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1,709 results for “Reflectivity”
Data from: Melanin in a changing world: brown trout coloration reflects alternative reproductive strategies in variable environments
Melanins are the most widespread pigments in animals but their adaptive significance remains elusive. Recent studies suggest that intraspecific variation in melanin-based coloration reflects individual genetic-based alternative strategies to cope with environment variability, which could be crucial for their responses to climate changes. However, empirical evidence is still scarce. In this study, we tested how skin coloration in natural populations of brown trout Salmo trutta fario would reflect alternative reproductive strategies in different environments. We experimentally manipulated the flow regime (constant vs. variable) in artificial streams and compared the reproductive investment (body mass and plasma triglyceride variations), innate immunity (variations in plasma peroxidase and lysozyme activity) and reproductive success (number of mates and offspring) of differently colored brown trout over 2 reproductive seasons. Results show that darker males had a higher reproductive investment, but similar immune variations during reproduction compared to paler males. In addition, this reproductive investment was higher in variable environments. However, this did not translate into a higher reproductive success in variable environments, as darker males had a similar number of mates and offspring compared to their paler counterparts under a variable water flow. Since climate change will likely lead to an increased flow variability in the next decades, this suggests that darker brown trout could incur a higher energetic cost of reproduction and could be more impacted by climate changes than their paler counterparts. This highlights the need to take into account intraspecific variability to better forecast the response of natural populations to climate changes.
Data from: A significant component of ageing (DNA damage) is reflected in fading breeding colors: an experimental test using innate antioxidant mimetics in painted dragon lizards
A decade ahead of their time, von Schantz and coworkers united sexual selection and free radical biology by identifying causal links between deep-rooted physiological processes that dictate resistance to toxic waste from oxidative metabolism (reactive oxygen species), and phenotypic traits, such as ornaments. Ten years later, these ideas have still only been tested with indirect estimates of free radical levels (oxidative stress) subsequent to the action of innate and dietary antioxidants. Here we measure net superoxide (a selection pressure for antioxidant production) and experimentally manipulate superoxide antioxidation using a synthetic mimetic of superoxide dismutase, Eukarion 134 (EUK). We then measure the toxic effect of superoxide in terms of DNA erosion and concomitant loss of male breeding coloration in the lizard, Ctenophorus pictus. Control males suffered more DNA damage than EUK-males. Spectroradiometry showed that male coloration is lost in relation to superoxide and covaries with DNA erosion; in control males these variables explained 72 % of color loss, whereas in EUK males, the fading of coloration was unaffected by superoxide and unrelated to DNA damage. Thus, EUK's powerful antioxidation removes the erosion effect of superoxide on coloration and experimentally verifies the prediction that colors reflect innate capacity for antioxidation.
Data from: Epigenetic variation reflects dynamic habitat conditions in a rare floodplain herb
Variation of DNA-methylation is thought to play an important role for rapid adjustments of plant populations to dynamic environmental conditions, thus compensating for the relatively slow response time of genetic adaptations. However, genetic and epigenetic variation of wild plant populations has not yet been directly compared in fast changing environments. Here we surveyed populations of Viola elatior from two adjacent habitat types along a successional gradient characterized by strong differences in light availability. Using AFLP and MSAP analyses we found relatively low levels of genetic (H'gen=0.19) and epigenetic (H'epi=0.23) diversity and high genetic (ϕST=0.72) and epigenetic (ϕST=0.51) population differentiation. Diversity and, respectively, differentiation were significantly correlated, suggesting that epigenetic variation partly depends on the same driving forces as genetic variation. Correlation based genome scans detected comparable levels of genetic (17.0%) and epigenetic (14.2%) outlier markers associated with site specific light availability. However, as revealed by separate differentiation based genome scans for AFLP, only few genetic markers seemed to be actually under positive selection (0-4.5%). Moreover, PCoA and Mantel tests showed that overall epigenetic variation was more closely related to habitat conditions, indicating that environmentally-induced methylation changes may lead to convergence of populations experiencing similar habitat conditions and may thus play a major role for the transient and/or heritable adjustment to changing environments. Additionally, using a new MSAP scoring approach, we found that mainly the unmethylated (ϕST=0.60) and CG-methylated states (ϕST=0.46) of epiloci contributed to population differentiation and putative habitat related adaptation, whereas CHG-hemimethylated states (ϕST=0.21) only played a marginal role.
Data from: Desiccation resistance and pigmentation variation reflects bioclimatic differences in the Drosophila americana species complex
<p><a name="_Hlk525811957"><b>Background: </b>Disentangling the selective factors shaping adaptive trait variation is an important but challenging task. Many studies—especially in <i>Drosophila</i>—have documented trait variation along latitudinal or altitudinal clines, but frequently lack resolution about specific environmental gradients that could be causal selective agents, and often do not investigate covariation between traits simultaneously. Here we examined variation in multiple macroecological factors across geographic space and their associations with variation in three physiological traits (desiccation resistance, UV resistance, and pigmentation) at both population and species scales, to address the role of abiotic environment in shaping trait variation. </a></p> <p><b>Results:</b> Using environmental data from collection locations of three North American <i>Drosophila </i>species—<i>D. americana americana, D. americana texana </i>and <i>D. novamexicana</i>—we identified two primary axes of macroecological variation; these differentiated species habitats and were strongly loaded for precipitation and moisture variables. In nine focal populations (three per species) assayed for each trait, we detected significant species-level variation for both desiccation resistance and pigmentation, but not for UV resistance. Species-level trait variation was consistent with differential natural selection imposed by variation in habitat water availability, although patterns of variation differed between desiccation resistance and pigmentation, and we found little evidence for pleiotropy between traits.</p> <p><b>Conclusions:</b> Our multi-faceted approach enabled us to identify potential agents of natural selection and examine how they might influence the evolution of multiple traits at different evolutionary scales. Our findings highlight that environmental factors influence functional trait variation in ways that can be complex, and point to the importance of studies that examine these relationships at both population- and species-levels. </p>
Data from: Electrophysiological correlates of semantic dissimilarity reflect the comprehension of natural, narrative speech
People routinely hear and understand speech at rates of 120–200 words per minute [1, 2]. Thus, speech comprehension must involve rapid, online neural mechanisms that process words' meanings in an approximately time-locked fashion. However, in the context of continuous speech, electrophysiological evidence for such time-locked processing has been lacking. Whilst valuable insights into the semantic processing of speech have been provided by the "N400 component" of the event-related potential [3-6], this literature has been dominated by paradigms using incongruous words within specially constructed sentences, and may not accurately reflect natural, narrative speech comprehension. Building on the discovery that cortical activity "tracks" the dynamics of running speech [7-9], and psycholinguistic work both demonstrating [10-12] and modeling [13-15] how context rapidly impacts on word processing, we describe a new approach for deriving an electrophysiological correlate of natural speech comprehension. We used a computational model [16] to quantify the meaning carried by each word based on how semantically dissimilar it was to its preceding context and then regressed this quantity against electroencephalographic (EEG) data recorded from subjects as they listened to narrative speech. This produced a prominent negativity at a time-lag of 200–600 ms on centro-parietal EEG channels, characteristics common to the N400. Applying this approach to EEG datasets involving time-reversed speech, cocktail party attention and audiovisual speech-in-noise demonstrated that this response was very sensitive to whether or not subjects understood the speech they heard. These findings demonstrate that, when successfully comprehending natural speech, the human brain responds to the contextual semantic content of each word in a relatively time-locked fashion.
Database of frequency-domain terahertz reflection spectra for the DETRIS project
<p>A detailed description of the database can be found in the Instructions file.</p>
FIGURE 1 in Reflections on PEET, the Partnerships for Enhancing Expertise in Taxonomy
FIGURE 1. Digital imaging and graphics technologies will help to invigorate a modern taxonomic enterprise, and peetsters will help to lead the way.
Figure 7 in Reflection of the Neogene-Quaternary phylogeography in the recent distribution limiting climatic factors of eight Mediterranean Phlebotomus species (Diptera: Psychodidae)
Figure 7. The hierarchical factor analysis of the monthly mean temperature values (°C), the maximum of the monthly mean temperature values (°C), the minimum of the monthly minimum temperature values (°C), the maximum of the monthly minimum temperature values (°C), the minimum of the monthly precipitation values (mm) and the maximum of the monthly precipitation values (mm) limits of the eight studied Phlebotomus species.
Figure 2 in Reflection of the Neogene-Quaternary phylogeography in the recent distribution limiting climatic factors of eight Mediterranean Phlebotomus species (Diptera: Psychodidae)
Figure 2. Jaccard indices of countrywide sand fly diversities according to the Italy focus, based on the eight involved Phlebotomus species.
Figure 6 in Reflection of the Neogene-Quaternary phylogeography in the recent distribution limiting climatic factors of eight Mediterranean Phlebotomus species (Diptera: Psychodidae)
Figure 6. The principal component analysis result of the eight studied Phlebotomus species according to the maximum monthly precipitation value limits of the species.
Figure 10 in Reflection of the Neogene-Quaternary phylogeography in the recent distribution limiting climatic factors of eight Mediterranean Phlebotomus species (Diptera: Psychodidae)
Figure 10. The aggregated distribution of the species of the 'West-Mediterranean group' (absence: empty, presence: red fields; NUTS 3 regions).
Figure 9 in Reflection of the Neogene-Quaternary phylogeography in the recent distribution limiting climatic factors of eight Mediterranean Phlebotomus species (Diptera: Psychodidae)
Figure 9. The aggregated distribution of the species of the 'East-Mediterranean group' (absence: empty, presence: red fields; NUTS 3 regions).
Figure 1 in Reflection of the Neogene-Quaternary phylogeography in the recent distribution limiting climatic factors of eight Mediterranean Phlebotomus species (Diptera: Psychodidae)
Figure 1. Jaccard indices of countrywide sand fly diversities according to the Portugal focus, based on the eight involved Phlebotomus species.
Figure 8 in Reflection of the Neogene-Quaternary phylogeography in the recent distribution limiting climatic factors of eight Mediterranean Phlebotomus species (Diptera: Psychodidae)
Figure 8. The aggregated distribution of the species of the 'Trans-Mediterranean group' (absence: empty, presence: red fields; NUTS 3 regions).
Figure 4 in Reflection of the Neogene-Quaternary phylogeography in the recent distribution limiting climatic factors of eight Mediterranean Phlebotomus species (Diptera: Psychodidae)
Figure 4. The hierarchical cluster analysis result of the eight studied Phlebotomus species according to their presence/absence status in the studied countries (CH, Switzerland; D, Germany; I, Italy; P, Portugal; E, Spain; F, France; TR, Turkey; CY, Cyprus; BG, Bulgaria; BIH, Bosnia and Herzegovina; AL, Albania; MNE, Montenegro; GR, Greece; RO, Romania; KOS, Kosovo; HR, Croatia; SRB, Serbia; MD, Moldova; H, Hungary; MK, Macedonia.
Figure 3 in Reflection of the Neogene-Quaternary phylogeography in the recent distribution limiting climatic factors of eight Mediterranean Phlebotomus species (Diptera: Psychodidae)
Figure 3. Jaccard indices of countrywide sand fly diversities according to the Greece focus, based on the eight involved Phlebotomus species.
Figure 11 in Reflection of the Neogene-Quaternary phylogeography in the recent distribution limiting climatic factors of eight Mediterranean Phlebotomus species (Diptera: Psychodidae)
Figure 11. The geographical and climatic reconstruction maps for the European Early Late and Middle Miocene era with the mean annual temperature values according to the Neogene Climate Evolution in Eurasia model, based on the findings of Bruch et al. (2007). The yellow dashed line shows the climate border in the region of the Paratethys Sea.
Figure 1. Amaga amagensis. NHM 1928 in Reflections on the genus Amaga Ogren and Kawakatsu 1990, and description of a new genus of land planarian (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida: Geoplanidae)
Figure 1. Amaga amagensis. NHM 1928. (A) Transverse reconstruction of pre-pharyngeal region. (B) Transverse section of pre-pharyngeal region, showing dorsal position of testes. (C) Transverse section of glandular ridge. See text for abbreviations.
Figure 6 in Reflections on the genus Amaga Ogren and Kawakatsu 1990, and description of a new genus of land planarian (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida: Geoplanidae)
Figure 6. (A) Bogga bogotensis. ZMA V.Pl. 6904.1, sagittal section of secretory papillae. (B) Amaga amagensis. NHM 1928, sagittal section of branch of prostatic vesicle. (C) Bogga bogotensis. Holotype, sagittal reconstruction drawing of position of the ovaries. (D) Bogga bogotensis, ZMA V.Pl. 6904.1, sagittal section of secretory papillae. See text for abbreviations.
Figure 3 in Reflections on the genus Amaga Ogren and Kawakatsu 1990, and description of a new genus of land planarian (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida: Geoplanidae)
Figure 3. Bogga bogotensis. (A) ZMA V.Pl. 6904.1, anterior region showing eye distribution. (B) ZMA V.Pl. 6904.1, external features of preserved specimen. (C) Holotype ZMB 743, external features of preserved specimen. See text for abbreviations.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
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