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Figure 2 in Revision of the Eocene 'Platyrhina' species from the Bolca Lagerst atte (Italy) reveals the first panray (Batomorphii: Zanobatidae) in the fossil record

Figure 2. The holotype of †Eoplatyrhina bolcensis (Heckel, 1851) comb. nov. from the Monte Postale site in part and counterpart. A, MGP-PD 8873C; B, MGP-PD 8874C. Scale bars = 100 mm.

Figure 14. Trilobatus sacculifer and Globigerinoidesella fistulosa protuberance ultrastructure. A in Systematic taxonomy of the Trilobatus sacculifer plexus and descendant Globigerinoidesella fistulosa (planktonic foraminifera)

Figure 14. Trilobatus sacculifer and Globigerinoidesella fistulosa protuberance ultrastructure. A, Trilobatus sacculifer (Brady, 1877); B–G, Globigerinoidesella fistulosa (Schubert, 1910). A, ODP Site 1115, Woodlark Basin, western Pacific; 10H/04/ 127–129 cm (incipient protuberance with surface texture continuous from chamber). B, C, F, G, ODP Site 1115, Woodlark Basin, western Pacific; 10H/04/127–129 cm (A, numerous spine holes present, many pores obscured/distorted; B, surface texture change towards protuberance ends with blocky thick calcite obscuring pores; F, cross-sectional view of broken protuberance, showing hollow interior; G, cross-sectional view of broken protuberance, showing hollow interior); D, E, ODP Site 1115, Woodlark Basin, western Pacific; 11H/04/25–27 cm (D, surface texture change towards protuberance ends; blocky thick calcite obscuring pores; E, left protuberance marked by change in wall texture at protuberance end, right protuberance has all original surface texture obscured). Scale bars = 20 Lm.

Figure 12. A–C, F–L in Systematic taxonomy of the Trilobatus sacculifer plexus and descendant Globigerinoidesella fistulosa (planktonic foraminifera)

Figure 12. A–C, F–L, Globigerinoidesella fistulosa (Schubert, 1910); D, E, Trilobatus sacculifer (Brady, 1877). A–C, ODP Site 926, Ceara Rise, western tropical Atlantic; 7H/05/27–29 cm (A, umbilical view; B, C, spiral view); F–I, K, ODP Site 926, Ceara Rise, western tropical Atlantic; 8H/02/52–54 cm (F, I, K, umbilical view; G, H, spiral view); J, L, ODP Site 926, Ceara Rise, western tropical Atlantic; 7H/05/27–29 cm (umbilical view). D, E, ODP Site 926, Ceara Rise, western tropical Atlantic; 7H/05/ 27–29 cm (spiral view). Scale bars = 200 Lm.

Figure 8. Typical Trilobatus quadrilobatus and intergradation with Trilobatus sacculifer. A–K in Systematic taxonomy of the Trilobatus sacculifer plexus and descendant Globigerinoidesella fistulosa (planktonic foraminifera)

Figure 8. Typical Trilobatus quadrilobatus and intergradation with Trilobatus sacculifer. A–K, Trilobatus quadrilobatus (d'Orbigny, 1846); L–P, Trilobatus sacculifer (Brady, 1877). A, B, E, F, G–K, ODP Site 871, Limalok Guyot, Marshall Islands, equatorial Pacific 3H/03/60–62 cm (A, E–I, K, umbilical view; B, detail of wall texture, including spine holes, infilled pores, broadened interpore ridges; J, detail of wall texture and imperforate lip developed on primary aperture); C, D, GLOW-3, south-west Indian Ocean (C, umbilical view; D, spiral view). L–P, ODP Site 871, Limalok Guyot, Marshall Islands, equatorial Pacific 3H/03/60–62 cm (L–P, umbilical view; for L note slight chamber flattening compared with I–K). Scale bars = 100 Lm, except for close-up images B and J, where scale bars = 20 Lm.

Figure 11. Trilobatus sacculifer with incipient protuberances and intergradation with Globigerinoidesella fistulosa. A–J in Systematic taxonomy of the Trilobatus sacculifer plexus and descendant Globigerinoidesella fistulosa (planktonic foraminifera)

Figure 11. Trilobatus sacculifer with incipient protuberances and intergradation with Globigerinoidesella fistulosa. A–J, Trilobatus sacculifer (Brady, 1877); K–P, Globigerinoidesella fistulosa (Schubert, 1910). A–J, ODP Site 1115, Woodlark Basin, western Pacific; 10H/04/127–129 cm (A, D, J, umbilical view, in A note kummerform final sac-like chamber; B, C, H, I, spiral view, in B note kummerform final sac-like chamber); E–G, ODP Site 1115, Woodlark Basin, western Pacific; 11H/04/25–27 cm (E, umbilical view; F, G, spiral view). K, L, O, P, ODP Site 1115, Woodlark Basin, western Pacific; 10H/04/127–129 cm (K, spiral view; L, umbilical view; note multiple small protuberances and broad flattened final chamber; O, P, umbilical view); M, N, ODP Site 1115, Woodlark Basin, western Pacific; 11H/04/25–27 cm (umbilical view). Scale bars = 100 Lm.

Figure 12 in Revision of the Eocene 'Platyrhina' species from the Bolca Lagerst atte (Italy) reveals the first panray (Batomorphii: Zanobatidae) in the fossil record

Figure 12. Phylogram recovered under Bayesian analyses of the total evidence data sets. A, hypothesis based on coding the suprascapula according to Compagno (1999); B, grey inset reflects how the hypothesis of relationships differs from the tree presented in A when derived from a matrix coding the suprascapula according to Da Silva et al. (2018). Numbers at branches reflect clade credibility. Clade credibility = 100 for branches lacking numbers. Closed circles = Torpediniformes; open circles = Platyrhindae; closed triangle = Zanobatidae; open triangle = Myliobatiformes + Zanobatidae; upside-down open triangle = Myliobatiformes; closed rectangles = Rajiformes; open rectangles = Sclerorhynchoidea; open diamond = Rhinopristiformes.

Figure 4 in Revision of the Eocene 'Platyrhina' species from the Bolca Lagerst atte (Italy) reveals the first panray (Batomorphii: Zanobatidae) in the fossil record

Figure 4. †Eoplatyrhina bolcensis (Heckel, 1851) comb. nov. from the Monte Postale site. A, MGGC 7449, close-up of the head and pectoral girdle under UV light; B, reconstruction. Abbreviations: af, anterior fontanel; ao, antorbital cartilage; cb5, fifth ceratobranchial; hp, horn-like process; hyo, hyomandibula; mc, Meckel's cartilage; mes, mesopterygium; met, metapterygium; nc, nasal capsule; pq, palatoquadrate; pro, propterygium; ro, rostral cartilage; rp, rostral process; sca, scapulocoracoid; syn, synarcual. Scale bars = 50 mm.

Figure 8 in Revision of the Eocene 'Platyrhina' species from the Bolca Lagerst atte (Italy) reveals the first panray (Batomorphii: Zanobatidae) in the fossil record

Figure 8. †Plesiozanobatus egertoni (De Zigno, 1876) comb. nov. from the Pesciara site. A, the holotype MGP-PD 154Z; B, original historical plate of the holotype illustrated and labelled as Torpedo egertoni by Achille de Zigno (1813–1892). Photo: courtesy of Universit̀a degli Studi di Padova; C, MCSNV IG.43347; D, MB.f 1608.1; E, MCSNV IG.142530; F, MCSNV VII.B.81. Scale bars = 100 mm.

Figure 9 in Revision of the Eocene 'Platyrhina' species from the Bolca Lagerst atte (Italy) reveals the first panray (Batomorphii: Zanobatidae) in the fossil record

Figure 9. †Plesiozanobatus egertoni (De Zigno, 1876) comb. nov. from the Pesciara site. A, MB.f 1608.1; B, reconstruction of the body outline and main skeletal structures (denticles and radials omitted); C, close-up of the head and pectoral girdle of MCSNV VII.B.81; D, reconstruction. Abbreviations: af, anterior fontanel; cb, ceratobranchials; cf, caudal fin; df, dorsal fins; hyo, hyomandibula; mc, Meckel's cartilage; met, metapterygium; nc, nasal capsules; pf, pelvic fins; pq, palatoquadrate; pro, propterygium; pub, puboischiadic bar; rad, pectoral radials; sca, scapulocoracoid; sy, synarcual; ss, suprascapula; vc, vertebral centra. Scale bars = 50 mm.

Figure 7 in Revision of the Eocene 'Platyrhina' species from the Bolca Lagerst atte (Italy) reveals the first panray (Batomorphii: Zanobatidae) in the fossil record

Figure 7. †Eoplatyrhina bolcensis (Heckel, 1851) comb. nov. from the Monte Postale site. A, dermal denticles from the tail of MGP-PD 26279C (dorsal view); B, dermal denticles from the tail of MGP-PD 26279C (basal view). Scale bar = 400 µm.

Figure 17 in Systematic taxonomy of the Trilobatus sacculifer plexus and descendant Globigerinoidesella fistulosa (planktonic foraminifera)

Figure 17. Trilobatus sacculifer plexus, showing type specimens (A–D), morphological intergradation sequence and morphospecies exemplars (E–H). A, E, Trilobatus trilobus (Reuss, 1850); B, F, Trilobatus immaturus (LeRoy, 1939); C, G, Trilobatus quadrilobatus (d'Orbigny, 1846); D, H, Trilobatus sacculifer (Brady, 1877). A, salt mine Wieliczka, near Krakow, Poland (umbilical view; neotype image reproduced from Rogl 2012, pl. 1, fig. 1). B, Telisa Shales, Tapoeng Kiri area, Rokan-Tapanoeli, Central Sumatra, Indonesia (umbilical view; holotype image reproduced from LeRoy 1939, pl. 3, fig. 19). C, Nussdorf (= Nubdorf), Rara, Vienna Basin, Austria (umbilical view; lectotype image reproduced from Papp & Schmid 1985, pl. 3, fig. 19). D, New Ireland, Papua New Guinea (umbilical view; lectotype of Banner & Blow 1960, image reproduced from Williams et al. 2006, pl. 1, fig. 1). E, GLOW-3, south-west Indian Ocean (umbilical view). F, ODP Site 871, Limalok Guyot, Marshall Islands, equatorial Pacific 3H/ 03/60–62 cm (umbilical view). G, ODP Site 871, Limalok Guyot, Marshall Islands, equatorial Pacific 3H/03/60–62 cm (umbilical view). H, ODP Site 1115, Woodlark Basin, western Pacific; 11H/04/25–27 cm (umbilical view). Scale bars = 100 Lm.

Figure 5 in Revision of the Eocene 'Platyrhina' species from the Bolca Lagerst atte (Italy) reveals the first panray (Batomorphii: Zanobatidae) in the fossil record

Figure 5. †Eoplatyrhina bolcensis (Heckel, 1851) comb. nov. from the Monte Postale site. A, MGP-PD 26279C, close-up of the rostral cartilage; B, close-up of the pectoral girdle (dorsal view) showing the position of the suprascapula; C, caudal fin of MGP-PD 26279C; the dashed line shows the original genuine outline of the fin. Abbreviations: af, anterior fontanel; co, coracoid bar of the scapulocoracoid; mes, mesopterygium; met, metapterygium; pro, propterygium; ro, rostral cartilage; scap, scapular process of the scapulocoracoid; ss, suprascapulae; syn, synarcual. Scale bars = 20 mm.

Figure 13 in Revision of the Eocene 'Platyrhina' species from the Bolca Lagerst atte (Italy) reveals the first panray (Batomorphii: Zanobatidae) in the fossil record

Figure 13. †'Platyrhina' gigantea (Blainville, 1818), MNHN F.Bol567, in A, part and B, counterpart from the Pesciara site. Scale bars = 100 mm.

Figure 1 in Revision of the Eocene 'Platyrhina' species from the Bolca Lagerst atte (Italy) reveals the first panray (Batomorphii: Zanobatidae) in the fossil record

Figure 1. Schematic geological map showing the location of the two main Lagerst¨atten of Bolca. Adapted from Trevisani (2015) and Marram̀a et al. (2016).

Figure 84 in Taxonomic notes on some spider species (Arachnida: Araneae) from China and Vietnam

Figure 84. Habitus, dorsal view, male (A, C, E, G, I) and female (B, D, F, H, J). A–B. Asceua shuangreni Lin & Li, sp. nov.; C–D. Cydrela likui Lin & Li, sp. nov.; E–F. Mallinella lisongi Lin & Li, sp. nov.; G–H. M. pingzhoui Lin & Li, sp. nov.; I–J. M. sena Lin & Li, sp. nov. Scale bars: A–B = 0.5 mm; C–J = 1.0 mm.

Figure 83. Mallinella sena Lin & Li in Taxonomic notes on some spider species (Arachnida: Araneae) from China and Vietnam

Figure 83. Mallinella sena Lin & Li, sp. nov., embolus and tegular apophysis, dorsal view. A. Embolus; B. Tegular apophysis. Abbreviations: AP—apical process; BT—Baso-prolateral tooth; C—conductor; LRE—lateral ramus of embolus; MF—mesoretrolateral fold; MRE—mesal ramus of embolus; MR—mesal ridge. Scale bars = 0.1 mm.

Figure 81. Mallinella sena Lin & Li in Taxonomic notes on some spider species (Arachnida: Araneae) from China and Vietnam

Figure 81. Mallinella sena Lin & Li, sp. nov., paratype female. A. Epigyne, ventral view; B. Vulva, dorsal view; C. Same, anterior view. Abbreviations: MP—median plate; S—spermatheca. Scale bars = 0.5 mm.

Figure 82. Tegular apophysis, dorsal view. A. Mallinella lisongi Lin & Li in Taxonomic notes on some spider species (Arachnida: Araneae) from China and Vietnam

Figure 82. Tegular apophysis, dorsal view. A. Mallinella lisongi Lin & Li, sp. nov.; B. M. pingzhoui Lin & Li, sp. nov. Abbreviations: AFL—anterior-prolateral flange; AFO—anterior-prolateral fold; AR—apical ridge; AT—anterior-prolateral tooth. Scale bars = 0.05 mm.

Figure 80. Mallinella sena Lin & Li in Taxonomic notes on some spider species (Arachnida: Araneae) from China and Vietnam

Figure 80. Mallinella sena Lin & Li, sp. nov., holotype male. A. Left palp, ventral view; B. Same, retrolateral view. Abbreviations: C—conductor; EB—embolic base; E—embolus; PC—prolateral extension of conductor; RTA—retrolateral tibial apophysis; TA— tegular apophysis; TT—tegular tubercle. Scale bars = 0.5 mm.

Figure 70. Utivarachna yumaoi Lin & Li in Taxonomic notes on some spider species (Arachnida: Araneae) from China and Vietnam

Figure 70. Utivarachna yumaoi Lin & Li, sp. nov., holotype male. A. Left palp, ventral view; B. Same, retrolateral view. Abbreviations: E—embolus; SD—sperm duct; RTA—retrolateral tibial apophysis. Scale bars = 0.1 mm.