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1,018 results for “past”
Data from: A question of time: the land snail Murella muralis (Gastropoda: Pulmonata) reveals constrains to past ecological speciation
The lively debate about speciation currently focuses on the relative importance of factors driving population differentiation. While many studies are increasingly producing results on the importance of selection, little is known about the interaction between drift and selection. Moreover there is still little knowledge on the spatial-temporal scales at which speciation occurs, i.e. arrangement of habitat patches, abruptness of habitat transitions, climate and habitat changes interacting with selective forces. To investigate these questions, we quantified variation on a fine geographical scale analysing morphological (shell) and genetic datasets coupled with environmental data in the land snail Murella muralis, endemic to the Mediterranean island of Sicily. Analysis of a fragment of the mitochondrial DNA Cytochrome Oxidase I gene (COI) and eight nuclear microsatellite loci showed that genetic variation is highly structured at a very fine spatial scale by local palaeogeographical events and historical population dynamics. Molecular clock estimates, calibrated here specifically for Tyrrhenian land snails, provided a framework of palaeogeographical events responsible for the observed geographical variations and migration routes. Finally, we showed for the first time well documented lines of evidences of selection in the past, which explains divergence of land snail shell shapes. We suggest that time and palaeogeographical history acted as constraints in the progress along the ecological speciation continuum. Our study shows that testing for correlation among palaeogeography, morphology and genetic data on a fine geographical scale provides information fundamental for a detailed understanding of ecological speciation processes.
Data from: Reconstructing the past: methods and techniques for the digital restoration of fossils
During fossilization, the remains of extinct organisms are subjected to taphonomic and diagenetic processes. As a result, fossils show a variety of preservational artefacts, which can range from small breaks and cracks, disarticulation and fragmentation, to the loss and deformation of skeletal structures and other hard parts. Such artefacts can present a considerable problem, as the preserved morphology of fossils often forms the basis for palaeontological research. Phylogenetic and taxonomic studies, inferences on appearance, ecology and behaviour and functional analyses of fossil organisms strongly rely on morphological information. As a consequence, the restoration of fossil morphology is often a necessary prerequisite for further analyses. Facilitated by recent computational advances, virtual reconstruction and restoration techniques offer versatile tools to restore the original morphology of fossils. Different methodological steps and approaches, as well as software are outlined and reviewed here, and advantages and disadvantages are discussed. Although the complexity of the restorative processes can introduce a degree of interpretation, digitally restored fossils can provide useful morphological information and can be used to obtain functional estimates. Additionally, the digital nature of the restored models can open up possibilities for education and outreach and further research.
Data from: Behavioural flexibility in spider mites: oviposition site shifts based on past and present stimuli from conspecifics and predators
Predator-experienced individuals often change their predation avoidance response when they re-encounter the same predators or their cues. Recent reports show that behavioural change sometimes occurs even before the re-encounter. To function as an adaptive strategy in the wild, such prospective experience-induced behaviour should change flexibly in response to changing situations. We assessed flexibility of experience-induced oviposition site shift in two closely related species of spider mites, Tetranychus kanzawai and T. urticae, from the viewpoint of reducing future predation risk on their eggs. We found that: (i) individuals of T. kanzawai shifted oviposition site depending on the presence of conspecific eggs; (ii) after experiencing predation threat T. kanzawai females shifted oviposition site even in the absence of any current predation threat; (iii) this experience-induced shift of oviposition site was weakened in the presence of conspecific males; and (iv) experience-induced behaviour was retained for a shorter period in T. urticae than in T. kanzawai, possibly because the demand for learning may differ with regard to biological conditions encountered in the wild.
Fits and plot data for the paper: "Combined analyses of within-host SARS-CoV-2 viral kinetics and information on past exposures to the virus in a human cohort identifies intrinsic differences of Omicron and Delta variants"
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Database of saturated paste standing time experiment
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Results from DSC analysis over SMC paste (50009092 grade by Menzolit supplier)
<p>Results from DSC analysis over SMC paste automotive grade (50009092 grade provided by Menzolit supplier)</p>
Figs 67-79 in From the shadows of the past: Moricand senior and junior, two 19th century naturalists from Geneva, with their newly described taxa and molluscan types
Figs 67-79. Subulinidae, Pleurodontidae, and Haplotrematidae. (67-68) Subulinidae. (67) Obeliscus subuliformis (S. Moricand, 1836), syntype, MHNG-INVE-66259 (H = 28.7). (68) Obeliscus obeliscus (S. Moricand, 1834), holotype, MHNG-INVE-66256 (H = 84.4). (69-76) Pleurodontidae. (69-72) Isomeria equestrata (J. Moricand, 1858), syntype, MHNG-INVE-72607 (D = 38.6). (73-76) Labyrinthus tarapotonensis (J. Moricand, 1858), syntype, MHNG-INVE-72711 (D = 30.0). (77-79). Haplotrematidae. (77-79) Austroselenites moyobambensis (J. Moricand, 1858), syntype, MHNG-INVE-68036 (D = 27.2).
Data for / Comparison of Antifungal Activity of Thymus Vulgaris Essential Oil and Triple Antibiotic Paste Against Candida Albicans Isolated from Root Canal (In Vitro Study)
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Geographic range estimates and environmental requirements for the harpy eagle derived from spatial models of current and past distribution
<p>Understanding species-environment relationships is key to defining the spatial structure of species distributions and develop effective conservation plans. However, for many species this baseline information does not exist. With reliable presence data, spatial models that predict geographical ranges and identify environmental processes regulating distribution are a cost-effective and rapid method to achieve this. Yet these spatial models are lacking for many rare and threatened species, particularly in tropical regions. The harpy eagle (<i>Harpia harpyja</i>) is a Neotropical forest raptor of conservation concern with a continental distribution across lowland tropical forests in Central and South America.Currently the harpy eagle faces threats from habitat loss and persecution and is categorised as Near-Threatened by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Within a point process modelling (PPM) framework, we use presence-only occurrences with climatic and topographical predictors to estimate current and past distributions and define environmental requirements using Ecological Niche Factor Analysis. The current PPM prediction had high calibration accuracy (Continuous Boyce Index = 0.838) and was robust to null expectations (pROC ratio = 1.407). Three predictors contributed 96 % to the PPM prediction, with Climatic Moisture Index the most important (72.1 %), followed by minimum temperature of the warmest month (15.6 %) and Terrain Roughness Index (8.3 %). Assessing distribution in environmental space confirmed the same predictors explaining distribution, along with precipitation in the wettest month. Our reclassified binary model estimated a current range size 11 % smaller than the current IUCN range polygon. Paleoclimatic projections combined with the current model predicted stable climatic refugia in the central Amazon, Guyana, eastern Colombia, and Panama. We propose a data-driven geographical range to complement the current IUCN range estimate, and that despite its continental distribution this tropical forest raptor is highly specialized to specific environmental requirements.</p> <p> </p>
Weather dataset (Typical Downscaled Year, Extreme Cold Year, Extreme Warm Year) for building energy simulations (.epw format) in recent past climate, Sint-Katelijne-Waver, Belgium
<p>Typical Downscaled Year (TDY), Extreme Cold Year and Extreme Warm Year based on the methodology of Nik (2016), is extracted for the location of Sint-Katelijne-Waver (51°3'25"N 4°11'24" E) from the EC-Earth driven convection-permitting climate model COSMO-CLM for the Belgian domain extended with land-surface scheme TERRA_URB(v2.0) making use of the SURY (Semi-empirical URban canopY) parameterization ( Wouters et al. 2016). The integrations are identical to the ones which are described in Vanden Broucke et al. (2019). The climate model has a spatial resolution of 2.8 km and an hourly temporal resolution and is available for the recent past (1976-2004) and future (2070-2098) as 30-year datasets. For this dataset, the TDY, ECY, and EWY are extracted for the recent past period. A bias correction is applied for the following variables: temperature (as described in Ramon et al. 2020), solar radiation and relative humidity as described in Ramon et al. (202X).</p>
Figure 2 from: Fernandez-Triana JL (2022) Turbo taxonomy approaches: lessons from the past and recommendations for the future based on the experience with Braconidae (Hymenoptera) parasitoid wasps. ZooKeys 1087: 199-220. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1087.76720
Figure 2 Details of the key to the Apanteles leucostigmus species group as it would look based on modifications detailed in the present paper (see section "h) Overall estimated time to deal with one species" in the current manuscript).
Supplementary material 1 from: Fernandez-Triana JL (2022) Turbo taxonomy approaches: lessons from the past and recommendations for the future based on the experience with Braconidae (Hymenoptera) parasitoid wasps. ZooKeys 1087: 199-220. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1087.76720
Comments from the reviewers
Figure 1 from: Fernandez-Triana JL (2022) Turbo taxonomy approaches: lessons from the past and recommendations for the future based on the experience with Braconidae (Hymenoptera) parasitoid wasps. ZooKeys 1087: 199-220. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1087.76720
Figure 1 Details of the key to the Apanteles leucostigmus species group as it appeared in Fernandez-Triana et al. (2014). The plate shows a composite image of the key in the same format it appeared in the online version of that key (https://zookeys.pensoft.net/articles.php?id=3394).
Figure 2 from: Haupt TM, Ceasar J, Stefanoudis P, von der Meden C, Payne RP, Adams LA, Anders DR, Bernard AT, Coetzer W, Florence WK, Janson LA, Johnson AS, Juby R, Kock AA, Langenkämper D, Nadjim AM, Parker D, Samaai T, Snyders LB, Upfold L, van der Heever GM, Williams LL (2022) The WIO Regional Benthic Imagery Workshop: Lessons from past IIOE-2 expeditions. Research Ideas and Outcomes 8: e81563. https://doi.org/10.3897/rio.8.e81563
Figure 2 Specimen plate of benthic invertebrates collected via dredge sampling on the IIOE-2 expeditions of 2017/2018. Shown here are a diverse range of taxa - Crustacea, Bryozoa, Brachiopoda, Porifera, Cnidaria, Echinodermata and Mollusca.
Figure 3 from: Haupt TM, Ceasar J, Stefanoudis P, von der Meden C, Payne RP, Adams LA, Anders DR, Bernard AT, Coetzer W, Florence WK, Janson LA, Johnson AS, Juby R, Kock AA, Langenkämper D, Nadjim AM, Parker D, Samaai T, Snyders LB, Upfold L, van der Heever GM, Williams LL (2022) The WIO Regional Benthic Imagery Workshop: Lessons from past IIOE-2 expeditions. Research Ideas and Outcomes 8: e81563. https://doi.org/10.3897/rio.8.e81563
Figure 3 Increasing complexity and cost of visual sampling equipment; the operational requirements for deployment of the equipment, from small craft to large research vessels; and the technical and legal requirements for operators. Photographic credit (Left to Right): Department of Forestry, Fisheries and the Environment (South Africa); Jeanne Mortimer (Island Conservation Society, Seychelles); 3) South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity (SAIAB); 4) South African Environmental Observation Network (SAEON); 5) SAIAB; 6) Nekton.
Figure 1 from: Haupt TM, Ceasar J, Stefanoudis P, von der Meden C, Payne RP, Adams LA, Anders DR, Bernard AT, Coetzer W, Florence WK, Janson LA, Johnson AS, Juby R, Kock AA, Langenkämper D, Nadjim AM, Parker D, Samaai T, Snyders LB, Upfold L, van der Heever GM, Williams LL (2022) The WIO Regional Benthic Imagery Workshop: Lessons from past IIOE-2 expeditions. Research Ideas and Outcomes 8: e81563. https://doi.org/10.3897/rio.8.e81563
Figure 1 A map of the representative countries, of which 231 out of the 266 participants (i.e. 87%) were from the Western Indian Ocean. Source: L Williams, DFFE.
Supplementary material 1 from: Rezić A, Safner T, Iacolina L, Bužan E, Šprem N (2022) Traces of past reintroduction in genetic diversity: The case of the Balkan chamois (Mammalia, Artiodactyla). ZooKeys 1116: 57-70. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1116.84577
Tables and figures
Semantic targeting: past, present and future
<p>Keynote address day one of the ISKO UK <a href="https://www.iskouk.org/2009-Conference">2009 biennale conference </a>.</p> <p>This keynote address looked at the evolution of the linguistic approach to content analysis which Crystal has been developing over the past twenty years. It begins with the knowledge management taxonomy used for the Cambridge family of general encyclopedias, and follows its transformation into an Internet taxonomy, with applications in automatic document classification, search engine assistance, e-commerce, online advertising, and<br> Internet security. Recent developments have brought a focus on advertising, a field which has seen ideas develop from simple keyword analysis to contextual advertising and now to semantic targeting.<br> David Crystal explores the difference between these notions, and describes current issues in the way semantic targeting is evolving, including ways of handling site sensitivity, sentiment, intention, and cultural localization.</p> <p> </p>
Supplementary material 1 from: Ball-Damerow JE, Oboyski PT, Resh VH (2015) California dragonfly and damselfly (Odonata) database: temporal and spatial distribution of species records collected over the past century. ZooKeys 482: 67-89. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.482.8453
California Odonata database records after data processing, as described in methods.:
Figure 2 from: Guillaumot C, Martin A, Fabri-Ruiz S, Eléaume M, Saucède T (2016) Echinoids of the Kerguelen Plateau – occurrence data and environmental setting for past, present, and future species distribution modelling. ZooKeys 630: 1-17. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.630.9856
Figure 2 - Distribution of the 12 echinoid species based on the specimens collected since 1872 on the Kerguelen Plateau.
ScienceDex guides
Understand access before you commit
These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.