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FIGURE 5 in Wing Tracheation in Chrysopidae and Other Neuropterida (Insecta): A Resolution of the Confusion about Vein Fusion

FIGURE 5. Line drawings of undetermined nemopterine genus (forewing) and Nemoptera sinuata Olivier (hind wing) (Nemopteridae); see figure 2 for explanation of abbreviations.

FIGURE 4 in Wing Tracheation in Chrysopidae and Other Neuropterida (Insecta): A Resolution of the Confusion about Vein Fusion

FIGURE 4. Line drawings of forewing and hind wing of Myiodactylus osmyloides Brauer (Nymphidae); see figure 2 for explanation of abbreviations.

FIGURE 1 in Wing Tracheation in Chrysopidae and Other Neuropterida (Insecta): A Resolution of the Confusion about Vein Fusion

FIGURE 1. Microphotograph (above) and line drawing (below) of Chrysopa nigricornis Burmeister show detail of mamp1 (first intermedial cell, indicated by asterisk) and surrounding area, illustrating the dissimilarity between apparent and actual venation, ventral view. Solid arrows indicate points of tracheal division, dashed arrows indicate fusions of veins with multiple tracheae present; course of tracheae indicated by green lines.

FIGURE 17 in Wing Tracheation in Chrysopidae and Other Neuropterida (Insecta): A Resolution of the Confusion about Vein Fusion

FIGURE 17. Line drawings of the variation of mamp1 (first intermedial cell) in Chrysopidae; mamp1 shaded in grey; refer to figure 16B for color legend. A. Eutriangular, Chrysopa perla Linnaeus. B. Pseudotriangular, Hypochrysa elegans (Burmeister). C. Quadrangular, Nacarina balboana (Banks). D. Absent, Apochrysa leptala (Rambur).

FIGURE 14 in Wing Tracheation in Chrysopidae and Other Neuropterida (Insecta): A Resolution of the Confusion about Vein Fusion

FIGURE 14. Forewings and hind wings of brown lacewings (Hemerobiidae). A. Line drawings of forewing and hind wing of Hemerobius sp. B. Microphotograph and line drawing of detail of multiple radial sectors of Micromus posticus (Walker) in ventral view; tracheae in green. See figure 2 for explanation of abbreviations.

FIGURE 18 in Wing Tracheation in Chrysopidae and Other Neuropterida (Insecta): A Resolution of the Confusion about Vein Fusion

FIGURE 18. Microphotograph and line drawing of the wing base of Nothochrysa californica Banks (Chrysopidae: Nothochrysinae), showing that R and M are not fused, ventral view.

FIGURE 11 in Wing Tracheation in Chrysopidae and Other Neuropterida (Insecta): A Resolution of the Confusion about Vein Fusion

FIGURE 11. Line drawings of forewings and hind wings of a pleasing lacewing and a beaded lacewing. A. Nallachius americanus (McLachlan) (hind wing redrawn from Carpenter, 1940) (Dilaridae). B. Trichoma sp. (Berothidae). See figure 2 for explanation of abbreviations.

FIGURE 8 in Wing Tracheation in Chrysopidae and Other Neuropterida (Insecta): A Resolution of the Confusion about Vein Fusion

FIGURE 8. Microphotograph (above) and line drawing (below) of the proximal radial and medial sector of the hind wing of Ithone fulva Tillyard (Ithonidae), showing the elongate 1rp-m (sigmoid vein) in ventral view. Tracheae demarcated in green.

FIGURE 10 in Wing Tracheation in Chrysopidae and Other Neuropterida (Insecta): A Resolution of the Confusion about Vein Fusion

FIGURE 10. Line drawings of forewings and hind wings of a spongillafly and aquatic lacewing. A. Sisyra "flavicornis" (redrawn and modified from Comstock, 1918; likely a misnomer for S. fuscata [Fabricius]) (Sisyridae). B. Nevrorthus reconditus (Montserrat and Gavira) (redrawn from Montserrat and Gavira, 2014) (Nevrorthidae). See figure 2 for explanation of abbreviations.

FIGURE 20 in Wing Tracheation in Chrysopidae and Other Neuropterida (Insecta): A Resolution of the Confusion about Vein Fusion

FIGURE 20. Microphotograph and line drawing of the wing base of Chrysopa nigricornis Burmeister (Chrysopidae: Chrysopinae), showing the tympanal organ and the associated basal fusion of R and M. A. Ventral view, tympanal organ indicated by arrows. B. Dorsal view.

FIGURE 7 in Wing Tracheation in Chrysopidae and Other Neuropterida (Insecta): A Resolution of the Confusion about Vein Fusion

FIGURE 7. Line drawings of forewings and hind wings of a moth lacewing and dustywing. A. Ithone fulva Tillyard (Ithonidae). B. Aleuropteryx juniperi (Ohm), re-drawn from Meinander (1972) (Coniopterygidae). See figure 2 for explanation of abbreviations.

FIGURE 19 in Wing Tracheation in Chrysopidae and Other Neuropterida (Insecta): A Resolution of the Confusion about Vein Fusion

FIGURE 19. Microphotograph and line drawing of the wing base of Apochrysa sp. (Chrysopidae: Apochrysinae), showing that R and M are not fused, ventral view.

Text-fig. 8. Middle-ear ossicles of Metacheiromys marshi, USNM-P 452349. a – left malleus (partial), incus, and stapes in ventral view; b – right malleus in oblique anterior view (left) and oblique posterior view (right). Abbreviations: acr – anterior crus, cb – crus breve, cl – crus longum, fp – footplate, iaf – inferior articular facet, ib – incudal body, lp – lateral process, mh – mallear head, mn – manubrium, mp – muscular process, n – neck, ol – osseous lamina (broken), pcr – posterior crus, sh – stapedial head, stf – stapedial foramen, suaf – superior articular facet. in Skeletal Anatomy Of The Basicranium And Auditory Region In The Metacheiromyid Palaeanodont Metacheiromys (Mammalia, Pholidotamorpha) Based On High-Resolution Ct Scans

Text-fig. 8. Middle-ear ossicles of Metacheiromys marshi, USNM-P 452349. a – left malleus (partial), incus, and stapes in ventral view; b – right malleus in oblique anterior view (left) and oblique posterior view (right). Abbreviations: acr – anterior crus, cb – crus breve, cl – crus longum, fp – footplate, iaf – inferior articular facet, ib – incudal body, lp – lateral process, mh – mallear head, mn – manubrium, mp – muscular process, n – neck, ol – osseous lamina (broken), pcr – posterior crus, sh – stapedial head, stf – stapedial foramen, suaf – superior articular facet.

Text-fig. 7. Metacheiromys marshi, USNM-P 452349, basicranium isosurface from CT scans in oblique ventral view, showing middle ear ossicles as preserved. On the specimen's left side, the ossicles are essentially in life position, with the stapes largely hidden in the fenestra vestibuli; the left malleus is broken and represented largely by the mallear head. On the specimen's right side, most of the floor of auditory bulla has been removed to expose the malleus, which has shifted posteriorly from the life position. Abbreviations: aptt – anteroventral process of tegmen tympani, bo – basioccipital, bs – basisphenoid, eam – squamosal roof of external acoustic meatus, eo – exoccipital, gf – glenoid fossa, i – incus, m – malleus, mh – mallear head, oc – occipital condyle, pr – promontorium of petrosal, sh – stapedial head, tm – part of tubular external acoustic meatus. in Skeletal Anatomy Of The Basicranium And Auditory Region In The Metacheiromyid Palaeanodont Metacheiromys (Mammalia, Pholidotamorpha) Based On High-Resolution Ct Scans

Text-fig. 7. Metacheiromys marshi, USNM-P 452349, basicranium isosurface from CT scans in oblique ventral view, showing middle ear ossicles as preserved. On the specimen's left side, the ossicles are essentially in life position, with the stapes largely hidden in the fenestra vestibuli; the left malleus is broken and represented largely by the mallear head. On the specimen's right side, most of the floor of auditory bulla has been removed to expose the malleus, which has shifted posteriorly from the life position. Abbreviations: aptt – anteroventral process of tegmen tympani, bo – basioccipital, bs – basisphenoid, eam – squamosal roof of external acoustic meatus, eo – exoccipital, gf – glenoid fossa, i – incus, m – malleus, mh – mallear head, oc – occipital condyle, pr – promontorium of petrosal, sh – stapedial head, tm – part of tubular external acoustic meatus.

Text-fig. 6. Metacheiromys marshi, AMNH 131777, left petrosal isosurface from CT scans in endocranial view. a – shaded drawing; b – line drawing with labels. Abbreviations: app – apex partis petrosae, cc – cochlear canaliculus, crp – crista petrosa, cs – cerebral surface, iam – internal acoustic meatus, lji – lateral jugular incisure, me – mastoid exposure, mji – medial jugular incisure, saf – subarcuate fossa, sips – sulcus for inferior petrosal sinus, soev – sulcus for occipital emissary vein, sss – sulcus for sigmoid sinus, tc – transverse crest, to ptc – to posttemporal canal, va – vestibular aqueduct. in Skeletal Anatomy Of The Basicranium And Auditory Region In The Metacheiromyid Palaeanodont Metacheiromys (Mammalia, Pholidotamorpha) Based On High-Resolution Ct Scans

Text-fig. 6. Metacheiromys marshi, AMNH 131777, left petrosal isosurface from CT scans in endocranial view. a – shaded drawing; b – line drawing with labels. Abbreviations: app – apex partis petrosae, cc – cochlear canaliculus, crp – crista petrosa, cs – cerebral surface, iam – internal acoustic meatus, lji – lateral jugular incisure, me – mastoid exposure, mji – medial jugular incisure, saf – subarcuate fossa, sips – sulcus for inferior petrosal sinus, soev – sulcus for occipital emissary vein, sss – sulcus for sigmoid sinus, tc – transverse crest, to ptc – to posttemporal canal, va – vestibular aqueduct.

Text-fig. 2. Metacheiromys marshii, AMNH 131777, drawing of basicranium in ventral view with isosurface from CT scans of left petrosal inserted (compare with Simpson 1931: fig. 7). Much of the mastoid exposure on the specimen's left side is damaged. Numbers 1 to 4 indicate depressions that based on the right side include a thin layer of entotympanic; 1 to 3 are between petrosal and basioccipital and 4 is petrosal only. The white arrow in the lower left passes through a canal between the petrosal and exoccipital for the auricular branch of the vagus nerve. Abbreviations: abX – grooves and foramina for auricular branch of vagus nerve, as – alisphenoid, astp – alisphenoid tympanic process, bo – basioccipital, bs – basisphenoid, eam – roof of external acoustic meatus, ec – ectotympanic, en – entotympanic, eo – exoccipital, es – epitympanic sinus of squamosal, fm – foramen magnum, fo – foramen ovale, gf – glenoid fossa, hf – hypoglossal foramen, ips – foramen for inferior petrosal sinus, ljf – lateral jugular foramen, me – mastoid exposure of petrosal, mjf – medial jugular foramen, mt – muscular tubercle, mtc – musculotubal canal, oc – occipital condyle, pa – porus acousticus (hidden), pas – parasphenoid, pgp – postglenoid process, pr – promontorium of petrosal, ps – presphenoid, smf – stylomastoid foramen, sof – superior orbital fissure, sq – squamosal, tca – tympanic canaliculus, th – tympanohyal, tm – tubular external acoustic meatus. in Skeletal Anatomy Of The Basicranium And Auditory Region In The Metacheiromyid Palaeanodont Metacheiromys (Mammalia, Pholidotamorpha) Based On High-Resolution Ct Scans

Text-fig. 2. Metacheiromys marshii, AMNH 131777, drawing of basicranium in ventral view with isosurface from CT scans of left petrosal inserted (compare with Simpson 1931: fig. 7). Much of the mastoid exposure on the specimen's left side is damaged. Numbers 1 to 4 indicate depressions that based on the right side include a thin layer of entotympanic; 1 to 3 are between petrosal and basioccipital and 4 is petrosal only. The white arrow in the lower left passes through a canal between the petrosal and exoccipital for the auricular branch of the vagus nerve. Abbreviations: abX – grooves and foramina for auricular branch of vagus nerve, as – alisphenoid, astp – alisphenoid tympanic process, bo – basioccipital, bs – basisphenoid, eam – roof of external acoustic meatus, ec – ectotympanic, en – entotympanic, eo – exoccipital, es – epitympanic sinus of squamosal, fm – foramen magnum, fo – foramen ovale, gf – glenoid fossa, hf – hypoglossal foramen, ips – foramen for inferior petrosal sinus, ljf – lateral jugular foramen, me – mastoid exposure of petrosal, mjf – medial jugular foramen, mt – muscular tubercle, mtc – musculotubal canal, oc – occipital condyle, pa – porus acousticus (hidden), pas – parasphenoid, pgp – postglenoid process, pr – promontorium of petrosal, ps – presphenoid, smf – stylomastoid foramen, sof – superior orbital fissure, sq – squamosal, tca – tympanic canaliculus, th – tympanohyal, tm – tubular external acoustic meatus.

Text-fig. 5. Metacheiromys marshi, AMNH 131777, left petrosal isosurface from CT scans in tympanic view; the posttympanic process of the squamosal and some possible entotympanic are also included. a – isosurface; b – line drawing with labels. Numbers 1 to 4 indicate depressions on medial flange. Abbreviations: ams – anteromedial septum, aptt – anteroventral process of tegmen tympani, cct – canal for chorda tympani nerve, ci – crista interfenestralis, cof – cochlear fossula, cp – crista parotica, ctp – caudal tympanic process, en? – possible entotympanic, epc – epitympanic crest, ew – epitympanic wing, fc – facial canal, fv – fenestra in Skeletal Anatomy Of The Basicranium And Auditory Region In The Metacheiromyid Palaeanodont Metacheiromys (Mammalia, Pholidotamorpha) Based On High-Resolution Ct Scans

Text-fig. 5. Metacheiromys marshi, AMNH 131777, left petrosal isosurface from CT scans in tympanic view; the posttympanic process of the squamosal and some possible entotympanic are also included. a – isosurface; b – line drawing with labels. Numbers 1 to 4 indicate depressions on medial flange. Abbreviations: ams – anteromedial septum, aptt – anteroventral process of tegmen tympani, cct – canal for chorda tympani nerve, ci – crista interfenestralis, cof – cochlear fossula, cp – crista parotica, ctp – caudal tympanic process, en? – possible entotympanic, epc – epitympanic crest, ew – epitympanic wing, fc – facial canal, fv – fenestra

Text-fig. 3. Metacheiromys marshi, USNM-P 452349, coronal sections from CT scans. a – section 590 of 2020 through the anteriormost tympanic cavity showing air spaces in the entotympanic and squamosal; b – section 898 of 2020 at level of the fenestra vestibuli showing the mastoid sinus. Abbreviations: bo – basioccipital, bs – basisphenoid, cp – crista parotica, ec – ectotympanic, en – entotympanic, es – epitympanic sinus of squamosal, fv – fenestra vestibuli, hyf – hypophyseal fossa, m – malleus, ms – mastoid sinus, pr – promontorium, sq – squamosal, tc – tympanic cavity. in Skeletal Anatomy Of The Basicranium And Auditory Region In The Metacheiromyid Palaeanodont Metacheiromys (Mammalia, Pholidotamorpha) Based On High-Resolution Ct Scans

Text-fig. 3. Metacheiromys marshi, USNM-P 452349, coronal sections from CT scans. a – section 590 of 2020 through the anteriormost tympanic cavity showing air spaces in the entotympanic and squamosal; b – section 898 of 2020 at level of the fenestra vestibuli showing the mastoid sinus. Abbreviations: bo – basioccipital, bs – basisphenoid, cp – crista parotica, ec – ectotympanic, en – entotympanic, es – epitympanic sinus of squamosal, fv – fenestra vestibuli, hyf – hypophyseal fossa, m – malleus, ms – mastoid sinus, pr – promontorium, sq – squamosal, tc – tympanic cavity.

Text-fig. 4. Metacheiromys marshii, AMNH 131777, basicranial isosurface from CT scans in oblique posteroventral view: left petrosal in blue and small piece of left entotympanic in red. The white arrow on the left petrosal passes through a canal traversed by the tympanic nerve. Abbreviations: abX – foramen for auricular branch of vagus nerve, aptt – anteroventral process of tegmen tympani, as – alisphenoid, bo – basioccipital, bs – basisphenoid, ctp – caudal tympanic process, eam – squamosal roof of external acoustic meatus, ec – ectotympanic, en – entotympanic, eo – exoccipital, hf – hypoglossal foramen, ips – foramen for inferior petrosal sinus, ljf – lateral jugular foramen, me – mastoid exposure of petrosal, mjf – medial jugular foramen, mt – muscular tubercle, oc – occipital condyle, pcf – posterior carotid foramen, pp – paroccipital process of petrosal, pr – promontorium of petrosal, ptp – posttympanic process of squamosal, smf – stylomastoid foramen, sq – squamosal, stf – stapedial artery foramen, tca – tympanic canaliculus, th – tympanohyal. in Skeletal Anatomy Of The Basicranium And Auditory Region In The Metacheiromyid Palaeanodont Metacheiromys (Mammalia, Pholidotamorpha) Based On High-Resolution Ct Scans

Text-fig. 4. Metacheiromys marshii, AMNH 131777, basicranial isosurface from CT scans in oblique posteroventral view: left petrosal in blue and small piece of left entotympanic in red. The white arrow on the left petrosal passes through a canal traversed by the tympanic nerve. Abbreviations: abX – foramen for auricular branch of vagus nerve, aptt – anteroventral process of tegmen tympani, as – alisphenoid, bo – basioccipital, bs – basisphenoid, ctp – caudal tympanic process, eam – squamosal roof of external acoustic meatus, ec – ectotympanic, en – entotympanic, eo – exoccipital, hf – hypoglossal foramen, ips – foramen for inferior petrosal sinus, ljf – lateral jugular foramen, me – mastoid exposure of petrosal, mjf – medial jugular foramen, mt – muscular tubercle, oc – occipital condyle, pcf – posterior carotid foramen, pp – paroccipital process of petrosal, pr – promontorium of petrosal, ptp – posttympanic process of squamosal, smf – stylomastoid foramen, sq – squamosal, stf – stapedial artery foramen, tca – tympanic canaliculus, th – tympanohyal.

Text-fig. 1. a, c – Metacheiromys marshi, AMNH 131777, skull in ventral, right lateral view; b – Metacheiromys marshi, USNM-P 452349, skull in ventral view. Abbreviations: pa – porus acousticus, ptf – posttemporal foramen. in Skeletal Anatomy Of The Basicranium And Auditory Region In The Metacheiromyid Palaeanodont Metacheiromys (Mammalia, Pholidotamorpha) Based On High-Resolution Ct Scans

Text-fig. 1. a, c – Metacheiromys marshi, AMNH 131777, skull in ventral, right lateral view; b – Metacheiromys marshi, USNM-P 452349, skull in ventral view. Abbreviations: pa – porus acousticus, ptf – posttemporal foramen.