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9,097 results for “wild”
Individual optimization of reproductive investment and the cost of incubation in a wild songbird
<p>Despite keen interest in life-history trade-offs and the costs of reproduction, evidence that increased parental allocation reduces subsequent breeding productivity is mixed. Some of this uncertainty is attributable to environmental heterogeneity in space and time, necessitating multi-year field experiments. Across three breeding seasons, we cross-fostered clutches between nests to manipulate females' incubation duration in a wild population of Carolina wrens, a small songbird species in which only females incubate, to test for the cost of incubation on current and future reproduction. Prolonged incubation affected maternal productivity within seasons, impacting their current offspring post-hatching and their probability of breeding subsequently, both in a manner that depended upon the current environment and level of maternal investment (initial egg and brood size), suggesting incubation effort is optimized according to other components of investment and individual quality. Effects of incubation duration on subsequent fledging success and nestling condition varied between years, being costly in one year, beneficial in another, and neutral in the third. Thus, our results suggest that the costs of increased incubation effort were almost entirely dependent upon the maternal quality and environmental variation, thus demonstrating the importance of multi-year experiments for robust inference of the costs of reproduction and evolution of life histories.</p>
Thermal regimes and hatching success related data for wild king cobra nests from the Western Himalayas, Uttarakhand, India
<p>This dataset, collected between 2009-2020, describes the thermal regimes of wild king cobra nests from the foothills of the Western Himalayas of Uttarakhand, northern India. Nest and ambient temperatures at nest sites were recorded every hour via automatic data loggers during, mostly, the latter part of incubation period (post natural nest-abandonment by female king cobras). Nest attributes (e.g. size, weight etc.) and hatching success parameters (i.e. percentage of hatched eggs and offspring size) are also provided per nest. All uploaded data have been analyzed in the paper: "House warming: wild king cobra nests have thermal regimes that positively affect hatching success and hatchling size" by Dolia et al. (currently under review in Journal of Thermal Biology.)</p>
Data for: Wild microbiomes of striped plateau lizards vary with sex, body size, and reproductive season
<p><span><span>Long-term natural studies are valuable for examining the effects of host demographics and environmental factors on animal microbiomes, and how those effects interact and shift over time. We examined how the cloacal microbiome of Sceloporus virgatus (the striped plateau lizard) varies under natural conditions in southeastern Arizona, USA, in a multi-year study</span><span>. Cloacal swabs were collected from wild-caught lizards across their entire active season over three years. Analyses of 16S rRNA data generated on the Illumina platform revealed cloacal microbiomes of </span><span>S. virgatus </span><span>vary as a function of sex, season, size, and reproductive state, and do so independently of one another. Briefly, microbial diversity was higher in females than in males, increased with body size, was lowest in both sexes during the reproductive season, and was lowest in females when they were vitellogenic. It was not significantly affected by hibernation. This study highlights the importance of long term, wide scale microbiome studies for capturing accurate perspectives on microbiome diversity and composition in a given species. It also serves as a warning for comparisons of microbiomes across species, as each may be under a different suite of selective pressures from external or innate factors, which may differ in a species-specific manner.</span></span></p>
Data from: Commercial Bombus impatiens colonies function as ecological traps for wild queens
<p>1. In response to anthropogenic environmental change, the cues that animals use throughout their lifecycle to optimize fitness may become unreliable, resulting in an ecological trap.</p> <p>2. Here we investigated whether commercial bumble bee (Bombus impatiens) colonies managed for early spring crop pollination act as ecological traps for wild nest-searching Bombus queens by subverting their natural nest usurpation behavior.</p> <p>3. An average of 10 dead wild queens were recovered from each standard colony during the two-week period of the experiment, but colonies with queen excluders were successful in preventing wild queen deaths. The use of queen excluders did not impact colony performance in terms of resident queen survival, colony reproduction, colony weight gain or worker body size.</p> <p>4. Sites where wild nest-searching queens were small had higher rates of failed usurpation, suggesting smaller-sized queens are disproportionately at risk from failed usurpation. Furthermore, sites where commercial colonies without queen excluders were introduced for spring crop pollination had fewer bumble bee visits to a later-blooming crop compared to sites without commercial colonies.</p> <p>5. Synthesis and applications. Our findings reveal a novel mechanism by which commercial colonies can negatively impact wild bumble bee populations and their pollination services. At the same time, we demonstrate a simple and inexpensive risk mitigation tool – a queen excluder – was 100% effective at eliminating this risk without compromising colony performance. Commercial colonies used outdoors during the bumble bee nest-searching period should be fit with queen excluders to prevent negative impacts on wild pollinator communities and their services.</p>
Sound extracts from wild boars during their resting phase
<p>This folder contains tracks collected with animal-borne audiologgers deployed on wild boars.</p> <p>The tracks that were extracted from 40 minutes before to 5 minutes after a relocation was initiated are labelled as ‘relocation’. The tracks labelled as ‘control’ were extracted at the same time of day as the ‘relocation’ tracks, but on different dates, when relocations did not occur. We also make available an additional track, corresponding to a dog barking, with the wild boar not reacting to it. It was identified upon opportunistic listening of the dataset.</p>
Data and code for: Failure to purge: Population and individual inbreeding effects on fitness across generations of wild Impatiens capensis
<p>Inbreeding exposes deleterious recessive alleles in homozygotes, lowering fitness and generating inbreeding depression (ID). Both purging (via selection) and fixation (via drift) should reduce segregating deleterious mutations and ID in more inbred populations. These theoretical predictions are not well-tested in wild populations, which is concerning given purging/fixation have opposite fitness outcomes. We examined how individual- and population-level inbreeding and genomic heterozygosity affected maternal and progeny fitness within and among 12 wild populations of <em>Impatiens capensis</em>. We quantified maternal fitness in home sites, maternal multilocus heterozygosity (using 12,560 SNPs), and lifetime fitness of selfed and predominantly outcrossed progeny in a common garden. These populations spanned a broad range of individual- (<span class="s1"><em>f</em></span><span class="s2"><sub>i</sub></span><em> </em>= -0.17–0.98) and population-level inbreeding (<span class="s1"><em>F</em></span><span class="s2"><sub>IS</sub></span> = 0.25–0.87). More inbred populations contained fewer polymorphic loci, less fecund mothers, and smaller progeny, suggesting higher fixed loads. However, despite appreciable ID (mean: 8.8 lethal equivalents per gamete), ID did not systematically decline in more inbred population. More heterozygous mothers were more fecund and produced fitter progeny in outcrossed populations, but this pattern unexpectedly reversed in highly inbred populations. These observations suggest that persistent overdominance or some other force acts to forestall purging and fixation in these populations.</p>
The 400 ns molecular dynamic (MD) trajectories for the wild type and mutant forms of the S. tuberosum eIF4E1 and eIF4E2
<p>Truncated from the N termini models of the wild type and mutant forms of the S. tuberosum eIF4E1 and eIF4E2. <br> The molecular dynamic (MD) trajectories with 400-ns length for each wild type and mutant forms of the eIF4E in the water environment according to the standard MD procedure.</p>
Data for: Five decades of data yield no support for adaptive biasing of offspring sex ratio in wild baboons (Papio cynocephalus)
<p>Over the past 50 years, a wealth of testable, often conflicting, hypotheses has been generated about the evolution of offspring sex ratio manipulation by mothers. Several of these hypotheses have received support in studies of invertebrates and some vertebrate taxa. However, their success in explaining sex ratios in mammalian taxa, and especially in primates, has been mixed. Here, we assess the predictions of four different hypotheses about the evolution of biased offspring sex ratios in the well-studied baboons of the Amboseli basin in Kenya: the Trivers-Willard, female rank enhancement, local resource competition, and local resource enhancement hypotheses. Using the largest sample size ever analyzed in a primate population (n = 1372 offspring), we test the predictions of each hypothesis. Overall, we find no support for adaptive biasing of sex ratios. Offspring sex is not consistently related to maternal dominance rank or biased towards the dispersing sex, nor it is predicted by group size, population growth rates, or their interaction with maternal rank. Because our sample size confers power to detect even subtle biases in sex ratio, including modulation by environmental heterogeneity, these results suggest that adaptive biasing of offspring sex does not occur in this population.</p>
Spanish wild plants traditionally used as medicine
<p>List of Spanish wild plant species with the ethnobotanical references in which they have been reported as medicinal and their cultural importance index (CI). Accompanied as well by data about origin (wild or cultivated), abundance, occupancy area, endemicity, conservation status, protection status. We also provide the complete list of references and legislation used.</p> <p>The excel file has five tabs: 1. Ethnobotanical references, 2. Medicinal species, 3. Legislation, 4. Protection, 5. Protection categories.</p>
Fig. 8. Cyprinus carpio wild type, 307 in The non-native freshwater fishes of Hong Kong: diversity, distributions, and origins
Fig. 8. Cyprinus carpio wild type, 307 mm SL, Tai O River (top), ornamental variety, 596mm SL, Shing Mun Reservoir (bottom).
Data from: Developmental stress does not induce genome-wide DNA methylation changes in wild great tit (Parus major) nestlings
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>The environment experienced during early life is a crucial factor in the life of many organisms. This early life environment has been shown to have profound effects on morphology, physiology and fitness. However, the molecular mechanisms that mediate these effects are largely unknown, even though this is essential for our understanding of the processes that induce phenotypic variation in natural populations. DNA methylation is an epigenetic mechanism that has been suggested to explain such environmentally induced phenotypic changes early in life. To investigate whether DNA methylation changes are associated with experimentally induced early developmental effects, we cross-fostered great tit (<em>Parus major</em>) nestlings and manipulated their brood sizes in a natural study population. We assessed experimental brood size effects on pre-fledging biometry and behaviour. We linked this to genome-wide DNA methylation levels of CpG sites in erythrocyte DNA, using 122 individuals and an improved epiGBS2 laboratory protocol. Brood enlargement caused developmental stress and negatively affected nestling condition, predominantly during the second half of the breeding season, when conditions are harsher. Brood enlargement, however, affected nestling DNA methylation in only one CpG site and only if hatch date was taken into account. In conclusion, this study shows that nutritional stress in enlarged broods does not associate with direct effects on genome-wide DNA methylation. Future studies should assess whether genome-wide DNA methylation variation may arise later in life as a consequence of phenotypic changes during early development.</span></p>
Spatial variation in the evolutionary potential and constraints of basal metabolic rate and body mass in a wild bird
<p><span>Organismal energy budget is strongly related to resource consumption, performance, and fitness. Hence, understanding the evolution of key energetic traits, such as basal metabolic rate (BMR), in natural populations is central for understanding life-history evolution and ecological processes. Here we used quantitative genetic analyses to study evolutionary potential of BMR in two insular populations of the house sparrow <em>(Passer domesticus</em>). We obtained measurements of BMR and body mass (M<sub>b</sub>) from 911 house sparrows on the islands of Leka and Vega along the coast of Norway</span><span>.</span><span> These two populations were the source populations for translocations to create an additional third, admixed "common garden" population in 2012. With the use of a novel genetic group animal model concomitant with a genetically determined pedigree, we differentiate genetic and environmental sources of variation, thereby providing insight into the effects of spatial population structure on evolutionary potential. We found that the evolutionary potential of BMR was similar in the two source populations, whereas the Vega population had a somewhat higher evolutionary potential of M<sub>b</sub> than the Leka population. BMR was genetically correlated with M<sub>b</sub> in both populations, and the conditional evolutionary potential of BMR (independent of body mass) was 41% (Leka) and 53% (Vega) lower than unconditional estimates. Overall, our results show that there is potential for BMR to evolve independently of M<sub>b</sub>, but that selection on BMR and/or M<sub>b</sub> may have different evolutionary consequences in different populations of the same species.</span></p>
Thermal phenotypic plasticity of pre- and post-copulatory male harm buffers sexual conflict in wild Drosophila melanogaster
<div> <p><span>Strong sexual selection frequently leads to sexual conflict and ensuing male harm, whereby males increase their reproductive success at the expense of harming females. Male harm is a widespread evolutionary phenomenon with a strong bearing on population viability. Thus, understanding how it unfolds in the wild is a current priority. Here, we sampled a wild </span><span><em>Drosophila</em> <em>melanogaster</em></span><span> population and studied male harm across the normal range of temperatures under which it reproduces optimally in nature by comparing female lifetime reproductive success and underlying male harm mechanisms under monogamy (i.e., low male competition/harm) vs. polyandry (i.e., high male competition/harm). While females had equal lifetime reproductive success across temperatures under monogamy, polyandry resulted in a maximum decrease of female fitness at 24°C (35%), reducing its impact at both 20°C (22%), and 28°C (10%). Furthermore, female fitness components and pre- (i.e., harassment) and post-copulatory (i.e., ejaculate toxicity) mechanisms of male harm were asymmetrically affected by temperature. At 20ºC, male harassment of females was reduced, and polyandry accelerated female actuarial ageing. In contrast, the effect of mating on female receptivity (a component of ejaculate toxicity) was only modulated at 28ºC, where the mating costs for females decreased and polyandry mostly resulted in accelerated reproductive ageing. We thus show that, across a natural thermal range, sexual conflict processes and their effects on female fitness components are plastic and complex. As a result, the net effect of male harm on overall population viability is likely to be lower than previously surmised. We discuss how such plasticity may affect selection, adaptation and, ultimately, evolutionary rescue under a warming climate. </span><span> </span></p> </div>
FIGURE 2 in Phylogenetic Relationship Among Wild and Cultivated Grapevine in Sicily: A Hotspot in the Middle of the Mediterranean Basin
FIGURE 2 | Analyses of Sicilian sativa and sylvestris germplasm. Discriminant Analysis of Principal Components (DAPC) (A); Principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) (B); first round of STRUCTURE (C) with percentage (pies) for each cluster and population (D); second round of STRUCTURE for cluster A (E) and cluster B (F).
FIGURE 3 in Phylogenetic Relationship Among Wild and Cultivated Grapevine in Sicily: A Hotspot in the Middle of the Mediterranean Basin
FIGURE 3 | Analyses of Sicilian, Mediterranean and Central Asian sativa and sylvestris germplasm. Discriminant Analysis of Principal Components (DAPC) (A); Principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) (B); first round of STRUCTURE (C) with percentage (pies) for each cluster and population (D); Second round of STRUCTURE
Social network inheritance and differentiation in wild baboons
<p>Immatures' social development may be fundamental to understanding important biological processes, such as social information transmission through groups, that can vary with age and sex. Our aim was to determine how social networks change with age and differ between sexes in wild immature baboons, group-living primates that readily learn socially. Our results show that immature baboons inherited their mothers' networks and differentiated from them as they aged, increasing their association with partners of similar age and the same sex. Males were less bonded to their matriline and became more peripheral with age compared to females. Our results may pave the way to further studies testing a new hypothetical framework: in female-philopatric societies, social information transmission may be constrained at the matrilineal level by age- and sex-driven social clustering.</p>
Data for: Using radio frequency identification (RFID) technology to characterize nest site selection in wild Japanese tits (Parus minor)
<p>Selecting a suitable nest site is critical to the survival and reproduction of birds. Prospecting allows individuals to gather information on the local quality of potential future breeding sites, which may help them make the best nest site selection decision. However, few studies have focused on the direct links between the prospecting activity of breeders and subsequent nest site selection. In this study, we investigated the prospecting pattern of Japanese tits (<em>Parus minor</em>) during the pre-breeding period of the first breeding attempt and whether nest site characteristics influence their nest box visiting behaviour and occupied nest site. We used radio frequency identification (RFID) to track the movements of Japanese tits visiting nest boxes and compared nest site characteristics between visited and unvisited (control) nest boxes, as well as between visited and occupied nest boxes. We found that Japanese tits started visiting nest boxes approximately 20 days before breeding, visited an average of 6 nest boxes and eventually chose the most visited nest box for breeding activities. Japanese tits were more likely to visit nest boxes that had less canopy cover and lower shrub density but a greater total number of surrounding trees and ultimately chose breeding nest boxes with a smaller entrance inclination, in nesting trees with a larger diameter at breast height (DBH) which were surrounded by trees with a larger DBH. Our results suggest that Japanese tits visit several potential breeding sites before choosing breeding nest boxes and that nest site characteristics can influence their prospecting activity and nest site selection.</p>
Data from "Higher mortality is not a universal cost of dispersal: A case study in African wild dogs"
<p>Mortality is considered one of the main costs of dispersal. A reliable evaluation of mortality, however, is often hindered by a lack of information about the fate of individuals that disappear under unexplained circumstances (i.e. missing individuals). Here, we addressed this uncertainty by applying a Bayesian mortality analysis that inferred the fate of missing individuals based on information from individuals with known fate. Specifically, we tested the hypothesis that mortality during dispersal is higher than mortality among non-disperser using 32 years of mark-resighting data from a free-ranging population of the endangered African wild dog (<em>Lycaon pictus</em>) in northern Botswana. Contrary to expectations, we found that mortality during dispersal was lower than mortality among non-dispersers, indicating that higher mortality is not a universal cost of dispersal. Our findings suggest group living can incur costs for certain age classes, such as limited access to resources as group density increases, that exceed the mortality costs associated with dispersal. By challenging the accepted expectation of higher mortality during dispersal, we urge for further investigations of this key life-history trait, and propose a robust statistical approach to reduce bias in mortality estimates.</p>
Data from: Vascularization underlies differences in sexually selected skin coloration in a wild primate
<p>Male reproductive competition can select for condition-dependent, conspicuous traits that signal some aspect of fighting ability and facilitate assessment of potential rivals. However, the underlying mechanisms that link the signal to a male's current condition are difficult to investigate in wild populations. In this study, we used digital photographs and chest skin samples to investigate mechanisms of a visual signal used in male competition in a wild primate, the red chest patch in geladas (<em>Theropithecus</em> <em>gelada</em>) in the Simien Mountains National Park, Ethiopia. We analyzed photographs collected during natural and anesthetized conditions to understand variability in male and female chest redness, and we used chest skin biopsies to explore sex differences in gene expression. Male and female geladas showed similar average redness, but males exhibited a wider within-individual range in redness under natural conditions. These sex differences were reflected at the molecular level, with 10.5% of genes exhibiting significant sex differences in expression. Subadult males exhibited intermediate expression patterns between adult males and females, pointing to mechanisms underlying the development of the red chest patch. We found that genes more highly expressed in males were associated with blood vessel development and maintenance but not with androgen or estrogen activity. Together, our results suggest male gelada redness variability is driven by increased blood vessel branching in the chest skin, providing a potential link between male chest redness and current condition as increased blood circulation to exposed skin could lead to heat loss in the cold, high-altitude environment of geladas.</p>
Genetic and phenotypic consequences of local transitions between sexual and parthenogenetic reproduction in the wild
<p>Transitions from sexual to asexual reproduction have occurred in numerous lineages across the tree of life, but many questions remain about how such transitions occur and why asexual populations rarely persist. In facultatively parthenogenetic animals, all-female populations can arise when males are absent or become extinct and, if such populations can persist asexually for many generations, they could ultimately give rise to obligately asexual species. However, the initial stages of this process remain poorly understood. The facultatively parthenogenetic Australian phasmid <em>Megacrania</em> <em>batesii</em> exhibits a spatial mosaic of mixed-sex populations that reproduce predominantly sexually and all-female sites that reproduce exclusively via parthenogenesis. We used this system to compare genetic and phenotypic parameters among multiple natural populations that vary in reproductive mode and geographic location. Analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) collected from reduced representation whole genome data showed populations grouping by geographic location rather than reproductive mode, with little gene-flow between them. Mixed-sex populations had drastically higher heterozygosities than all-female populations. Phenotypic analysis revealed considerable inter-population variation in rates of deformities in (non-functional) wings, with higher mean frequency and severity of deformities in all-female sites. All-female sites also harbored more parasites, but only in swamp habitats. However, reproductive mode did not explain variation in mean female fecundity, egg hatching success, or missing appendages. These results indicate that local transitions to parthenogenetic reproduction can lead to increased rates of developmental abnormalities and increased vulnerability to disease but can also occur without substantial fitness consequences despite dramatic reductions in genetic diversity and heterozygosity.</p>
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.