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Figure 10. Teeth. A, Ibc 309. B, Ibc 314. C, Ibc 1656 in Trematochampsa taqueti as a nomen dubium and the crocodyliform diversity of the Upper Cretaceous In Beceten Formation of Niger

Figure 10. Teeth. A, Ibc 309. B, Ibc 314. C, Ibc 1656. Scale is 1 cm.

Text-fig. 2. Bivariate diagram of length and width of the lower dentition of selected European small and middle size Amphicyoninae compared with the Tuchořice specimens. a: length P4 and M1; b: length m1 and m2; c: length M1 and M2; d: length m1 and p4. Symbols the same as in Text-fig. 1. Data from Schlosser (1899, 1904), Thenius (1949), Dehm (1950), Heizmann (1973), Ginsburg (1989), Peigné (2012). Dotted line – ranges of maximum and minimum values from the average of teeth of Cynelos lemanensis from Ulm (Peigné and Heizmann 2003); solid line – ranges of maximum and minimum values from the average of teeth of Cynelos lemanensis from Saint Gérand (Ginsburg 1977). Abbreviations: L – length. in The Amphicyoninae (Amphicyonidae, Carnivora, Mammalia) Of The Early Miocene From Tuchořice, The Czech Republic

Text-fig. 2. Bivariate diagram of length and width of the lower dentition of selected European small and middle size Amphicyoninae compared with the Tuchořice specimens. a: length P4 and M1; b: length m1 and m2; c: length M1 and M2; d: length m1 and p4. Symbols the same as in Text-fig. 1. Data from Schlosser (1899, 1904), Thenius (1949), Dehm (1950), Heizmann (1973), Ginsburg (1989), Peigné (2012). Dotted line – ranges of maximum and minimum values from the average of teeth of Cynelos lemanensis from Ulm (Peigné and Heizmann 2003); solid line – ranges of maximum and minimum values from the average of teeth of Cynelos lemanensis from Saint Gérand (Ginsburg 1977). Abbreviations: L – length.

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Fig. 4. Representative batoid chondrichthyan teeth from the J&M in New Late Cretaceous microvertebrate assemblage from the Campanian-Maastrichtian Williams Fork Formation, northwestern Colorado, USA, and its paleoenvironmental implications

Fig. 4. Representative batoid chondrichthyan teeth from the J&M site, Colorado, USA, Williams Fork Formation, Upper Cretaceous. A, B. Myledaphus bipartitus Cope, 1876. A. MWC 8887, tooth crown and root in mesial (A1), labial (A2), and occlusal (A3) views. B. MWC 9591, tooth crown and root in mesial (B1), labial (B2), and occlusal (B3) views. C, D. Pseudomyledaphus sp. C. MWC 9589, tooth crown and root in mesial (C1) and occlusal (C2) views. D. MWC 9590, tooth crown and root in mesial (D1) and occlusal (D2) views. E, F. Cristomylus sp. E. MWC 8886, tooth crown in mesial (E1) and occlusal (E2) views. F. MWC 9588, tooth crown in mesial (F1) and occlusal (F2) views.

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FIGURE 12 in Identifying tooth position of isolated teeth of sparassodonts (Mammalia: Metatheria) using geometric morphometrics

FIGURE 12. Plot of the first two canonical variates (CVs) of the reduced taxon (no Tiupampa taxa, borhyaenids, or thylacosmilids), trigon-only discriminant analysis with tooth locus coded by symbol and incorrectly-classified specimens uncolored. Convex hulls represent morphospace occupied by each tooth locus.

Figure 5. – Scomber scombrus. A in Some data on the histological organization of bony tissues and teeth in the Mackerel, Scomber scombrus L. 1758 (Acanthopterygii, Perciformes, Scombridae)

Figure 5. – Scomber scombrus. A: MNHN-F-Histos 1951. Axial section of a caniniform tooth showing the cone of orthodentine with its external thin enameloid layer (En). The tooth base is surround- ed by an acellular bony tissue (Bo) that delimits an alveola. CO: odontoblastic canalicles, De: Dentine, PC: pulp cavity, VC: vascular canal or vascular cavity. B: MNHN–F-Histos 1959. Detail of the dentine of tooth No 7 (see Fig. 4D) showing the odontoblastic canaliculae (arrow-heads). Bo: bony tissue, De: dentine, En: Enameloid layer, PC: pulp cavity. Scale bars: A = 100 μm; B = 50 μm.

Figure 1. – Scomber scombrus. A in Some data on the histological organization of bony tissues and teeth in the Mackerel, Scomber scombrus L. 1758 (Acanthopterygii, Perciformes, Scombridae)

Figure 1. – Scomber scombrus. A: Left lateral view of the first four abdominal vertebrae. a and b respectively axis indicate the cross section of the first vertebra and the longitudinal section of the fourth vertebra. B: The external side of the right dentary. a and b axis respectively correspond to the section studies in Fig. 5 and Fig. 4. C: External side of the right ceratohyal: ch: ceratohyal, eh: epihyal, ih: interhyal. Scale bars = 5 mm. The black arrows on each figure indicate the front of the fish.

Figure 4. – Neoproscinetes penalvai. Tooth organization. A in The paleohistology of bone and teeth in Cretaceous Pycnodontidae (Neopterygii: Pycnodontiformes): the case of Neoproscinetes penalvai and Tepexichthys aranguthyorum

Figure 4. – Neoproscinetes penalvai. Tooth organization. A: Sagittal section of a tooth (see black asterisk of Fig. 2C) (MNHN-FHistos 2720). The tooth is constituted of two parts: i) a basal core of dentine that is stratified and ii) an apical cap of orthodentine (Or) overlain by a thick stratum of durodentine (Du). The tooth is inserted in an alveola of spongy cellular bone (Ab) (Pc = pulp cavity). B: (MNHN-F-Histos 2727) Detail of two neighbouring teeth (black asterisks) showing the spongy bony wall (white asterisks) of the alveolae in which they are inserted. On the left a tooth crown shows the two distinct layers of dentine: i) the lower circumpulpar dentine is constituted of orthodentine; ii) the higher palleal dentine with its odontoblastic canalicles that cross its whole thickness and that end in durodentine. C: Axial section (MNHN-F-Histos 2727) of a tooth showing detail of the contact between dentine (De) on the right with alveolar bone (Ab) on the left. There are two sorts of canalicles: osteoblastic in bone (black arrow-head) and odontoblastic in dentine on the right. (Vc = vascular cavity). D: (MNHN-F-Histos 2720) Detail of stratified dentine (de) in the root of a tooth. E: Transversal section (MNHN-F-Histos 2727) showing detail of the alveolar bone. One can see the vascular cavities (Vc), and numerous osteoblastic canalicles (arrow-heads) starting from the walls of the cavities; osteocytes are either absent or very scarce. Scale bars: A = 250 μm; B = 200 μm; C = 50 μm; D, E = 100 μm.

Figure 1. – A in The paleohistology of bone and teeth in Cretaceous Pycnodontidae (Neopterygii: Pycnodontiformes): the case of Neoproscinetes penalvai and Tepexichthys aranguthyorum

Figure 1. – A: Neoproscinetes penalvai. Complete specimen, UERJ PMB 593. The white arrows point to the molariform teeth. B: Tepexichthys aranguthyorum. Complete specimen, IGM 3286. Scale bars: A = 20 mm; B = 30 mm.

Figure 3. – Neoproscinetes penalvai. A in The paleohistology of bone and teeth in Cretaceous Pycnodontidae (Neopterygii: Pycnodontiformes): the case of Neoproscinetes penalvai and Tepexichthys aranguthyorum

Figure 3. – Neoproscinetes penalvai. A. Ground section (MNHNF-Histos 2719) from sample No 2 (the gangue that surrounds the skeletal element have been removed). The section shows the labial cavity (LC) with four teeth (1-4) on the vomer (Vo) and 2+4 teeth on the prearticulars (PA). Teeth are inserted in kinds of alveolae constituted by alveolar bone (= cement) (arrow-heads). The roots and crowns of teeth are clearly visible. On the right there is a dermal bone (DB) the external surface of which shows four odontodes (arrow-heads). B: Ground section (MNHN-F-Histos 2724) from sample No 1 to obtain transversal sections of teeth (the gang that surround the skeletal element have been removed). The picture shows eight sections of teeth (1-8). Sections of teeth 1-3 cross the tooth's root, sections of teeth 4-5 and 7 cross the limit root-crown and the sections of teeth 6 and 8 cross the crown. Circumpulpar dentine (de) appears in yellow and enameloide (durodentine) in white (en). The teeth 1 to 5 + 7 are joined to each other by alveolar bone (ab). Scale bars: A = 2.5 mm; B = 1 mm.

Figure 6 in The paleohistology of bone and teeth in Cretaceous Pycnodontidae (Neopterygii: Pycnodontiformes): the case of Neoproscinetes penalvai and Tepexichthys aranguthyorum

Figure 6. – Neoproscinetes penalvai. (MNHN-F-Histos 2727) Visceral bone (transmitted natural light). A: A view of bone organization showing a lot of vascular canals or cavities (Vc). One can see numerous osteoblastic canalicles more or less orthogonal to the various bone surfaces; they are sinuous and ramified. B: Another bone area organization showing a lot of primary and a secondary (white asterisk) vascular canals. Secondary bone is crossed by osteoblastic canalicles. One can see numerous osteoblastic canalicles some of which are ramified (black arrow-head). C: Detail of a primary vascular canal (Vc) with radial osteoblastic canalicles and osteocytes lacunae (black arrow-heads). D: Detail of osteocytic lacunae (black arrow-heads) with their thin ramified cellular processes. E: Detail of two osteoblastic canalicles showing their apical ramifications (black arrows). F: Detail of a bone with cementing lines (black arrow-heads) indicating remodelling process. The white arrowheads point to Howship lacunae indicating an osteoclastic resorbing activity. G: Detail of the secondary osteone pointed by a white asterisk in figure 6B. It shows i) the apertures of osteoblastic canalicles (white arrowheads); ii) the reversal cementing line (black arrowheads) of the secondary osteone (OII); iii) a multiramified osteoblastic canalicle (black arrow) starting from the surface of a primary osteone (OI). Scale bars: A = 200 μm; B, C, F = 50 μm; D, E = 20 μm; G = 10 μm.

Figure 3 in Histological data on bone and teeth in two dragonfishes (Stomiidae; Stomiiformes): Borostomias panamensis Regan & Trewavas, 1929 and Stomias boa Reinhardt, 1842

Figure 3. – Borostomias panamensis (Azan). A: Cross section of a caniniform tooth showing the dentine core (De) and the pulp cavity perfectly circular (pc). In the dentinous tissue, numerous sections of vascular canals are seen (arrowheads). B: Detail of figure 3A. The vascular canals are surrounded by numerous canalicles more or less ramified (arrows), and that housed odontoblastic processes. Scale bars: A = 50 μm; B = 20 μm.

FIGURE 6 in Histology of spinosaurid dinosaur teeth from the Albian-Cenomanian of Morocco: Implications for tooth replacement and ecology

FIGURE 6. (A) Natural logarithm of tooth formation rate plotted against the natural logarithm of the body mass. Dark blue = sauropodomorpha, light blue = sauropods, purple = ornithischians, green = theropods. (B) Natural logarithm of known tooth replacement rates plotted against natural logarithm of tooth formation rates including all available archosaurs, with a regression line and the regression equation. Colour code as above; yellow = spinosaur with the standard deviation as error bars. (C) Natural logarithm of known tooth replacement rates plotted against natural logarithm of tooth formation rates including theropods only, with a regression line and the regression equation. Colour code as above. Silhouette of Triceratops by R. Amos, all other silhouettes by S. Hartman from www.phylopic.org; licence https:/ /creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/.

FIGURE 5 in Histology of spinosaurid dinosaur teeth from the Albian-Cenomanian of Morocco: Implications for tooth replacement and ecology

FIGURE 5. (A) Section SNSB-BSPG 2008 XXXVII 4b; scale bar equals 1 mm. (B) Section SNSB-BSPG 2008 XXXVII 4b with clearly visible growth lines; scale bar equals 1 mm. (C) Section SNSB-BSPG 2008 XXXVII 4c; scale bar equals 1 mm. (D) Section SNSB-BSPG 2008 XXXVII 5b shows the dentine tubuli curving towards the apex; scale bar equals 1 mm. (E) Section SNSB-BSPG 2008 XXXVII 5b shows the red mineralisation and the growth lines; scale bar equals 1 mm. (F) Section SNSB-BSPG 2008 XXXVII 5b. The arrow indicates the foreign particle with bent growth lines to its left and right; scale bar equals 1 mm.

FIGURE 2 in Histology of spinosaurid dinosaur teeth from the Albian-Cenomanian of Morocco: Implications for tooth replacement and ecology

FIGURE 2. (A) Positions of the measurements in labial (left) and distal (right) view. L = length from the crown (apex) to the basal end; WAPa = width measured anterio-posteriorly at the apex; WAPb = width measured anterior-posteriorly at the base; WLLa = width measured labio-lingually at the apex; WLLb = width measured labio-lingually at the base. PCap = width of the pulp cavity measured anterio-posteriorly; PCll = width of the pulp cavity measured labio-lingually. (B-F) Positions and collection IDs of the thin sections (SNSB-BSPG 2008 XXXVII followed by the number and letter given in the pictures). All scale bars equal 1 cm.

FIGURE 4 in Histology of spinosaurid dinosaur teeth from the Albian-Cenomanian of Morocco: Implications for tooth replacement and ecology

FIGURE 4. (A) Section SNSB-BSPG 2008 XXXVII 1b. The growth lines are visible in the upper half of the section; scale bar equals 1 mm. (B) Section SNSB-BSPG 2008 XXXVII 1e shows the curving of the dentine near the enamel; scale bar equals 1 mm. (C) Section SNSB-BSPG 2008 XXXVII 3b shows a higher density of growth lines around the pulp cavity. The arrow indicates the mineralised gap in the internal wall of the tooth; scale bar equals 1 mm. (D) Section SNSB-BSPG 2008 XXXVII 2b shows the red mineralisation and fissures; scale bar equals 5 mm. (E) Section SNSB-BSPG 2008 XXXVII 2c. The arrow indicates the area of a series of start of alternating incremental lines; scale bar equals 1 mm. (F) Section SNSB-BSPG 2008 XXXVII 2c. The arrow indicates curving incremental lines; scale bar equals 1 mm.

FIGURE 1 in Histology of spinosaurid dinosaur teeth from the Albian-Cenomanian of Morocco: Implications for tooth replacement and ecology

FIGURE 1. (A) Schematic drawing of a tooth cross section showing the concentric incremental lines of von Ebner and the radial tubuli. (B) Schematic drawing of a tooth longitudinal section; it demonstrates why cross sections do not always show all growth lines.

Figure 7 in Paleohistological studies of bone and teeth in Gyrodus circularis (Gyrodidae: Pycnodontiformes: Actinopterygii). Phylogenetic implications for the Gyrodidae

Figure 7. – Gyrodus circularis. (MNHN. JRE 540). Ground transversal sections (transmitted natural light). A: (MNHN-F-Histos 2748) Detail of alveolar bone showing numerous osteocytes with there ramified osteocytic canalicles. B: (MNHN-F-Histos 2743) Detail of the prearticular bony tissue with some vascular cavities and/or canals (vc). The white arrowheads point to osteoblastic canalicles. C: (MNHNF-Histos 2743) Detail of the contact dentine/bony tissue (de/bo). Bony tissue is crossed by some osteoblastic canalicles whose apical end is ramified (arrowheads). The arrows point to a cementing line between bone and dentine. D: (MNHN-F-Histos 2746) Detail of some osteoblastic canalicles (arrows) starting from vascular canals (vc) in the alveolar bone and of some star-shaped osteocytes (arrowheads). The end of the right osteoblastic canalicle is clearly ramified. Scale bars: A = 25 μm; B = 100 μm; C = 25 μm); D = 25 μm.

Figure 4 in Paleohistological studies of bone and teeth in Gyrodus circularis (Gyrodidae: Pycnodontiformes: Actinopterygii). Phylogenetic implications for the Gyrodidae

Figure 4. – Gyrodus circularis. Ground transversal sections of the teeth roots (transmitted natural light). A: (MNHN-F-Histos 2748) Detail of the orthodentine (od) showing the apical part of the odontoblastic canalicles that are clearly ramified to their extrem- ity (arrows); bo: bone. Inset: detail of a terminal ramification. B: The section (MNHN-F-Histos 2748) shows the contact between the orthodentine (od) with the alveolar bone (bo). The pulp surface of the dentine shows thin mineralized spherules (arrowheads) that project in the pulp cavity; pc = pulp cavity; vc: vascular cavity. C: (MNHN-F-Histos 2743) Detail of the spheritic orthodentine showing the Liesegang lines that mark the successive steps of mineralization in proportion of the thickening of the tooth. The upper Liesegang line is edged by mineralized spherules. The black arrowheads point to the more recent mineralized spherules that project in the pulp cavity (pc). Inset: Detail of several mineralized spherules (white arrowheads) inside the dentinous tissue (arrows). Scale bars: A = 25 μm; Inset A = 10 μm; B = 50 μm; C = 50 μm; inset C = 25 μm.

Figure 3 in Paleohistological studies of bone and teeth in Gyrodus circularis (Gyrodidae: Pycnodontiformes: Actinopterygii). Phylogenetic implications for the Gyrodidae

Figure 3. – Gyrodus circularis. (MNHN. JRE 540). Axial ground section (MNHN-F-Histos 2743). Detail of the crown of teeth No 1. The two parts of the dentine core are clearly seen: the circumpulpar orthodentine (od) with its fine laminations (arrowheads) and the upper thick layer of acrodine (ac) that is crossed by the odontoblastic canalicles that progressively get thinner and stop before the surface of the crown (arrow). The black pigmentation is restricted to the more external acrodine layer. The spheritic dentine (sd) is clearly seen at the top of the pulp cavity (pc). Scale bar = 10 μm.

Figure 2 in Paleohistological studies of bone and teeth in Gyrodus circularis (Gyrodidae: Pycnodontiformes: Actinopterygii). Phylogenetic implications for the Gyrodidae

Figure 2. – Gyrodus circularis. (MNHN. JRE 540). Ground sections (MNHN-F-Histos 2743) (transmitted natural light). A: Axial section (see Fig. 1) of a molariform tooth inserted in a bony sock- et (sb). The dentine walls show numerous mineralized granules (arrowheads). The asterisks point to neighbouring teeth. The alveolar bony tissue runs lightly over the base of the crown. ac: acrodine; bo: bony tissue; oc: odontoblastic canalicles; od: osteodentine. B to D: Three successive transversal sections of five neighbouring teeth (see Fig. 1), crossing different levels of the pulp cavities. Section B (MNHN-F-Histos 2745) crosses the apical crown of the smaller teeth and the higher part of the pulp cavity of the larger tooth. Section C (MNHN-F-Histos 2746) crosses the mid part of the pulp cavities of smaller teeth and the base of pulp cavity of the large one. Section D (MNHN-F-Histos 2748) crosses a relatively low part of the smaller teeth and the base of the pulp cavity of the larger tooth as revealed by the bony arches that occupy the main part of the pulp lumen (arrowhead). The pulp cavities of the four left teeth are circular whereas the pulp cavity of the larger right tooth is lightly ovoid. The walls of the pulp cavities of the five teeth are perfectly circular and constituted of orthodentine. The circum pulpar dentine shows spheritic mineralization (see Figs 3, 4). Each tooth is surrounded by spongy bony tissue characterized by thin trabeculae (see Fig. 6). Scale bars: A = 500 μm; B-D: = 2 mm.