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Fig. 2. Harpyionycteris celebensis AMNH 196437 in Phylogenetic Relationships of the Enigmatic Harpy Fruit Bat, Harpyionycteris (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Pteropodidae)

Fig. 2. Harpyionycteris celebensis AMNH 196437, rostral view of the apex of the skull and mental view of the mandible. Abbreviations: c, lower canine; C, upper canine; i2, lower second incisor; I2, upper second incisor. Homology of teeth according to Andersen (1912). Scale 5 1 mm.

Figs. 1–6 in Phylogenetic Relationships Among Yellowjackets and the Evolution of Social Parasitism (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Vespinae)

Figs. 1–6. Characters of yellowjackets. 1–2, clypeus. 1, V. rufa (Linnaeus). 2, Vespula austriaca (Panzer). 3–4, head in frontal view. 3, Dolichovespula sylvestris (Scopoli). 4, D. norvegicoides (Sladen). 5–6, head in lateral view. 5, V. pensylvanica (de Saussure). 6, V. vidua (de Saussure). All scale bars equal 1 mm.

Fig. 19 in Phylogenetic Relationships Among Yellowjackets and the Evolution of Social Parasitism (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Vespinae)

Fig. 19. Cladogram resulting from analysis of all the characters in table 1. Characters have been optimized with only unambiguous changes plotted. Character numbers are above the hashmarks; state changes are shown below, with the respective primitive and derived conditions separated by a ''.''. Filled hashmarks denote uncontroverted changes, whereas open hashmarks indicate homoplasy in the character. Characters supporting the monophyly of yellowjackets as a whole are not plotted. This cladogram also results from analysis of only the morphological characters in table 1.

Figs. 13–18 in Phylogenetic Relationships Among Yellowjackets and the Evolution of Social Parasitism (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Vespinae)

Figs. 13–18. Characters of yellowjackets. 13–14, mandibular teeth. 13, Vespula shidai Ishikawa, Yamane and Wagner. 14, Dolichovespula saxonica (Fabricius). 15–18, mesosoma in lateral view. 15, D. adulterina (du Buysson). 16, Dolichovespula maculata (Linnaeus). 17, V. rufa (Linnaeus). 18, V. germanica (Fabricius). All scale bars equal 1 mm.

Fig. 20 in Phylogenetic Relationships Among Yellowjackets and the Evolution of Social Parasitism (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Vespinae)

Fig. 20. Cladogram resulting from analysis of the behavioral characters in table 1, with the three inquiline species deleted.

Fig. 21 in Phylogenetic Relationships Among Yellowjackets and the Evolution of Social Parasitism (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Vespinae)

Fig. 21. Cladogram for yellowjacket species, with usurpation behavior optimized. State changes are shown below squares, with the respective primitive and derived conditions separated by a ''.''. Grayscaled squares denote convergent changes whereas open squares indicate reversal.

Figs. 7–12 in Phylogenetic Relationships Among Yellowjackets and the Evolution of Social Parasitism (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Vespinae)

Figs. 7–12. Characters of yellowjackets. 7–8, head in lateral view. 7, Dolichovespula norvegicoides (Sladen). 8, D. adulterina (du Buysson). 9–10, head in frontal view. 9, Vespula rufa (Linnaeus). 10, D. alpicola Eck. 11, head in lateral view, D. arenaria (Fabricius). 12, mandibular teeth, V. germanica (Fabricius). All scale bars equal 1 mm.

FIGURE 21 in Phylogenetic Relationships Of A New Genus Of Calliopsine Bees From Peru, With A Review Of Spinoliella Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae)

FIGURE 21. Female of Spinoliella tadeyi Compagnucci from Santa Cruz, Argentina (PCYU). A. Detail of frons. B. Detail of mesoscutum, mesoscutellum, and metanotum in dorsal view. C. Mesobasitarsus. D. Metabasitibial plate.

FIGURE 20 in Phylogenetic Relationships Of A New Genus Of Calliopsine Bees From Peru, With A Review Of Spinoliella Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae)

FIGURE 20. Spinoliella rufiventris Toro and Ruz (A-E) from Ñuble, Chile (SEMC) and male of Spinoliella ruzi Compagnucci (F) from Nahuel Huapi, Argentina (PCYU). A. Detail of female frons of S. rufiventris. B. Detail of female mesoscutum and mesoscutellum in dorsal view of S. rufiventris. C. Female metabasitibial plate of S. rufiventris. D. Male metabasitibial plate of S. rufiventris. E. Male metasomal S8 of S. rufiventris. F. Male metasomal S8 of S. ruzi.

FIGURE 19 in Phylogenetic Relationships Of A New Genus Of Calliopsine Bees From Peru, With A Review Of Spinoliella Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae)

FIGURE 19. Spinoliella psamita Toro and Ruz from Atacama, Chile (SEMC). A. Detail of female frons. B. Detail of female mesoscutum and mesoscutellum in dorsal view. C. Female metabasitibial plate. D. Male metabasitibial plate. E. Female terminal metasomal terga.

FIGURE 18 in Phylogenetic Relationships Of A New Genus Of Calliopsine Bees From Peru, With A Review Of Spinoliella Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae)

FIGURE 18. Male paratype of Spinoliella propinqua Gonzalez and Engel, new species. A. Facial view. B. Lateral habitus. C. Dorsal habitus. D. Detail of mesoscutum and mesoscutellum in dorsal view. E. Metabasitibial plate. F. Detail of apex of metatibia, metabasitarsus, remaining metatarsomeres, and pretarsus. G. Terminal metasomal terga. H. Metasomal S7. I. Metasomal S8. J. Genital capsule in dorsal (left half) and ventral (right half) views. K. Lateral aspect of genital capsule.

FIGURE 17 in Phylogenetic Relationships Of A New Genus Of Calliopsine Bees From Peru, With A Review Of Spinoliella Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae)

FIGURE 17. Female holotype of Spinoliella propinqua Gonzalez and Engel, new species. A. Facial view. B. Detail of clypeus. C. Metabasitibial plate. D. Lateral habitus. E. Dorsal habitus. F. Detail of mesoscutum and mesoscutellum in dorsal view. G. Pygidial plate.

FIGURE 16 in Phylogenetic Relationships Of A New Genus Of Calliopsine Bees From Peru, With A Review Of Spinoliella Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae)

FIGURE 16. Female holotype of Spinoliella polita Gonzalez and Engel, new species. A. Facial view. B. Lateral habitus. C. Dorsal habitus. D. Detail of mesoscutum and mesoscutellum in dorsal view. E. Metabasitibial plate. F. Pygidial plate.

FIGURE 14 in Phylogenetic Relationships Of A New Genus Of Calliopsine Bees From Peru, With A Review Of Spinoliella Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae)

FIGURE 14. Female holotype of Spinoliella packeri Gonzalez and Engel, new species. A. Facial view. B. Detail of mesosoma in dorsal view. C. Dorsal habitus. D. Metabasitibial plate. E. Lateral habitus.

FIGURE 13 in Phylogenetic Relationships Of A New Genus Of Calliopsine Bees From Peru, With A Review Of Spinoliella Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae)

FIGURE 13. Spinoliella opaca Rodriguez, Toro, and Ruz from Los Choros, Chile (PCYU). A. Female facial view. B. Detail of male labrum. C. Female terminal metasomal terga.

FIGURE 12 in Phylogenetic Relationships Of A New Genus Of Calliopsine Bees From Peru, With A Review Of Spinoliella Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae)

FIGURE 12. Spinoliella nomadoides (Spinola) from Coquimbo, Chile (AMNH). A. Female facial view. B. Male facial view. C. Detail of male mesoscutum and mesoscutellum in dorsal view. D. Female metatibial spurs. E. Female metabasitibial plate. F. Male metatibial spurs, metabasitarsus, remaining metatarsomeres, and pretarsus.

FIGURE 11 in Phylogenetic Relationships Of A New Genus Of Calliopsine Bees From Peru, With A Review Of Spinoliella Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae)

FIGURE 11. Spinoliella maculata (Spinola) from Los Vilos, Coquimbo, Chile (SEMC). A. Detail of female clypeus. B. Male metabasitibial plate. C. Female metabasitibial plate. D. Detail of female mesoscutum and mesoscutellum in dorsal view. E. Male terminal metasomal terga.

FIGURE 9 in Phylogenetic Relationships Of A New Genus Of Calliopsine Bees From Peru, With A Review Of Spinoliella Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae)

FIGURE 9. Spinoliella incudinotata Compagnucci from Catamarta, Argentina (SEMC). A. Female facial view. B. Female mesosoma in dorsal view. C. Male metasoma.

FIGURE 8 in Phylogenetic Relationships Of A New Genus Of Calliopsine Bees From Peru, With A Review Of Spinoliella Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae)

FIGURE 8. Spinoliella herbsti (Friese) from Elqui Province, Coquimbo, Chile (SEMC). A. Detail of female frons. B. Female metatibial spurs. C. Detail of female mesoscutum, mesoscutellum, and metanotum in dorsal view. D. Female metabasitibial plate. E. Male metabasitibial plate. F. Female pygidial plate.

FIGURE 2 in Phylogenetic Relationships Of A New Genus Of Calliopsine Bees From Peru, With A Review Of Spinoliella Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae)

FIGURE 2. Female holotype of Xeranthrena imponticula Gonzalez and Engel, new species. A. Facial view. B. Detail of clypeus. C. Head in lateral view. D. Dorsal habitus. E. Detail of mesoscutum and mesoscutellum in dorsal view. F. Metabasitibial plate. G. Metasoma in dorsal view. H. Lateral habitus. I. Metasomal S6 in ventral view.