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FIG. 5. — A in Tragoportax Pilgrim, 1937 and Miotragocerus Stromer, 1928 (Mammalia, Bovidae) from the Turolian of Hadjidimovo, Bulgaria, and a revision of the late Miocene Mediterranean Boselaphini

FIG. 5. — A, Miotragocerus (Pikermicerus) gaudryi (Kretzoi, 1941), frontlet (HD-2010), front view; B, M. (Pikermicerus) gaudryi, braincase with horn-cores (HD-5519), lateral view; C, Tragoportax rugosifrons (Schlosser, 1904), skull (HD-5127), lateral view; D, T. rugosifrons, occipital (HD-5132); E, M. (Pikermicerus) gaudryi, occipital (HD-2039). Scale bar: A, B, D, E, 10 cm; C, 20 cm.

FIG. 1 in Tragoportax Pilgrim, 1937 and Miotragocerus Stromer, 1928 (Mammalia, Bovidae) from the Turolian of Hadjidimovo, Bulgaria, and a revision of the late Miocene Mediterranean Boselaphini

FIG. 1. — Postcornual fronto-parietal area in Tragoportax and Miotragocerus; left, T. rugosifrons (Schlosser, 1904) (HD-5125); right, M. (Pikermicerus) gaudryi (Kretzoi, 1941) (HD-5126). Hadjidimovo, coll. of the Museum of Palaeontology, Assenovgrad (Division of the NMNH) (drawings: V. Simeonovsky).

FIG. 2 in Tragoportax Pilgrim, 1937 and Miotragocerus Stromer, 1928 (Mammalia, Bovidae) from the Turolian of Hadjidimovo, Bulgaria, and a revision of the late Miocene Mediterranean Boselaphini

FIG. 2. — Basi-occipital area in Tragoportax and Miotragocerus (Pikermicerus); left, T. rugosifrons (Schlosser, 1904) (HD-5125); right, M. (Pikermicerus) gaudryi (Kretzoi, 1941) (HD-5126 and 2010). Hadjidimovo (drawings: V. Simeonovsky).

FIG. 3 in Tragoportax Pilgrim, 1937 and Miotragocerus Stromer, 1928 (Mammalia, Bovidae) from the Turolian of Hadjidimovo, Bulgaria, and a revision of the late Miocene Mediterranean Boselaphini

FIG. 3. — Course of the horn-cores anterior keels in Tragoportax and Miotragocerus (Pikermicerus); left, T. rugosifrons (Schlosser, 1904) (HD-5133); right, M. (Pikermicerus) gaudryi (Kretzoi, 1941) (HD-2010). Hadjidimovo (drawings: V. Simeonovsky).

Text-fig. 2. Generalised stratigraphy of the area including the fossil site in Orta-Şabanözü (Sengüler 2007). The coloured formation is Hüyükköy Formation, aged as late Miocene and containing fossil woods. in The First Glyptostroboxylon And Taxodioxylon Descriptions From The Late Miocene Of Turkey And Palaeoclimatological Evaluation

Text-fig. 2. Generalised stratigraphy of the area including the fossil site in Orta-Şabanözü (Sengüler 2007). The coloured formation is Hüyükköy Formation, aged as late Miocene and containing fossil woods.

Text-fig. 6. The riparian/swamp forest structure of the village of Sakarcaören in the late Miocene, location within the east part of GVP, and comparison with the other forest types from early Miocene of GVP (Akkemik et al. 2009, 2016, 2017, Bayam et al. 2018). in The First Glyptostroboxylon And Taxodioxylon Descriptions From The Late Miocene Of Turkey And Palaeoclimatological Evaluation

Text-fig. 6. The riparian/swamp forest structure of the village of Sakarcaören in the late Miocene, location within the east part of GVP, and comparison with the other forest types from early Miocene of GVP (Akkemik et al. 2009, 2016, 2017, Bayam et al. 2018).

Text-fig. 3. Photo of the area where the fossil samples were collected. It is near to Sakarcaören village in the city of Orta, Çankırı Province. Arrows indicate the petrified wood pieces. in The First Glyptostroboxylon And Taxodioxylon Descriptions From The Late Miocene Of Turkey And Palaeoclimatological Evaluation

Text-fig. 3. Photo of the area where the fossil samples were collected. It is near to Sakarcaören village in the city of Orta, Çankırı Province. Arrows indicate the petrified wood pieces.

Text-fig. 1. Sampling areas in Çankırı province: the village of Sakarcaören near to the town of Orta (green circle) in the east of GVP, and the other sites (yellow circles), volcanic centers (red circles) and the border of GVP. The sites marked as yellow circles: ELM, Elmali village; SOG, Soguksu National Park; BUG, Bugralar village; INO, Inozu Valley South Side; INL, Inozu Valley North Side; KAR, Karasar village; MEN, Menceler Plateau; KIR, Kiraluc Site near Nuhhoca village; AGU, Asagiguney village; KUZ, Kuzca village (Bayam et al. 2018); PEL, Pelitcik village (Akkemik et al. 2009); GUD, Gudul (Akkemik et al. 2017); HOC, Hoçaş village and KOZ, Kozyaka village (Akkemik et al. 2016). The sites located in the western part (INO, INL, KAR, MEN, KIR, AGU, KUZ, HOC and KUZ) are from early – middle Burdigalian and Hancili Formation (Altun et al. 2002, Akbaş et al. 2002). The sites in the central part (GUD, BUG, ELM, PEL and SOG) are from middle – late Burdigalian, Pazar Formation (Kazancı 2012, Sen et al. 2017), and finally the fossil site in the east part of GVP is the late Miocene, Hüyükköy Formation (Sengüler 2007). in The First Glyptostroboxylon And Taxodioxylon Descriptions From The Late Miocene Of Turkey And Palaeoclimatological Evaluation

Text-fig. 1. Sampling areas in Çankırı province: the village of Sakarcaören near to the town of Orta (green circle) in the east of GVP, and the other sites (yellow circles), volcanic centers (red circles) and the border of GVP. The sites marked as yellow circles: ELM, Elmali village; SOG, Soguksu National Park; BUG, Bugralar village; INO, Inozu Valley South Side; INL, Inozu Valley North Side; KAR, Karasar village; MEN, Menceler Plateau; KIR, Kiraluc Site near Nuhhoca village; AGU, Asagiguney village; KUZ, Kuzca village (Bayam et al. 2018); PEL, Pelitcik village (Akkemik et al. 2009); GUD, Gudul (Akkemik et al. 2017); HOC, Hoçaş village and KOZ, Kozyaka village (Akkemik et al. 2016). The sites located in the western part (INO, INL, KAR, MEN, KIR, AGU, KUZ, HOC and KUZ) are from early – middle Burdigalian and Hancili Formation (Altun et al. 2002, Akbaş et al. 2002). The sites in the central part (GUD, BUG, ELM, PEL and SOG) are from middle – late Burdigalian, Pazar Formation (Kazancı 2012, Sen et al. 2017), and finally the fossil site in the east part of GVP is the late Miocene, Hüyükköy Formation (Sengüler 2007).

Text-fig. 5. Distribution of Taxodioxylon gypsaceum in the Miocene (solid circles) and distribution (open circles) of its nearest representatives at present (Sequoia sempervirens, Sequoiadendron giganteum and Metasequoia glyptostroboides) (Eckenwalder 2009, Farjon 2010). in The First Glyptostroboxylon And Taxodioxylon Descriptions From The Late Miocene Of Turkey And Palaeoclimatological Evaluation

Text-fig. 5. Distribution of Taxodioxylon gypsaceum in the Miocene (solid circles) and distribution (open circles) of its nearest representatives at present (Sequoia sempervirens, Sequoiadendron giganteum and Metasequoia glyptostroboides) (Eckenwalder 2009, Farjon 2010).

Text-fig. 4. Distribution of Glyptostroboxylon rudolphii in the Miocene (solid circles) and Glyptostrobus pensilis at present (open circles). It grows in the subtropical swamps of Vietnamese and China (Eckenwalder 2009, Farjon 2010). in The First Glyptostroboxylon And Taxodioxylon Descriptions From The Late Miocene Of Turkey And Palaeoclimatological Evaluation

Text-fig. 4. Distribution of Glyptostroboxylon rudolphii in the Miocene (solid circles) and Glyptostrobus pensilis at present (open circles). It grows in the subtropical swamps of Vietnamese and China (Eckenwalder 2009, Farjon 2010).

Text-fig. 18. Landscape reconstruction of the Late Miocene localities of the North Caucasus studied. a – general view of the reconstructed riparian biotope; b – periaquatic fauna. Drawings by S. Kruskop. in Late Miocene (Early Turolian) Vertebrate Faunas And Associated Biotic Record Of The Northern Caucasus: Geology, Taxonomy, Palaeoenvironment, Biochronology

Text-fig. 18. Landscape reconstruction of the Late Miocene localities of the North Caucasus studied. a – general view of the reconstructed riparian biotope; b – periaquatic fauna. Drawings by S. Kruskop.

Text-fig. 17. Scatter diagram of length and width of Promephitis species from Late Miocene faunas of southern Europe and western Asia. a – Promephitis maeotica, p4, dex, Gaverdovsky, GIN-1144-301: labial (left) and lingual (right) views. b – P. maeotica, p4, sin, reversed, Novoelizavetovka, PIN-355: labial (left) and lingual (right) views. Scale 1 mm. in Late Miocene (Early Turolian) Vertebrate Faunas And Associated Biotic Record Of The Northern Caucasus: Geology, Taxonomy, Palaeoenvironment, Biochronology

Text-fig. 17. Scatter diagram of length and width of Promephitis species from Late Miocene faunas of southern Europe and western Asia. a – Promephitis maeotica, p4, dex, Gaverdovsky, GIN-1144-301: labial (left) and lingual (right) views. b – P. maeotica, p4, sin, reversed, Novoelizavetovka, PIN-355: labial (left) and lingual (right) views. Scale 1 mm.

Text-fig. 14. Trogontherium (Euroxenomys) minutum. Volchaya Balka. Late Miocene deposits, North Caucasus. a – P4, b – M1, c – M2, GIN-1143-131, occlusal view. in Late Miocene (Early Turolian) Vertebrate Faunas And Associated Biotic Record Of The Northern Caucasus: Geology, Taxonomy, Palaeoenvironment, Biochronology

Text-fig. 14. Trogontherium (Euroxenomys) minutum. Volchaya Balka. Late Miocene deposits, North Caucasus. a – P4, b – M1, c – M2, GIN-1143-131, occlusal view.

Text-fig. 19. Position of the studied faunas correlated to chronostratigraphic and biochronological charts. in Late Miocene (Early Turolian) Vertebrate Faunas And Associated Biotic Record Of The Northern Caucasus: Geology, Taxonomy, Palaeoenvironment, Biochronology

Text-fig. 19. Position of the studied faunas correlated to chronostratigraphic and biochronological charts.

Text-fig. 15. Large mammal remains from Gaverdovsky and Volchaya Balka, Late Miocene, North Caucasus. a – Hipparion cf. moldavicum, SSC-RAS G-1/1, upper right M1–2, occlusal view, Gaverdovsky; b – Hipparion aff. gromovae, SSC-RAS G-1/2, lower right m3, occlusal view, Gaverdovsky; c – Hipparion sp., SSC-RAS G-1/4, lower right m1, occlusal view, Volchaya Balka; d–e – Microstonyx aff. major, SSC-RAS G-1/3, upper left dP4, d – occlusal view, e – lingual view, Volchaya Balka. in Late Miocene (Early Turolian) Vertebrate Faunas And Associated Biotic Record Of The Northern Caucasus: Geology, Taxonomy, Palaeoenvironment, Biochronology

Text-fig. 15. Large mammal remains from Gaverdovsky and Volchaya Balka, Late Miocene, North Caucasus. a – Hipparion cf. moldavicum, SSC-RAS G-1/1, upper right M1–2, occlusal view, Gaverdovsky; b – Hipparion aff. gromovae, SSC-RAS G-1/2, lower right m3, occlusal view, Gaverdovsky; c – Hipparion sp., SSC-RAS G-1/4, lower right m1, occlusal view, Volchaya Balka; d–e – Microstonyx aff. major, SSC-RAS G-1/3, upper left dP4, d – occlusal view, e – lingual view, Volchaya Balka.

Text-fig. 13. Hypsodonty in different Collimys species. a, b, d, f – M1, labial view; c, e, g – m1, lingual view; a – C. transversus, Steinheim, late Middle Miocene ("MN 7"); b, c – C. longidens, Nebelbergweg, Middle-Late Miocene transition, MN 8/9; d, e – C. primus, Eichkogel, Late Miocene, MN 11; f, g – C. caucasicus sp. nov., Gaverdovsky (f) and Volchaya Balka (g, holotype), Late Miocene, MN 11. a–e – modified after Kälin and Engesser (2001). in Late Miocene (Early Turolian) Vertebrate Faunas And Associated Biotic Record Of The Northern Caucasus: Geology, Taxonomy, Palaeoenvironment, Biochronology

Text-fig. 13. Hypsodonty in different Collimys species. a, b, d, f – M1, labial view; c, e, g – m1, lingual view; a – C. transversus, Steinheim, late Middle Miocene ("MN 7"); b, c – C. longidens, Nebelbergweg, Middle-Late Miocene transition, MN 8/9; d, e – C. primus, Eichkogel, Late Miocene, MN 11; f, g – C. caucasicus sp. nov., Gaverdovsky (f) and Volchaya Balka (g, holotype), Late Miocene, MN 11. a–e – modified after Kälin and Engesser (2001).

Text-fig. 9. Bats from Late Miocene deposits, North Caucasus. a – Myotis sp. 1, right M2, GIN-1143-411; b – Myotis sp. 1, M2, dex, GIN-1143-412; c – Myotis sp. 2, m1 or m2, dex, GIN-1144- 311; e – Myotis sp. 2, M2, dex, GIN-1144-312; d – Eptesicus sp., M1 or M2, sin, GIN-1143-413. a, b, d – Volchaya Balka; c, e – Gaverdovsky. in Late Miocene (Early Turolian) Vertebrate Faunas And Associated Biotic Record Of The Northern Caucasus: Geology, Taxonomy, Palaeoenvironment, Biochronology

Text-fig. 9. Bats from Late Miocene deposits, North Caucasus. a – Myotis sp. 1, right M2, GIN-1143-411; b – Myotis sp. 1, M2, dex, GIN-1143-412; c – Myotis sp. 2, m1 or m2, dex, GIN-1144- 311; e – Myotis sp. 2, M2, dex, GIN-1144-312; d – Eptesicus sp., M1 or M2, sin, GIN-1143-413. a, b, d – Volchaya Balka; c, e – Gaverdovsky.

Text-fig. 12. Scatter diagrams of upper (a) and lower (b) molars of Parapodemus lugdunensis, Gaverdovsky and Volchaya Balka, Late Miocene, North Caucasus. in Late Miocene (Early Turolian) Vertebrate Faunas And Associated Biotic Record Of The Northern Caucasus: Geology, Taxonomy, Palaeoenvironment, Biochronology

Text-fig. 12. Scatter diagrams of upper (a) and lower (b) molars of Parapodemus lugdunensis, Gaverdovsky and Volchaya Balka, Late Miocene, North Caucasus.

Text-fig. 10. Amblycoptus oligodon, Late Miocene deposits, North Caucasus. a – A1, sin, GIN-1143-182; b – P4, sin, GIN- 1143-183; c – M1, dex, GIN-1143-184; d – I sup, sin, labial view, GIN-1143-181; e – i inf, sin, labial view, GIN-1143-186; f – fragment of mandible with m1–m2, dex, occlusal view, GIN- 1144-181; g – fragment of mandible, dex, condilar view, GIN- 1143-185. in Late Miocene (Early Turolian) Vertebrate Faunas And Associated Biotic Record Of The Northern Caucasus: Geology, Taxonomy, Palaeoenvironment, Biochronology

Text-fig. 10. Amblycoptus oligodon, Late Miocene deposits, North Caucasus. a – A1, sin, GIN-1143-182; b – P4, sin, GIN- 1143-183; c – M1, dex, GIN-1143-184; d – I sup, sin, labial view, GIN-1143-181; e – i inf, sin, labial view, GIN-1143-186; f – fragment of mandible with m1–m2, dex, occlusal view, GIN- 1144-181; g – fragment of mandible, dex, condilar view, GIN- 1143-185.

Text-fig. 8. Tarsometatarsi of fossil and Recent Sylvioidea. a – PIN, № 5528/3 from Volchaya Balka; b – PIN № 5528/4 from Volchaya Balka; c – Sylvia intermedia KESSLER, 2013; d – Sylvia borin (BODDAERT, 1783). a1–d1 – dorsal view; a2–d2 – plantar view; a3–d3 – distal view. Scale bars 1 mm. in Late Miocene (Early Turolian) Vertebrate Faunas And Associated Biotic Record Of The Northern Caucasus: Geology, Taxonomy, Palaeoenvironment, Biochronology

Text-fig. 8. Tarsometatarsi of fossil and Recent Sylvioidea. a – PIN, № 5528/3 from Volchaya Balka; b – PIN № 5528/4 from Volchaya Balka; c – Sylvia intermedia KESSLER, 2013; d – Sylvia borin (BODDAERT, 1783). a1–d1 – dorsal view; a2–d2 – plantar view; a3–d3 – distal view. Scale bars 1 mm.