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1,899 results for “Running”
obese mouse running
Drawing uploaded to scidraw.io on: 17 August 2019
obese mouse running
Drawing uploaded to scidraw.io on: 17 August 2019
Adult_Hooded_Rat_Running
Drawing uploaded to scidraw.io on: 16 November 2019
mouse running
Drawing uploaded to scidraw.io on: 06 August 2019
Ultrasound-derived changes in thickness of human ankle plantar flexor muscles during walking and running are not homogeneous along the muscle mid-belly region
<p>Skeletal muscle thickness is a valuable indicator of several aspects of a muscle's functional capabilities. We used computational analysis of ultrasound images, recorded from 10 humans walking and running at a range of speeds (0.7 – 5.0 m s<sup>-1</sup>), to quantify interactions in thickness change between three ankle plantar flexor muscles (soleus, medial and lateral gastrocnemius) and quantify thickness changes at multiple muscle sites within each image. Statistical analysis of thickness change as a function of stride cycle (1d statistical parametric mapping) revealed significant differences between soleus and both gastrocnemii across the whole stride cycle as they bulged within the shared anatomical space. Within each muscle, changes in thickness differed between measurement sites but not locomotor condition. For some of the stride, thickness measures taken from the distal-mid image region represented the mean muscle thickness, which may therefore be a reliable region for these measures. Assumptions that muscle thickness is constant during a task, often made in musculoskeletal models, do not hold for the muscles and locomotor conditions studied here and researchers should not assume that a single thickness measure, from one point of the stride cycle or a static image, represents muscle thickness during dynamic movements.</p>
Strausberg_Tribolium_LA-GFP_tailpole_run (Excerpt timepoints 291-340)
<p>Tribolium castaneum, life-actin GFP (transgenic), imaged in a custom dual-illumination light sheet microscope</p> <p>This is an excerpt of time points 291-340 showing a mitotic wave.</p> <p>Voxel size: 0.52 x 0.52 x 2.04 microns <br> Frame delay: 1 minute </p> <p><strong>Notes (whole data set)</strong></p> <p>sample author: Daniela Vorkel</p> <p>organism: Tribolium castaneum, life-actin GFP<br> sample count: 1 <br> <br> fluorescence: 488 (GFP)</p> <p>frames: 1361<br> acqu. time: 22h40m<br> size: 316.8 GB </p> <p>sample description: early embryo, mitotic waves + gastrulation, tailpole view</p> <p>experimental notes: optics prefused<br> </p> <p><strong>File descriptions</strong></p> <ul> <li>ClearControl meta header files: <ul> <li>C0opticsprefused.index.txt</li> <li>C0opticsprefused.metadata.txt</li> </ul> </li> <li>ClearControl program: <ul> <li>program.txt</li> </ul> </li> <li>Background subtracted / maximum projected thumbnails as video: <ul> <li>Strausberg_thumbnails_sb_text_291-340.gif</li> </ul> </li> <li>Singe time point 3D stack: <ul> <li>Strausberg_Tribolium_LA-GFP_tailpole_run-C0opticsprefused-291.tif</li> </ul> </li> <li>Image stacks with 10 time points each: <ul> <li>Strausberg_Tribolium_LA-GFP_tailpole_run-C0opticsprefused-291-300.tif</li> <li>Strausberg_Tribolium_LA-GFP_tailpole_run-C0opticsprefused-301-310.tif</li> <li>Strausberg_Tribolium_LA-GFP_tailpole_run-C0opticsprefused-311-320.tif</li> <li>Strausberg_Tribolium_LA-GFP_tailpole_run-C0opticsprefused-321-330.tif</li> <li>Strausberg_Tribolium_LA-GFP_tailpole_run-C0opticsprefused-331-340.tif</li> </ul> </li> </ul>
Mechanics of walking and running up and downhill: A joint-level perspective to guide design of lower-limb exoskeletons
Lower-limb wearable robotic devices can improve clinical gait and reduce energetic demand in healthy populations. To help enable real-world use, we sought to examine how assistance should be applied in variable gait conditions and suggest an approach derived from knowledge of human locomotion mechanics to establish a 'roadmap' for wearable robot design. We characterized the changes in joint mechanics during walking and running across a range of incline/decline grades and then provide an analysis that informs the development of lower-limb exoskeletons capable of operating across a range of mechanical demands. We hypothesized that the distribution of limb-joint positive mechanical power would shift to the hip for incline walking and running and that the distribution of limb-joint negative mechanical power would shift to the knee for decline walking and running. Eight subjects (6M,2F) completed five walking (1.25 m s -1 ) trials at -8.53º, -5.71º, 0º, 5.71º, and 8.53º grade and five running (2.25 m s -1 ) trials at -5.71º, -2.86º, 0º, 2.86º, and 5.71º grade on a treadmill. We calculated time-varying joint moment and power output for the ankle, knee, and hip. For each gait, we examined how individual limb-joints contributed to total limb positive, negative and net power across grades. For both walking and running, changes in grade caused a redistribution of joint mechanical power generation and absorption. From level to incline walking, the ankle's contribution to limb positive power decreased from 44% on the level to 28% at 8.53º uphill grade ( p < 0.0001) while the hip's contribution increased from 27% to 52% ( p < 0.0001). In running, regardless of the surface gradient, the ankle was consistently the dominant source of lower-limb positive mechanical power (47-55%). In the context of our results, we outline three distinct use-modes that could be emphasized in future lower-limb exoskeleton designs 1) Energy injection: adding positive work into the gait cycle, 2) Energy extraction: removing negative work from the gait cycle, and 3) Energy transfer: extracting energy in one gait phase and then injecting it in another phase (i.e., regenerative braking).
Figure 1 in Swimming and bipedal bottom-running in the pig-nosed turtle Carettochelys insculpta Ramsay, 1886
Figure 1. Large Carettochelys insculpta bipedal bottom-running. Intervals of 10 fields (0.33 s) between numbered fields. Note that, at fields 4 and 5, the two foreflipper tips are both flipped downwards and posteriorly.
Figure 3 in Swimming and bipedal bottom-running in the pig-nosed turtle Carettochelys insculpta Ramsay, 1886
Figure 3. Images of large Carettochelys insculpta. (A) Turtle gliding towards camera. (B) Moving bipedally on substratum away from camera; forelimbs are stippled. Short horizontal lines indicate substratum beneath hindlimbs.
Virtual tour of PHENIX (Run 2 confuguration). Uploaded by M.Potekhin for PHENIX Collaboration.
<p>A CGI video of the PHENIX detector and its subsystems, in the configuration that existed ca Run 2 (2002).</p>
Pathway simulation runs for manuscript "To and beyond the 2030 Agenda: systems change for accelerating sustainability progress"
<p>Files contains the simulation runs generated by the source code from 'https://github.com/enayatmoallemi/Moallemi_et_al_SDG_SSP_Assessment'.</p> <p>Files '<a href="https://zenodo.org/api/files/340806c1-e040-4036-bcbf-09d44c7f6f29/SDG_experiments_sc1000.tar.gz">SDG_experiments_sc250.tar.gz</a>' to '<a href="https://zenodo.org/api/files/340806c1-e040-4036-bcbf-09d44c7f6f29/SDG_experiments_sc1000.tar.gz">SDG_experiments_sc5000.tar.gz</a> include sensitivity analysis experiments (for different sample sizes from 250 to 5000) .</p> <p><br> Files '<a href="https://zenodo.org/api/files/340806c1-e040-4036-bcbf-09d44c7f6f29/SDG_SSP5-85_exploration_sc10000.tar.gz">SDG_SSP1-26_exploration_sc10000.tar.gz</a>' to '<a href="https://zenodo.org/api/files/340806c1-e040-4036-bcbf-09d44c7f6f29/SDG_SSP5-85_exploration_sc10000.tar.gz">SDG_SSP5-85_exploration_sc10000.tar.gz</a>' include exploratory analysis experiments of the five SSP-RCP combinations over time.</p>
Biogeochemistry initial and boundary conditions to run West Antarctic Peninsula MITgcm-REcoM2
<p>The files in this dataset include the initial and boundary conditions for all the biogeochemistry variables of the MITgcm-REcoM2 circulation, sea ice and biogeochemistry regional configuration for the West Antarctic Peninsula (WAP).</p>
Sagittal plane lower body angles during overground running with wearable resistance
<p>Field-based sports require athletes to run submaximally over significant distances, often while contending with dynamic perturbations to preferred coordination patterns. The ability to adapt movement such that performance is maintained under such perturbations appears to be trainable. This may be achieved through exposure to task variability, provided there is concomitant exploration of alternate functional states through movement variability. Wearable resistance is a novel training device, which may be well suited to inducing movement variability during running given the changes to limb inertial properties. To investigate this, 14 participants performed 10 submaximal speed shuttle runs with either no weight, 1%, 3%, or 5% of body weight attached to the lower limbs. Sagittal plane lower limb joint kinematics from one complete stride cycle in each run were assessed using functional data analysis techniques. At the group-level, decreases in ankle plantarflexion following toe-off were evident in the 3% and 5% conditions, while increased knee flexion occurred during weight acceptance in the 5% condition. Individual-level between-run joint angle profiles varied, with several participants exhibiting increased joint angle variability in one or more loading conditions compared with unloaded running. Practically, 5% loading appears to constrain the movement system among certain individuals in accordance with the need to manage increased system load or the novelty of the task. For individuals in which between-run joint angle variability increased under loading, wearable resistance seemingly promoted exploration of different coordinative modes, though the magnitude of loading that elicited this response varied. Practitioners should prescribe wearable resistance individually to ensure that movement variability is encouraged without substantial alteration to or constraint of athletes' coordinative structures.</p>
Data from: Running with the Red Queen: host-parasite coevolution selects for biparental sex
Most organisms reproduce through outcrossing, even though it comes with significant costs. The Red Queen hypothesis proposes that selection from coevolving pathogens facilitates the persistence of outcrossing in spite of these costs. We utilized experimental coevolution to test the Red Queen hypothesis, and found that coevolution with a bacterial pathogen (Serratia marcescens) resulted in significantly more outcrossing in mixed mating experimental populations of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Furthermore, we found that coevolution with the pathogen rapidly drove obligately selfing populations to extinction, while outcrossing populations persisted through reciprocal coevolution. Thus, consistent with the Red Queen hypothesis, coevolving pathogens can select for biparental sex.
Data from: Preferred gait and walk–run transition speeds in ostriches measured using GPS-IMU sensors
The ostrich (Struthio camelus) is widely appreciated as a fast and agile bipedal athlete, and is a useful comparative bipedal model for human locomotion. Here, we used GPS-IMU sensors to measure naturally selected gait dynamics of ostriches roaming freely over a wide range of speeds in an open field and developed a quantitative method for distinguishing walking and running using accelerometry. We compared freely selected gait–speed distributions with previous laboratory measures of gait dynamics and energetics. We also measured the walk–run and run–walk transition speeds and compared them with those reported for humans. We found that ostriches prefer to walk remarkably slowly, with a narrow walking speed distribution consistent with minimizing cost of transport (CoT) according to a rigid-legged walking model. The dimensionless speeds of the walk–run and run–walk transitions are slower than those observed in humans. Unlike humans, ostriches transition to a run well below the mechanical limit necessitating an aerial phase, as predicted by a compass-gait walking model. When running, ostriches use a broad speed distribution, consistent with previous observations that ostriches are relatively economical runners and have a flat curve for CoT against speed. In contrast, horses exhibit U-shaped curves for CoT against speed, with a narrow speed range within each gait for minimizing CoT. Overall, the gait dynamics of ostriches moving freely over natural terrain are consistent with previous lab-based measures of locomotion. Nonetheless, ostriches, like humans, exhibit a gait-transition hysteresis that is not explained by steady-state locomotor dynamics and energetics. Further study is required to understand the dynamics of gait transitions.
Data from: The evolution of bipedal running in lizards suggests a consequential origin may be exploited in later lineages.
The origin of bipedal locomotion in lizards is unclear. Modeling studies have suggested that bipedalism may be an exaptation, a byproduct of features originally designed to increase maneuverability, which were only later exploited. Measurement of the body center of mass (BCOM) in 124 species of lizards confirms a significant rearward shift among bipedal lineages. Further racetrack trials showed a significant acceleration threshold between bipedal and quadrupedal runs. These suggest good general support for a passive bipedal model, in which the combination of these features lead to passive lifting of the front of the body. However, variation in morphology could only account for 56% of the variation in acceleration thresholds, suggesting that dynamics have a significant influence on bipedalism. Deviation from the passive bipedal model was compared with node age, supporting an increase in the influence of dynamics over time. Together, these results show that bipedalism may have first arisen as a consequence of acceleration and a rearward shift in the BCOM, but subsequent linages have exploited this consequence to become bipedal more often, suggesting that bipedalism in lizards may convey some advantage. Exploitation of bipedalism was also associated with increased rates of phenotypic diversity, suggesting exploiting bipedalism may promote adaptive radiation.
Data from: Muscle-tendon unit length changes differ between young and adult sprinters in first stance phase of sprint running
The aim of this study was to compare young and adult sprinters on several biomechanical parameters that were previously highlighted as performance-related and to determine the behaviour of several muscle-tendon units (MTU) in the first stance phase following a block start in sprint running. The ground reaction force (GRF) and kinematic data were collected from 16 adult and 21 young well-trained sprinters. No difference between the groups was found in some of the previously-highlighted performance-related parameters (ankle joint stiffness, the range of dorsiflexion and plantar flexor moment). Interestingly, the young sprinters showed a greater maximal and mean ratio of horizontal to total GRF, which was mainly attributed to a greater horizontal GRF relative to body mass and resulted in a greater change in horizontal centre of mass (COM) velocity during the stance phase in the young compared to the adult sprinters.. Results from the MTU length analyses showed that adult sprinters had more MTU shortening and higher maximal MTU shortening velocities in all plantar flexors and the rectus femoris. Although previously-highlighted performance-related parameters could not explain the greater 100 m sprinting times in the adult sprinters, differences were found in the behaviour of the MTU of the plantar flexors and rectus femoris during the first stance phase. The pattern of length changes in these MTUs provide ideal conditions for the use of elastic energy storage and release for power enhancement.
Data from: Tandem-running and scouting behavior are characterized by up-regulation of learning and memory formation genes within the ant brain
Tandem-running is a recruitment behavior in ants that has been described as a form of teaching, where spatial information possessed by a leader is conveyed to following nestmates. Within Temnothorax ants, tandem-running is used within a variety of contexts, from foraging and nest relocation to – in the case of slavemaking species – slave raiding. Here, we elucidate the transcriptomic basis of scouting, tandem-leading, and tandem-following behavior across two species with divergent lifestyles: the slavemaking Temnothorax americanus and its primary, non-parasitic host T. longispinosus. Analysis of gene expression data from brains revealed that only a small number of unique differentially-expressed genes are responsible for scouting and tandem-running. Comparison of orthologous genes between T. americanus and T. longispinosus suggests that tandem-running is characterized by species-specific patterns of gene usage. However, within both species, tandem-leaders showed gene expression patterns median to those of scouts and tandem-followers, which was expected, as leaders can be recruited from either of the other two behavioral states. Most importantly, a number of differentially-expressed behavioral genes were found, with functions relating to learning and memory formation in other social and non-social insects. This includes a number of up-regulated receptor genes such as a glutamate and dopamine receptor, as well as serine/threonine protein phosphatases and kinases. Learning and memory genes were specifically up-regulated within scouts and tandem-followers, not only reinforcing previous behavioral studies into how Temnothorax navigate novel environments and share information, but also providing insight into the molecular underpinnings of teaching and learning within social insects.
Data from: Characterization of recruitment through tandem running in an Indian queenless ant Diacamma indicum
Tandem running is a primitive recruitment method employed by many ant genera. This study characterizes this behaviour during the recruitment of colony mates to a new nest in an Indian ant Diacamma indicum. Tandem leaders who have knowledge of the new nest lead a single follower at a time, to the destination by maintaining physical contact. In order to characterize tandem running, we captured and analysed 621 invitations, 217 paths and 226 termination events. Remarkably, not a single colony member was lost. While invitations were stereotypic in behaviour, termination was not. Analysis of speed revealed that the average transport speed was 4.2 cm s−1. Coupled adult-brood transport was slower than other transports but was more efficient than individual trips. Comparing tandem running with other popular recruitment methods in ants allows us to postulate that even though tandem running is primitive it is probably just another means to achieve the same end.
Test tapestation run data
<p>Test tapestation run data.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
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The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
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