships of fossil-taxa to nearest living relatives or ecological equivalents, see Tab. 6; taxa used for analysis marked with asterisks. Three geographic resolutions conducted: a – grid with 1.5° latitude/longitude resolution, b – grid with 2°, c – grid with 3°; similarity column indicates cooccurrences of genera of nearest living relatives in single grid box. Maximum value in our analysis: grid box marked with arrow in map a, located in western Yunnan Province, P. R. China and southern Kachin Province, NE Myanmar (east of Myitkyina city), area with 97.371 7–98.874 2° longitude and 24.586 7–25.837 5° latitude, yields 23 co-occurring species of 13 genera (Tab. 7). in Assessment Of Phytogeographic Reference Regions For Cenozoic Vegetation: A Case Study On The Miocene Flora Of Wiesa (Germany)

Text-fig. 4. Graphical visualization of Phytogeographic Reference Regions Assessment (PRRA) of nearest living relative genera of fossil-taxa from late Early Miocene Wiesa assemblage in eastern Germany. Analysis yields only NLRs which have modern distribution area (partly) in E and SE Asia. For relationships of fossil-taxa to nearest living relatives or ecological equivalents, see Tab. 6; taxa used for analysis marked with asterisks. Three geographic resolutions conducted: a – grid with 1.5° latitude/longitude resolution, b – grid with 2°, c – grid with 3°; similarity column indicates cooccurrences of genera of nearest living relatives in single grid box. Maximum value in our analysis: grid box marked with arrow in map a, located in western Yunnan Province, P. R. China and southern Kachin Province, NE Myanmar (east of Myitkyina city), area with 97.371 7–98.874 2° longitude and 24.586 7–25.837 5° latitude, yields 23 co-occurring species of 13 genera (Tab. 7).

Text-fig. 3. Juglandaceae. Carya (a–x). Scale bars = 1 cm. a–e: USNM PAL 772346. Micro-CT scan surface rendering. a, b: Lateral, c: apical, d: basal views. e: Virtual equatorial transverse section. f–n: USNM PAL 772347. f: Lateral view, reflected light, showing path of saw cut for transverse section of (i). g: Basal view, reflected light. h: Apical view, micro-CT surface rendering. i: Physical transverse section displaying locule and cellular preservation of parts of wall. j–n: Virtual sections from micro-CT scan data. j: Transverse section at apical 1/3 of nut. Note narrow lacunae (arrows). k: Longitudinal section parallel to primary septum, traversing one of the cotyledon lobes and showing secondary septum at base. l: Longitudinal section in plane at right angles to (k) in plane of primary septum, showing divergent placental bundles arising from base of nut (arrows). m: Equatorial transverse section showing two lobes of locule separated by primary septum. n: Transverse section near base of nut showing primary and secondary septa, creating four basal lobes of locule; note diverging placental bundles (arrows). o–x: USNM PAL 772351. o: Lateral view of broken nut with exposed locule cast, reflected light. p: Same orientation of nut, micro-CT surface rendering. q: Same specimen lateral view, rotated 90° from (p), micro-CT surface rendering. r: Apical view, reflected light. s–x: Virtual sections from micro-CT in The Early Middle Eocene Wagon Bed Carpoflora Of Central Wyoming, U.S.A.

Text-fig. 3. Juglandaceae. Carya (a–x). Scale bars = 1 cm. a–e: USNM PAL 772346. Micro-CT scan surface rendering. a, b: Lateral, c: apical, d: basal views. e: Virtual equatorial transverse section. f–n: USNM PAL 772347. f: Lateral view, reflected light, showing path of saw cut for transverse section of (i). g: Basal view, reflected light. h: Apical view, micro-CT surface rendering. i: Physical transverse section displaying locule and cellular preservation of parts of wall. j–n: Virtual sections from micro-CT scan data. j: Transverse section at apical 1/3 of nut. Note narrow lacunae (arrows). k: Longitudinal section parallel to primary septum, traversing one of the cotyledon lobes and showing secondary septum at base. l: Longitudinal section in plane at right angles to (k) in plane of primary septum, showing divergent placental bundles arising from base of nut (arrows). m: Equatorial transverse section showing two lobes of locule separated by primary septum. n: Transverse section near base of nut showing primary and secondary septa, creating four basal lobes of locule; note diverging placental bundles (arrows). o–x: USNM PAL 772351. o: Lateral view of broken nut with exposed locule cast, reflected light. p: Same orientation of nut, micro-CT surface rendering. q: Same specimen lateral view, rotated 90° from (p), micro-CT surface rendering. r: Apical view, reflected light. s–x: Virtual sections from micro-CT

Text-fig. 6. Cornaceae. Alangium (a–e), Mastixia (f–r). a–e: Alangium, DMNH EPI.47806. Scale bar = 1 cm. b, e: Reflected light, palladium coated. a, c, d: Micro-CT scan surface rendering. a: Locule cast, face view of slightly larger locule. b: Face view of slightly smaller locule. c: Lateral view of the endocarp, the slightly enlarged left carpel separated from the smaller carpel by a longitudinal septal groove; the faint pitting in the groove suggestive of the septal vasculature. d, e: Views of either end of the endocarp, illustrating the size difference between the two carpels and the pitting in the septal groove suggestive of the septal vasculature. f–k: Mastixia USNM PAL 772362. Scale bar = 1 cm. f, g, j, k: reflected light, palladium coated; h, i: micro-CT scan surface rendering. f: Lateral view of endocarp, inferred dorsal germination valve groove facing the viewer. Note irregular, rugose, longitudinal ridges. g: Lateral view of endocarp, inferred germination valve with median longitudinal groove to left. h: Lateral view of endocarp reoriented with the same longitudinal groove to the right. i: Lateral view, rotated to ventral surface. j: View of one end of the endocarp, germination valve groove up. k: Opposite end view, with prominent radial ridges and intervening grooves, germination valve groove up. l–r: Mastixia USNM PAL 772363. Scale bar = 1 cm. l: View of one face of endocarp, displaying a groove that may represent the surficial expression of the dorsal infold of a Mastixia-like germination valve. Surface badly eroded, reflected light, palladium coated. m: Opposite face of endocarp displaying extensive erosion and a central hole interpreted as feeding damage. n: Lateral view; m, n micro-CT scan surface renderings. o: A view of one end, displaying the prominent groove, reflected light, palladium coated. p: Opposite end to (o). q: View as in (o); p, q micro-CT scan surface renderings. r: Virtual transverse section showing curved locule (arrows). in The Early Middle Eocene Wagon Bed Carpoflora Of Central Wyoming, U.S.A.

Text-fig. 6. Cornaceae. Alangium (a–e), Mastixia (f–r). a–e: Alangium, DMNH EPI.47806. Scale bar = 1 cm. b, e: Reflected light, palladium coated. a, c, d: Micro-CT scan surface rendering. a: Locule cast, face view of slightly larger locule. b: Face view of slightly smaller locule. c: Lateral view of the endocarp, the slightly enlarged left carpel separated from the smaller carpel by a longitudinal septal groove; the faint pitting in the groove suggestive of the septal vasculature. d, e: Views of either end of the endocarp, illustrating the size difference between the two carpels and the pitting in the septal groove suggestive of the septal vasculature. f–k: Mastixia USNM PAL 772362. Scale bar = 1 cm. f, g, j, k: reflected light, palladium coated; h, i: micro-CT scan surface rendering. f: Lateral view of endocarp, inferred dorsal germination valve groove facing the viewer. Note irregular, rugose, longitudinal ridges. g: Lateral view of endocarp, inferred germination valve with median longitudinal groove to left. h: Lateral view of endocarp reoriented with the same longitudinal groove to the right. i: Lateral view, rotated to ventral surface. j: View of one end of the endocarp, germination valve groove up. k: Opposite end view, with prominent radial ridges and intervening grooves, germination valve groove up. l–r: Mastixia USNM PAL 772363. Scale bar = 1 cm. l: View of one face of endocarp, displaying a groove that may represent the surficial expression of the dorsal infold of a Mastixia-like germination valve. Surface badly eroded, reflected light, palladium coated. m: Opposite face of endocarp displaying extensive erosion and a central hole interpreted as feeding damage. n: Lateral view; m, n micro-CT scan surface renderings. o: A view of one end, displaying the prominent groove, reflected light, palladium coated. p: Opposite end to (o). q: View as in (o); p, q micro-CT scan surface renderings. r: Virtual transverse section showing curved locule (arrows).

Text-fig. 8. Carpolithes (a–t). a–e: Carpolithes sp. 1. USNM PAL 772366. Scale bar = 1 cm. a: Lateral view of endocarp, note two longitudinal ridges. b: Lateral view of endocarp rotated 90° from (a), note single lateral ridge in center, a, b reflected light, palladium coated. c: Lateral view, Micro-CT scan surface rendering. d: View of rounded end of the endocarp, reflected light, palladium coated. e: View of the opposite (pointed) end of the endocarp, note split; reflected light, palladium coated. f–j: Carpolithes sp. 2. USNM PAL 772367. Scale bar = 5 mm. f: Lateral view, base down; note raphe-like structure (arrow), reflected light, palladium coated. g: Lateral view, the raphe-like structure extending vertically from the base. h: Lateral view, rotated 90° from (g). i: Lateral view, the opposite face to that in (h). j: Basal view, raphe-like structure running from the center to the right of the image. g–j: CT scan surface renderings. k–o: Carpolithes sp. 3 USNM PAL 772368. Scale bar = 5 mm. k: Ventral view of the specimen, note flared apical extension, reflected light, uncoated. l: Dorsal view illustrating the flared apical extension, rotated 180o from (k). m: Lateral view rotated 90° from that in (l). n: Apical view, the apical extension with central pore (arrow) and a clear lineation running down the side to the top of the image. o: Basal view. l–o: Micro-CT scan surface renderings. p–t: Carpolithes sp. 4. USNM PAL 772369. Scale bar = 3 mm. p: Basal view illustrating the concentric rings of radiating possible cells surrounding a central depression. q: Lateral view, base down, note possible cellular pattern. r: Lateral view, rotated 180° from (q), base down; p–r: reflected light, palladium coated. s, t: Basal and lateral views, micro-CT scan surface renderings. in The Early Middle Eocene Wagon Bed Carpoflora Of Central Wyoming, U.S.A.

Text-fig. 8. Carpolithes (a–t). a–e: Carpolithes sp. 1. USNM PAL 772366. Scale bar = 1 cm. a: Lateral view of endocarp, note two longitudinal ridges. b: Lateral view of endocarp rotated 90° from (a), note single lateral ridge in center, a, b reflected light, palladium coated. c: Lateral view, Micro-CT scan surface rendering. d: View of rounded end of the endocarp, reflected light, palladium coated. e: View of the opposite (pointed) end of the endocarp, note split; reflected light, palladium coated. f–j: Carpolithes sp. 2. USNM PAL 772367. Scale bar = 5 mm. f: Lateral view, base down; note raphe-like structure (arrow), reflected light, palladium coated. g: Lateral view, the raphe-like structure extending vertically from the base. h: Lateral view, rotated 90° from (g). i: Lateral view, the opposite face to that in (h). j: Basal view, raphe-like structure running from the center to the right of the image. g–j: CT scan surface renderings. k–o: Carpolithes sp. 3 USNM PAL 772368. Scale bar = 5 mm. k: Ventral view of the specimen, note flared apical extension, reflected light, uncoated. l: Dorsal view illustrating the flared apical extension, rotated 180o from (k). m: Lateral view rotated 90° from that in (l). n: Apical view, the apical extension with central pore (arrow) and a clear lineation running down the side to the top of the image. o: Basal view. l–o: Micro-CT scan surface renderings. p–t: Carpolithes sp. 4. USNM PAL 772369. Scale bar = 3 mm. p: Basal view illustrating the concentric rings of radiating possible cells surrounding a central depression. q: Lateral view, base down, note possible cellular pattern. r: Lateral view, rotated 180° from (q), base down; p–r: reflected light, palladium coated. s, t: Basal and lateral views, micro-CT scan surface renderings.

Text-fig. 9. Carpolithes (a–r). a–d: Carpolithes sp. 5. USNM PAL 772370. Scale bar = 5 mm, reflected light, palladium coated. a: Lateral view of seed, apex up, possible raphe descending from apex toward viewer. b: Lateral view of seed, apex up, possible raphe on right. c: Lateral view, opposite side, apex up, possible raphe on left. d: Apical view, note central pit with raphe descending towards bottom margin. e–h: Carpolithes sp. 6. USNM PAL 772371. Scale bar = 5 mm. e: Basal view illustrating depression and keel in plane of bisymmetry, reflected light, palladium coated. f–h: Micro-CT scan surface rendering. f: Lateral view showing relatively smooth rounded surface. g: Specimen rotated 180° from (f), surface partially eroded. h: Longitudinal view, showing median keel. i–m: Carpolithes sp. 7 USNM PAL 772372. Scale bar = 5 mm. i: View of intact face of globose fruit, possible apical constriction at top. j: Lateral view, intact surface to right, possible apical constriction at top, both micro-CT scan surface renderings. k: Apical view. l: Face view illustrating the mineral filling and the fine, radiating structure of the fruit wall on the left and right margins, both reflected light, palladium coated. m: Closeup of the cellular layer on the left of (l), micro-CT scan surface rendering. n–p: Carpolithes sp. 8. USNM PAL 772373. Scale bar = 3 mm, reflected light, palladium coated. n: Lateral view of pyrene-like structure, one ridge running vertically in the center of view, the other two forming the left and right margins. o: Lateral view of pyrene-like structure, ridge in (n) on the left. p: End-on view illustrating one convex, one concave, and one relatively flat to very slightly concave face. q, r: Carpolithes sp. 9 USNM PAL 772374. Scale bar = 5 mm, reflected light, palladium coated. q: Exterior of the smooth broken half-sphere. r: Interior of the broken half-sphere. in The Early Middle Eocene Wagon Bed Carpoflora Of Central Wyoming, U.S.A.

Text-fig. 9. Carpolithes (a–r). a–d: Carpolithes sp. 5. USNM PAL 772370. Scale bar = 5 mm, reflected light, palladium coated. a: Lateral view of seed, apex up, possible raphe descending from apex toward viewer. b: Lateral view of seed, apex up, possible raphe on right. c: Lateral view, opposite side, apex up, possible raphe on left. d: Apical view, note central pit with raphe descending towards bottom margin. e–h: Carpolithes sp. 6. USNM PAL 772371. Scale bar = 5 mm. e: Basal view illustrating depression and keel in plane of bisymmetry, reflected light, palladium coated. f–h: Micro-CT scan surface rendering. f: Lateral view showing relatively smooth rounded surface. g: Specimen rotated 180° from (f), surface partially eroded. h: Longitudinal view, showing median keel. i–m: Carpolithes sp. 7 USNM PAL 772372. Scale bar = 5 mm. i: View of intact face of globose fruit, possible apical constriction at top. j: Lateral view, intact surface to right, possible apical constriction at top, both micro-CT scan surface renderings. k: Apical view. l: Face view illustrating the mineral filling and the fine, radiating structure of the fruit wall on the left and right margins, both reflected light, palladium coated. m: Closeup of the cellular layer on the left of (l), micro-CT scan surface rendering. n–p: Carpolithes sp. 8. USNM PAL 772373. Scale bar = 3 mm, reflected light, palladium coated. n: Lateral view of pyrene-like structure, one ridge running vertically in the center of view, the other two forming the left and right margins. o: Lateral view of pyrene-like structure, ridge in (n) on the left. p: End-on view illustrating one convex, one concave, and one relatively flat to very slightly concave face. q, r: Carpolithes sp. 9 USNM PAL 772374. Scale bar = 5 mm, reflected light, palladium coated. q: Exterior of the smooth broken half-sphere. r: Interior of the broken half-sphere.

FDTD simulation of 230 nm thickness PAAO with Au NPs in different mediums (AoI 60 deg., s- and p-polarizations)

FDTD software: Lumerical (Ansys, version 2021 R2.3). Structure: aluminum (Palik) substrate; 230 nm thickness (h) aluminum oxide (Palik) layer with 35 nm diameter (RPo) cylindrical pores with 100 nm distance (D) between the pore centers (representing porous anodized aluminum oxide - PAAO); 60 nm diameter (RNP) gold (Johnson and Christy) nanoparticles (Au NPs) placed directly above each pore. Refractive index of the surrounding medium (n): 1.0; 1.1. Simulation region: from 300 nm below the substrate/PAAO interface to 1.3 µm above PAAO surface; x and y spans are equal to one period of the structure. Mesh override region: from 50 nm below the PAAO to 50 nm above the nanoparticles; 2 nm step size in each direction. Light source: BFAST plane wave light source; 500 nm above PAAO; 60° angle of incidence (ang); 300 nm – 1000 nm wavelength range; s- and p-polarizations (pol). Monitors (frequency domain field and power): (1) 2D Z-normal; 1 µm above PAAO; results are in "_reflection.txt" files. (2) 2D Y-normal; centered to the structure; starts 50 nm below PAAO and ends 50 nm above nanoparticles; results are in ".fsp" files. (3) 2D X-normal; centered to the structure; starts 50 nm below PAAO and ends 50 nm above nanoparticles; results are in ".fsp" files. Information in the file name: h - thickness of PAAO; pol - polarization; RNP - diameter of gold nanoparticles; RPo - diameter of pores; D - distance between pore centers; ang - angle of incidence; n - refractive index of surrounding medium. Files: (1) "_reflection.txt" - lambda(nm) (first column) - wavelength in nanometers; Y (second column) - T data from the monitor above the structure. (2) "_p0.log" - log file produced by the software while running the simulation. (3) ".fsp" - Lumerical software file containing the simulation project; it can be used to extract data from Y- and X-normal monitors (license required to open these files). (4) "Lumerical_Screenshots.pdf" - shows software screenshots for every object and its every property; red text is added to show which values are different for different simulations. (5) "Structure_Illustration.png" - a schematic of modeled structure. (6) "h230.jpg" - a preview of data from "_reflection.txt" files.

FDTD simulation of 350 nm thickness PAAO with Au NPs in different mediums (AoI 60 deg., s- and p-polarizations)

FDTD software: Lumerical (Ansys, version 2021 R2.3). Structure: aluminum (Palik) substrate; 350 nm thickness (h) aluminum oxide (Palik) layer with 35 nm diameter (RPo) cylindrical pores with 100 nm distance (D) between the pore centers (representing porous anodized aluminum oxide - PAAO); 60 nm diameter (RNP) gold (Johnson and Christy) nanoparticles (Au NPs) placed directly above each pore. Refractive index of the surrounding medium (n): 1.0; 1.1. Simulation region: from 300 nm below the substrate/PAAO interface to 1.3 µm above PAAO surface; x and y spans are equal to one period of the structure. Mesh override region: from 50 nm below the PAAO to 50 nm above the nanoparticles; 2 nm step size in each direction. Light source: BFAST plane wave light source; 500 nm above PAAO; 60° angle of incidence (ang); 300 nm – 1000 nm wavelength range; s- and p-polarizations (pol). Monitors (frequency domain field and power): (1) 2D Z-normal; 1 µm above PAAO; results are in "_reflection.txt" files. (2) 2D Y-normal; centered to the structure; starts 50 nm below PAAO and ends 50 nm above nanoparticles; results are in ".fsp" files. (3) 2D X-normal; centered to the structure; starts 50 nm below PAAO and ends 50 nm above nanoparticles; results are in ".fsp" files. Information in the file name: h - thickness of PAAO; pol - polarization; RNP - diameter of gold nanoparticles; RPo - diameter of pores; D - distance between pore centers; ang - angle of incidence; n - refractive index of surrounding medium. Files: (1) "_reflection.txt" - lambda(nm) (first column) - wavelength in nanometers; Y (second column) - T data from the monitor above the structure. (2) "_p0.log" - log file produced by the software while running the simulation. (3) ".fsp" - Lumerical software file containing the simulation project; it can be used to extract data from Y- and X-normal monitors (license required to open these files). (4) "Lumerical_Screenshots.pdf" - shows software screenshots for every object and its every property; red text is added to show which values are different for different simulations. (5) "Structure_Illustration.png" - a schematic of modeled structure. (6) "h350.jpg" - a preview of data from "_reflection.txt" files.

FDTD simulation of 320 nm thickness PAAO with Au NPs in different mediums (AoI 60 deg., s- and p-polarizations)

FDTD software: Lumerical (Ansys, version 2021 R2.3). Structure: aluminum (Palik) substrate; 320 nm thickness (h) aluminum oxide (Palik) layer with 35 nm diameter (RPo) cylindrical pores with 100 nm distance (D) between the pore centers (representing porous anodized aluminum oxide - PAAO); 60 nm diameter (RNP) gold (Johnson and Christy) nanoparticles (Au NPs) placed directly above each pore. Refractive index of the surrounding medium (n): 1.0; 1.1. Simulation region: from 300 nm below the substrate/PAAO interface to 1.3 µm above PAAO surface; x and y spans are equal to one period of the structure. Mesh override region: from 50 nm below the PAAO to 50 nm above the nanoparticles; 2 nm step size in each direction. Light source: BFAST plane wave light source; 500 nm above PAAO; 60° angle of incidence (ang); 300 nm – 1000 nm wavelength range; s- and p-polarizations (pol). Monitors (frequency domain field and power): (1) 2D Z-normal; 1 µm above PAAO; results are in "_reflection.txt" files. (2) 2D Y-normal; centered to the structure; starts 50 nm below PAAO and ends 50 nm above nanoparticles; results are in ".fsp" files. (3) 2D X-normal; centered to the structure; starts 50 nm below PAAO and ends 50 nm above nanoparticles; results are in ".fsp" files. Information in the file name: h - thickness of PAAO; pol - polarization; RNP - diameter of gold nanoparticles; RPo - diameter of pores; D - distance between pore centers; ang - angle of incidence; n - refractive index of surrounding medium. Files: (1) "_reflection.txt" - lambda(nm) (first column) - wavelength in nanometers; Y (second column) - T data from the monitor above the structure. (2) "_p0.log" - log file produced by the software while running the simulation. (3) ".fsp" - Lumerical software file containing the simulation project; it can be used to extract data from Y- and X-normal monitors (license required to open these files). (4) "Lumerical_Screenshots.pdf" - shows software screenshots for every object and its every property; red text is added to show which values are different for different simulations. (5) "Structure_Illustration.png" - a schematic of modeled structure. (6) "h320.jpg" - a preview of data from "_reflection.txt" files.

FDTD simulation of 350 nm thickness PAAO with Ag NPs in different mediums (AoI 45 deg., s- and p-polarizations)

Version 2 has the same files as version 1 plus images representing data. FDTD software: Lumerical (Ansys, version 2021 R2.3). Structure: aluminum (Palik) substrate; 350 nm thickness (h) aluminum oxide (Palik) layer with 35 nm diameter (RPo) cylindrical pores with 100 nm distance (D) between the pore centers (representing porous anodized aluminum oxide - PAAO); 60 nm diameter (AgRNP) silver (Palik) nanoparticles (Ag NPs) placed directly above each pore. Refractive index of the surrounding medium (n): 1.0; 1.1; 1.2; 1.3. Simulation region: from 300 nm below the substrate/PAAO interface to 1.3 µm above PAAO surface; x and y spans are equal to one period of the structure. Mesh override region: from 50 nm below the PAAO to 50 nm above the nanoparticles; 2 nm step size in each direction. Light source: BFAST plane wave light source; 500 nm above PAAO; 45° angle of incidence (ang); 300 nm – 1000 nm wavelength range; s- and p-polarizations (pol). Monitors (frequency domain field and power): (1) 2D Z-normal; 1 µm above PAAO; results are in "_reflection.txt" files. (2) 2D Y-normal; centered to the structure; starts 50 nm below PAAO and ends 50 nm above nanoparticles; results are in ".fsp" files. (3) 2D X-normal; centered to the structure; starts 50 nm below PAAO and ends 50 nm above nanoparticles; results are in ".fsp" files. Information in the file name: h - thickness of PAAO; pol - polarization; AgRNP - diameter of silver nanoparticles; RPo - diameter of pores; D - distance between pore centers; ang - angle of incidence; n - refractive index of surrounding medium. Files: (1) "_reflection.txt" - lambda(nm) (first column) - wavelength in nanometers; Y (second column) - T data from the monitor above the structure. (2) "_p0.log" - log file produced by the software while running the simulation. (3) ".fsp" - Lumerical software file containing the simulation project; it can be used to extract data from Y- and X-normal monitors (license required to open these files). (4) "Lumerical_Screenshots.pdf" - shows software screenshots for every object and its every property; red text is added to show which values are different for different simulations. (5) "Structure_Illustration.png" - a schematic of modeled structure. (6) "h350_Spol.jpg" and "h350_Ppol.jpg" - a preview of data from "_reflection.txt" files.

FDTD simulation of 230 nm thickness PAAO with Ag NPs in different mediums (AoI 45 deg., s- and p-polarizations)

Version 2 has the same files as version 1 plus images representing data. FDTD software: Lumerical (Ansys, version 2021 R2.3). Structure: aluminum (Palik) substrate; 230 nm thickness (h) aluminum oxide (Palik) layer with 35 nm diameter (RPo) cylindrical pores with 100 nm distance (D) between the pore centers (representing porous anodized aluminum oxide - PAAO); 60 nm diameter (AgRNP) silver (Palik) nanoparticles (Ag NPs) placed directly above each pore. Refractive index of the surrounding medium (n): 1.0; 1.1; 1.2; 1.3. Simulation region: from 300 nm below the substrate/PAAO interface to 1.3 µm above PAAO surface; x and y spans are equal to one period of the structure. Mesh override region: from 50 nm below the PAAO to 50 nm above the nanoparticles; 2 nm step size in each direction. Light source: BFAST plane wave light source; 500 nm above PAAO; 45° angle of incidence (ang); 300 nm – 1000 nm wavelength range; s- and p-polarizations (pol). Monitors (frequency domain field and power): (1) 2D Z-normal; 1 µm above PAAO; results are in "_reflection.txt" files. (2) 2D Y-normal; centered to the structure; starts 50 nm below PAAO and ends 50 nm above nanoparticles; results are in ".fsp" files. (3) 2D X-normal; centered to the structure; starts 50 nm below PAAO and ends 50 nm above nanoparticles; results are in ".fsp" files. Information in the file name: h - thickness of PAAO; pol - polarization; AgRNP - diameter of silver nanoparticles; RPo - diameter of pores; D - distance between pore centers; ang - angle of incidence; n - refractive index of surrounding medium. Files: (1) "_reflection.txt" - lambda(nm) (first column) - wavelength in nanometers; Y (second column) - T data from the monitor above the structure. (2) "_p0.log" - log file produced by the software while running the simulation. (3) ".fsp" - Lumerical software file containing the simulation project; it can be used to extract data from Y- and X-normal monitors (license required to open these files). (4) "Lumerical_Screenshots.pdf" - shows software screenshots for every object and its every property; red text is added to show which values are different for different simulations. (5) "Structure_Illustration.png" - a schematic of modeled structure. (6) "h230_Spol.jpg" and "h230_Ppol.jpg" - a preview of data from "_reflection.txt" files.

FDTD simulation of 320 nm thickness PAAO with Ag NPs in different mediums (AoI 45 deg., s- and p-polarizations)

Version 2 has the same files as version 1 plus images representing data. FDTD software: Lumerical (Ansys, version 2021 R2.3). Structure: aluminum (Palik) substrate; 320 nm thickness (h) aluminum oxide (Palik) layer with 35 nm diameter (RPo) cylindrical pores with 100 nm distance (D) between the pore centers (representing porous anodized aluminum oxide - PAAO); 60 nm diameter (AgRNP) silver (Palik) nanoparticles (Ag NPs) placed directly above each pore. Refractive index of the surrounding medium (n): 1.0; 1.1; 1.2; 1.3. Simulation region: from 300 nm below the substrate/PAAO interface to 1.3 µm above PAAO surface; x and y spans are equal to one period of the structure. Mesh override region: from 50 nm below the PAAO to 50 nm above the nanoparticles; 2 nm step size in each direction. Light source: BFAST plane wave light source; 500 nm above PAAO; 45° angle of incidence (ang); 300 nm – 1000 nm wavelength range; s- and p-polarizations (pol). Monitors (frequency domain field and power): (1) 2D Z-normal; 1 µm above PAAO; results are in "_reflection.txt" files. (2) 2D Y-normal; centered to the structure; starts 50 nm below PAAO and ends 50 nm above nanoparticles; results are in ".fsp" files. (3) 2D X-normal; centered to the structure; starts 50 nm below PAAO and ends 50 nm above nanoparticles; results are in ".fsp" files. Information in the file name: h - thickness of PAAO; pol - polarization; AgRNP - diameter of silver nanoparticles; RPo - diameter of pores; D - distance between pore centers; ang - angle of incidence; n - refractive index of surrounding medium. Files: (1) "_reflection.txt" - lambda(nm) (first column) - wavelength in nanometers; Y (second column) - T data from the monitor above the structure. (2) "_p0.log" - log file produced by the software while running the simulation. (3) ".fsp" - Lumerical software file containing the simulation project; it can be used to extract data from Y- and X-normal monitors (license required to open these files). (4) "Lumerical_Screenshots.pdf" - shows software screenshots for every object and its every property; red text is added to show which values are different for different simulations. (5) "Structure_Illustration.png" - a schematic of modeled structure. (6) "h320_Spol.jpg" and "h320_Ppol.jpg" - a preview of data from "_reflection.txt" files.

FDTD simulation of 290 nm thickness PAAO with Ag NPs in different mediums (AoI 45 deg., s- and p-polarizations)

Version 2 has the same files as version 1 plus images representing data. FDTD software: Lumerical (Ansys, version 2021 R2.3). Structure: aluminum (Palik) substrate; 290 nm thickness (h) aluminum oxide (Palik) layer with 35 nm diameter (RPo) cylindrical pores with 100 nm distance (D) between the pore centers (representing porous anodized aluminum oxide - PAAO); 60 nm diameter (AgRNP) silver (Palik) nanoparticles (Ag NPs) placed directly above each pore. Refractive index of the surrounding medium (n): 1.0; 1.1; 1.2; 1.3. Simulation region: from 300 nm below the substrate/PAAO interface to 1.3 µm above PAAO surface; x and y spans are equal to one period of the structure. Mesh override region: from 50 nm below the PAAO to 50 nm above the nanoparticles; 2 nm step size in each direction. Light source: BFAST plane wave light source; 500 nm above PAAO; 45° angle of incidence (ang); 300 nm – 1000 nm wavelength range; s- and p-polarizations (pol). Monitors (frequency domain field and power): (1) 2D Z-normal; 1 µm above PAAO; results are in "_reflection.txt" files. (2) 2D Y-normal; centered to the structure; starts 50 nm below PAAO and ends 50 nm above nanoparticles; results are in ".fsp" files. (3) 2D X-normal; centered to the structure; starts 50 nm below PAAO and ends 50 nm above nanoparticles; results are in ".fsp" files. Information in the file name: h - thickness of PAAO; pol - polarization; AgRNP - diameter of silver nanoparticles; RPo - diameter of pores; D - distance between pore centers; ang - angle of incidence; n - refractive index of surrounding medium. Files: (1) "_reflection.txt" - lambda(nm) (first column) - wavelength in nanometers; Y (second column) - T data from the monitor above the structure. (2) "_p0.log" - log file produced by the software while running the simulation. (3) ".fsp" - Lumerical software file containing the simulation project; it can be used to extract data from Y- and X-normal monitors (license required to open these files). (4) "Lumerical_Screenshots.pdf" - shows software screenshots for every object and its every property; red text is added to show which values are different for different simulations. (5) "Structure_Illustration.png" - a schematic of modeled structure. (6) "h290_Spol.jpg" and "h290_Ppol.jpg" - a preview of data from "_reflection.txt" files.