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opencc-zeroJul 2021View details →

Data from: High environmental stress and productivity increase functional diversity along a deep-sea hydrothermal vent gradient

Productivity and environmental stress are major drivers of multiple biodiversity facets and faunal community structure. Little is known on their interacting effects on early community assembly processes in the deep sea (>200 m), the largest environment on Earth. However, at hydrothermal vents productivity correlates, at least partially, with environmental stress. Here, we studied the colonization of rock substrata deployed along a deep-sea hydrothermal vent gradient at four sites with and without direct influence of vent fluids at 1700 m depth in the Lucky Strike vent field (Mid-Atlantic Ridge, MAR). We examined in detail the composition of faunal communities (>20 m) established after two years and evaluated species and functional patterns. We expected the stressful hydrothermal activity to (1) limit functional diversity and (2) filter for traits clustering functionally similar species. However, our observations did not support our hypotheses. On the contrary, our results show that hydrothermal activity enhanced functional diversity. Moreover, despite high species diversity, environmental conditions at surrounding sites appear to filter for specific traits, thereby reducing functional richness. In fact, diversity in ecological functions may relax the effect of competition allowing several species to coexist in high densities in the reduced space of the highly-productive vent habitats under direct fluid emissions. We suggest that the high productivity at fluid-influenced sites supports higher functional diversity and traits that are more energetically expensive. The presence of exclusive species and functional entities led to a high turnover between surrounding sites. As a result, some of these sites contributed more than expected to the total species and functional β-diversities. The observed faunal overlap and energy links (exported productivity) suggest that rather than operating as separate entities, habitats with and without influence of hydrothermal fluids may be considered as interconnected entities. Low functional richness and environmental filtering suggests that surrounding areas, with their very heterogeneous species and functional assemblages, may be especially vulnerable to environmental changes related to natural and anthropogenic impacts, including deep-sea mining.

opencc-zeroJul 2021View details →

Data from: Exploring genomic variation associated with drought stress in Picea mariana populations

Predicted increases in drought and heat stress will likely induce shifts in species bioclimatic envelopes. Genetic variants adapted to water limitation may prove pivotal for species response under scenarios of increasing drought. In this study, we aimed to explore this hypothesis by investigating genetic variation in 16 populations of black spruce (Picea mariana) in relation to climate variables in Alaska. A total of 520 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped for 158 trees sampled from areas of contrasting climate regimes. We used multivariate and univariate genotype-by-environment approaches along with available gene annotations to investigate the relationship between climate and genetic variation among sampled populations. Nine SNPs were identified as having a significant association with climate, of which five were related to drought stress response. Outlier SNPs with respect to the overall environment were significantly overrepresented for several biological functions relevant for coping with variable hydric regimes, including osmotic stress response. This genomic imprint is consistent with local adaptation of black spruce to drought stress. These results suggest that natural selection acting on standing variation prompts local adaptation in forest stands facing water limitation. Improved understanding of possible adaptive responses could inform our projections about future forest dynamics and help prioritize populations that harbor valuable genetic diversity for conservation.

opencc-zeroAug 2021View details →

Temperature stress induces mites to help their carrion beetle hosts by eliminating rival blowflies

Ecological conditions are known to change the expression of mutualisms though the causal agents driving such changes remain poorly understood. Here we show that temperature stress modulates the harm threatened by a common enemy, and thereby induces a phoretic mite to become a protective mutualist. Our experiments focus on the interactions between the burying beetle Nicrophorus vespilloides, an associated mite species Poecilochirus carabi and their common enemy, blowflies, when all three species reproduce on the same small vertebrate carrion. We show that mites compete with beetle larvae for food in the absence of blowflies, and reduce beetle reproductive success. However, when blowflies breed on the carrion too, mites enhance beetle reproductive success by eating blowfly eggs. High densities of mites are especially effective at promoting beetle reproductive success at higher and lower natural ranges in temperature, when blowfly larvae are more potent rivals for the limited resources on the carcass.

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2021View details →

Stress Drop Catalog for "Spatio-temporal evolution of earthquake static stress drop values in the 2016-2017 Central Italy seismic sequence" - Kemna et al. 2021 JGR - Solid Earth

Catalog with stress drop estimates for "Spatio-temporal evolution of earthquake static stress drop values in the 2016-2017 Central Italy seismic sequence" Kemna et al., 2021, JGR: Solid-Earth, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JB022566. Description of columns: Earthquake information <ul> <li>ID - INGV Earthquake ID</li> <li>Latitude - Latitude in Degrees</li> <li>Longitude - Longitude in Degrees</li> <li>Depth - Depth in km</li> <li>Magnitude_INGV - Magnitude reported by INGV</li> <li>Origin_UTC - UTC Origin Time in ISO Format</li> <li>Catalog - Catalog source of specific event. See section 2.1 for details</li> <li>Profile_distance_norcia - Distance of earthquake from Norcia Mainshock location projected onto a NW-SE trending line</li> <li>Dayafter_20160101 - Day after start of catalog in float</li> </ul> Single spectra fitting estimates <ul> <li>mw_s_mean - Moment Magnitude averaged over station estimates</li> <li>mw_s_err - 95% error (from delete-one jackknife-mean)</li> <li>m0_s_mean - Seismic Moment in Nm averaged over station estimates</li> <li>m0_s_err - 95 % error(from delete-one jackknife-mean)</li> <li>fc_s_sssa_mean - Corner frequency estimate averaged over station estimates</li> <li>fc_s_sssa_err - 95 % error(from delete-one jackknife-mean)</li> <li>strdrop_s_sssa_mean - Stress drop estimate averaged over station estimates</li> <li>strdrop_s_sssa_err - 95 % error(from delete-one jackknife-mean)</li> <li>sample_size_s_sssa - Number of stations with an estimate</li> <li>azimuthal_gap_s_sssa - Maximum azimuthal gap</li> <li>alpha_vel - P-wave velocity in m/s at Hypocenter</li> <li>beta_vel - S-wave velocity in m/s at Hypocenter</li> </ul> Cluster-event method estimates <ul> <li>fc_s_cema_mean - Corner frequency estimated averaged over clusters</li> <li>fc_s_cema_err - 95 % error(from delete-one jackknife-mean)</li> <li>strdrop_s_cema_mean - Stress drop estimate using Magnitude estimate from single spectra fitting</li> <li>strdrop_s_cema_err - 95 % error</li> </ul> Spectral Ratio fitting estimates <ul> <li>fc1_s_rsta_mean - Target event corner frequency estimate using automatic source spectra fitting averaged over eGfs</li> <li>fc1_s_rsta_err - 95 % error(from delete-one jackknife-mean)</li> <li>strdrop_s_rsta_mean - Stress drop estimate using Magnitude estimate from single spectra fitting</li> <li>strdrop_s_rsta_err - 95 % error</li> <li>egf_number_rsta_s - Number of eGfs for each target event</li> <li>fc1_s_rrta_mean - Target event corner frequency estimate using semi-automatic spectral ratiofitting averaged over eGfs</li> <li>fc1_strdrop_s_rrta_mean - Stress drop estimate using Magnitude estimate from single spectra fitting</li> <li>fc2_s_rrea_mean - eGf event corner frequency estimate using semi-automatic spectral ratiofitting averaged over eGfs</li> <li>fc2_strdrop_s_rrea_mean - Stress drop estimate using Magnitude estimate from single spectra fitting</li> </ul> Magnitude-normalized stress drop <ul> <li>prio_strdrop_s - Which type of estimate is used</li> <li>magbin_s - Magnitude bin to which event is associated</li> <li>prio_strdrop_s_magbinmean - Stress drop mean for specific magnitude bin</li> <li>prio_strdrop_s_magbinstderr - 95 % error(from delete-one jackknife-mean)</li> <li>prio_strdrop_s_magnitude-normalized - Magnitude-normalized stress drop estimate</li> </ul>

opencc-zeroSep 2021View details →

Increased epigenetic diversity and transient epigenetic memory in response to salinity stress in Thlaspi arvense

Epigenetic diversity could play an important role in adaptive evolution of organisms, especially for plant species occurring in new and stressful environments. Thlaspi arvense (pennycress), a valuable oilseed crop, is widespread in temperate regions of the northern hemisphere. In this study, we investigated the effect of salinity stress on the epigenetic variation of DNA methylation and epigenetic stress memory in pennycress using methylation-sensitive amplification polymorphism (MSAP) markers. We examined how the status of DNA methylation changes across individuals in response to salinity stress and whether such an effect of maternal stress could be transferred to offspring for one or two generations in non-stressed environments. Our results based on 306 epiloci indicated no consistent change of DNA methylation status in specific epiloci across individuals within the same conditions. In contrast, we found that the epigenetic diversity at population level increased significantly in response to the stimulation of salinity stress; and this "stimulation effect" could be transferred partially in the form of stress memory to at least two generations of offspring in non-stressed environments. In addition, we observed a parallel change in functionally important traits, i.e. phenotypic variation was significantly higher in plants grown under salinity stress compared with those of control groups. Taken together, our results provide novel clues for the increased spontaneous epimutation rate in response to stress in plants, of potential adaptive significance.

opencc-zeroSep 2021View details →

A multi-modal sensor dataset for continuous stress detection of nurses in a hospital

Advances in wearable technologies provide the opportunity to monitor many physiological variables continuously. Stress detection has gained increased attention in recent years, especially because early stress detection can help individuals better manage health to minimize the negative impacts of long-term stress exposure. This paper provides a unique stress detection dataset created in a natural working environment in a hospital. This dataset is a collection of biometric data of nurses during the COVID-19 outbreak. Studying stress in a work environment is complex due to the influence of many social, cultural, and individuals experience in dealing with stressful conditions. In order to address these concerns, we captured both the physiological data and associated context pertaining to the stress events. We monitored specific physiological variables, including electrodermal activity, heart rate, skin temperature, and accelerometer data of the nurse subjects. A periodic smartphone-administered survey also captured the contributing factors for the detected stress events. A database containing the signals, stress events, and survey responses is available upon request.

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2021View details →

Data of "Poor repeatability of cortisol responses to adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) in beef heifers: is the ACTH challenge a suitable measure for stress research in cattle?"

Data for article "Poor repeatability of cortisol responses to adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) in beef heifers: is the ACTH challenge a suitable measure for stress research in cattle?" Dataset of 64 crossbred beef heifers which were subjected to three ACTH challenges. Both experimental independent variables (animal id, horn status, replicate, time of day of the ACTH challenge, ACTH challenge number) and post-ACTH salivary cortisol concentrations (at the seven sampling timepoints and area under the curve values) are presented.

opencc-by-4.0Oct 2021View details →

Data for: Compensating for a stressful pregnancy? Glucocorticoid treatment during gravidity reduces metabolic rate in female fence lizards post-parturition (In press: Hormones and Behavior)

This dataset accompanies the paper "Compensating for a stressful pregnancy? Glucocorticoid treatment during gravidity reduces metabolic rate in female fence lizards post-parturition" (In press: Hormones and Behavior). A READ_ME/metadata explanation is available in Sheet 1. Address any queries to Dr. K. MacLeod, kirstyjmacleod@gmail.com. Abstract: Reproduction is a critical part of an animal’s life history, but one which incurs significant costs to survival and future reproductive potential. These physiological consequences are likely to be influenced by context – for example, if an individual is subject to environmental stressors, physiological and behavioral changes associated with reproduction may be altered. Glucocorticoids, hormones produced as part of the physiological response to stressors, may alter how reproduction affects female physiology and behavior, and therefore the outcomes of reproductive trade-offs. Glucocorticoids prioritize immediate survival over reproduction, for example through changes in immune function, metabolic rate, and foraging, which may reduce energy expenditure or increase energy gain. However, we previously found that female eastern fence lizards (Sceloporus undulatus) experiencing elevated glucocorticoid levels during gestation were nevertheless able to maintain reproductive output and body condition. Here we investigate compensatory mechanisms by which eastern fence lizard females may maintain reproduction under experimental increases in a glucocorticoid, corticosterone (CORT). We found that, although CORT-treated females had similar immune function and behavior, they had reduced metabolic rates 3-5 days post-parturition compared to control females. Given that CORT-treated females spent a similar time basking and had equal food intake compared to control females, we suggest that the reduced metabolic rate is a mechanism by which CORT-treated females maintain their energy balance and reduce the energetic costs of gestation during periods of stress. This study suggests that physiological responses to reproduction may be context-dependent and could act to minimize costs of reproduction in situations where CORT is elevated (such as during periods of environmental stress).

opencc-zeroOct 2021View details →

The telomere regulatory gene POT1 responds to stress and predicts performance in nature: implications for telomeres and life history evolution

Telomeres are emerging as correlates of fitness-related traits and may be important mediators of ecologically relevant variation in life history strategies. Growing evidence suggests that telomere dynamics can be more predictive of performance than length itself, but very little work considers how telomere regulatory mechanisms respond to environmental challenges or influence performance in nature. Here, we combine observational and experimental datasets from free-living tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) to assess how performance is predicted by the telomere regulatory gene POT1, which encodes a shelterin protein that sterically blocks telomerase from repairing the telomere. First, we show that lower POT1 gene expression was associated with higher female quality, i.e. earlier breeding and heavier body mass. We next challenged mothers with an immune stressor (lipopolysaccharide injection) that led to 'sickness' in mothers and 24h of food restriction in their offspring. While POT1 did not respond to maternal injection, females with lower constitutive POT1 gene expression were better able to maintain feeding rates following treatment. Maternal injection also generated a one-day stressor for chicks, which responded with lower POT1 gene expression and elongated telomeres. Other putatively stress-responsive mechanisms (i.e. glucocorticoids, antioxidants) showed marginal responses in stress-exposed chicks. Model comparisons indicated that POT1 mRNA abundance was a largely better predictor of performance than telomere dynamics, indicating that telomere regulators may be powerful modulators of variation in life history strategies.

opencc-zeroOct 2022View details →

Coral bleaching due to cold stress on a central Red Sea reef flat

Ocean warming is leading to more frequent coral bleaching events. However, cold stress can also induce bleaching in corals. Here, we report observations of a boreal winter bleaching event in Jan 2020 in the central Red Sea, mainly within a population of the branching coral Stylophora pistillata on an offshore reef flat. Sea surface temperatures rarely fall below 24°C in this region, but data loggers deployed on several nearby reef flats recorded overnight seawater temperatures as low as 18°C just three days before the observations. The low temperatures coincided with an extremely low tide and cool air temperatures, likely resulting in the aerial exposure of the corals during the nighttime low tide event. The risk of aerial exposure is rare in winter months, as the Red Sea exhibits seasonal fluctuations in sea level with winter values typically 0.3-0.4m higher than in summer. These observations are notable for a region typically characterized as a high-temperature sea, and highlight the need for long-term monitoring programs as this rare event may have gone unnoticed.

opencc-zeroOct 2022View details →

Data for: Flowers that self-shade reduce heat stress and pollen limitation

Premise: Plants are facing increased risk of heat stress with global climate change. Reproductive tissues are particularly sensitive which can result in lower plant fitness. Floral shading and closure are possible mechanisms to limit heat stress although most previous work on petal orientation has considered adaptations to raise temperatures. We hypothesized that floral shading could reduce temperature and increase reproductive success. Results: Individual flowers of all four species that shaded their pistils experienced temperatures 3 – 8 oC lower than those that remained open and unshaded. In our wiring experiment, unencumbered R. coulteri controls were 40% more likely to produce seeds than flowers that were either permanently open or closed. Without added pollen, control flowers produced 2x more seeds than flowers wired open and 8x more than those wired closed. However, pollen addition eliminated the effects of wiring and increased capsule weight and seed production. This suggests that pollen limitation was responsible for observed differences in the wiring treatments. Pollinators may prefer control flowers over those that were wired open or closed; petal shading may make flowers cooler and more attractive to pollinators. Conclusions: Petal shading may be a behavior that allows flowers to reduce heat stress and increases their chances of pollination and seed set.

Data for: Soil cadmium stress-mediated sexual difference in phyllosphere microbiome and associated pathogen resistance of poplars

Phyllosphere associated microorganisms play a crucial role in protecting plants from diseases, while their composition and diversity are strongly influenced by heavy metal contaminants. As dioecious plants exhibited sexual dimorphism in metal accumulation and tolerance between male and female individuals, in this study we used male and female full-sibs of Populus deltoides to investigate whether the two plant sexes will present sexual differences in phyllosphere microbiome structure and associated pathogen resistance against a leaf pathogenic fungus after soil cadmium (Cd) exposure. We found that Cd-treated male plants grew better and accumulated more leaf Cd than females. Cd stress reduced leaf lesion areas of both plant sexes after leaf pathogen infection, whereas male plants exhibited better resistance than females. More importantly, Cd exposure differentially altered the structure and function of the phyllosphere microbiome of male and female plants, with more abundant ecologically beneficial microbes but decreased pathogenic fungal taxa harbored in male phyllosphere. Further in vitro toxicity tests suggested that such sexual difference in pathogen resistance between the two plant sexes could attribute to direct Cd toxicity and indirect shifts in phyllosphere microbiome. This study provides implication for understanding the underlying mechanism of heavy metals involved in plant-pathogen interactions.

CESM 1.2 climate model simulation output for: The Essential Role of Westerly Wind Bursts in ENSO Dynamics and Extreme Events Quantified in Model 'Wind Stress Shaving' Experiments

Westerly wind bursts (WWBs)—brief but strong westerly wind anomalies in the equatorial Pacific—are believed to play an important role in El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) dynamics, but quantifying their effects is challenging. Here, we investigate the cumulative effects of WWBs on ENSO characteristics, including the occurrence of extreme El Niño events, via modified coupled model experiments within Community Earth System Model (CESM1) in which we progressively reduce the impacts of wind stress anomalies associated with model-generated WWBs. In these "wind stress shaving" experiments we limit momentum transfer from the atmosphere to the ocean above a preset threshold, thus "shaving off" wind bursts. To reduce the tropical Pacific mean state drift, both westerly and easterly wind bursts are removed, although the changes are dominated by WWB reduction. As we impose progressively stronger thresholds, both ENSO amplitude and the frequency of extreme El Niño decrease, and ENSO becomes less asymmetric. The warming center of El Niño shifts westward, indicating less frequent and weaker Eastern Pacific (EP) El Niño events. Removing most of wind bursts-related wind stress anomalies reduces ENSO amplitude by 22%. The essential role of WWBs in the development of extreme El Niño events is revealed in the suppressed eastward migration of the western Pacific warm pool and hence a weaker Bjerknes feedback under wind shaving. Overall, our results reaffirm the importance of WWBs in shaping the characteristics of ENSO and its extreme events and imply that WWB changes with global warming could influence future ENSO.

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2022View details →

Data set - Stress, Mental Health and Sociocultural Adjustment in Third Culture Kids: The Mediating Roles of Resilience and Family Functioning

this data set contains data derived from a cross-sectional study which explores the contributions of proximal and contextual factors in the adjustment process of a sample of internationally mobile children and adolescents having relocated to Switzerland.  scales include child perceived stress (PSS-C; White, 2014), acculturative stress (ASIC; Suarez-Morales et al., 2007), resilience (CYRM-12; Liebenberg et al., 2013), mental health difficulties SDQ (R. Goodman, 1997), socio cultural adjustmen (SCAS-Child; Ward & Kennedy, 1999) and family functioning (McMaster Family Assessment Device (Epstein et al., 1983)).  child age, arrival in Switzerland and cemographic information on country of origin are included

Data set for: Genetic dissection of marker trait associations for grain micro-nutrients and thousand grain weight under heat and moisture deficit stress conditions in wheat

The study material in the GWAS panel with 193 bread wheat genotypes from Indian and exotic collections was selected to map the genomic regions responsible for grain iron and Zinc content under drought and heat stress treatments. Phenotypic data: The GWAS panel was evaluated at IARI, New Delhi - DL (28.6550° N, 77.1888° E, MSL 228.61 m) under Irrigated (IR), Restricted Irrigated (RI) and Late sown (LS) treatment conditions over 2 years i.e. 2020 and 2021 with augmented RCBD design. Data was collected on Grain Iron and Grain zinc content along with thousand-grain weight. Around 20 g of grain sample from each of 282 genotypes from the GWAS panel under all three conditions were used for phenotyping GFeC and GZnC through high-throughput Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (ED-XRF) machine (model X-Supreme 8000; Oxford Instruments plc, Abingdon, United Kingdom) calibrated with glass beads-based values. To record TGW, manual counting of grains was followed and the weight of the grains was recorded in grams with an electronic balance. Genotypic data: Genomic DNA of the GWAS panel was extracted from the leaves of seedlings by Cetyl Trimethyl Ammonium Bromide (CTAB) method. The panel was genotyped using Axiom Wheat Breeder's Genotyping Array (Affymetrix, Santa Clara, CA, United States) having 35,143 genome-wide SNPs. The monomorphic, markers with minor allele frequency (MAF) of <5%, missing data of >10%, and heterozygote frequency >50% were removed from the analysis. The remaining set of 13,947 high-quality SNPs was used in GWAS analysis.

Data for: Sex matters: Predator presence induces sexual dimorphism in a monomorphic prey, from stress genes to morphological defenses

Inducible defences allow prey to increase survival chances when predators are present while avoiding unnecessary costs in their absence. Many studies report considerable inter-individual variation in inducible-defence expression, yet what underlies this variation is poorly understood. A classic vertebrate example of a predator‐induced morphological defence is the increased body depth in crucian carp (Carassius carassius), which reduces the risk of predation from gape‐size limited predators. Here, we report that among-individual variation in morphological defence expression can be linked to sex. We documented sexual dimorphism in lakes in which crucian carp coexisted with predators, where females showed shallower relative body depths than males, but not in a predator-free lake. When exposing crucian carp from a population without predators to perceived predation risk in a laboratory environment (presence/absence of pike, Esox lucius), we found that males expressed significantly greater morphological defence than females, causing sexual dimorphism only in the presence of predators. We uncovered a correlative link between the sex-specific inducible phenotypic response and gene expression patterns in major stress-related genes (POMC, MC3R, MC4R). Together, our results highlight that sex-specific responses may be an important, yet underappreciated, component underlying inter-individual differences in the expression of inducible defences, even in species without pronounced sexual dimorphism.

Non-rapid eye movement sleep determines resilience to social stress

Resilience, the ability to overcome stressful conditions, is found in most mammals and varies significantly among individuals. A lack of resilience can lead to the development of neuropsychiatric and sleep disorders, often within the same individual. Despite extensive research into the brain mechanisms causing maladaptive behavioral-responses to stress, it is not clear why some individuals exhibit resilience. To examine if sleep has a determinative role in maladaptive behavioral-response to social stress, we investigated individual variations in resilience using a social-defeat model for male mice. Our results reveal a direct, causal relationship between sleep amount and resilience—demonstrating that sleep increases after social-defeat stress only occur in resilient mice. Further, we found that within the prefrontal cortex, a regulator of maladaptive responses to stress, pre-existing differences in sleep regulation predict resilience. Overall, these results demonstrate that increased NREM sleep, mediated cortically, is an active response to social-defeat stress that is both necessary and sufficient for promoting resilience. They also show that differences in resilience are strongly correlated with inter-individual variability in sleep regulation.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2022View details →

Relating hydro-mechanical and elastodynamic properties of dynamically-stressed tensile-fractured rock in relation to fracture aperture and contact area

We exploit nonlinear elastodynamic properties of fractured rock to probe the micro-scale mechanics of fractures and understand the relation between fluid transport and fracture aperture and area, stiffness proxy, under dynamic stressing. Experiments are conducted on rough, tensile-fractured Westerly granite specimen subject to triaxial stresses. Fracture permeability is measured from steady-state fluid flow with deionized water. Pore pressure oscillations are applied at amplitudes ranging from 0.2 to 1~MPa at 1~Hz frequency. During dynamic stressing we transmit acoustic signals through the fracture using an array of piezoelectric transducers (PZTs) to monitor the evolution of fracture interface properties. We examine the influence of fracture aperture and contact area by conducting measurements at effective normal stresses of 10, 12.5, 15, 17.5, and 20~MPa. Additionally, the evolution of contact area with stress is characterized using pressure sensitive film. These experiments are conducted separately with the same fracture and they map contact area at stresses from 9 to 21~MPa. The resulting `true' area of contact measurements made for the entire fracture surface and within the calculated PZT sensor footprints, numerical modeling of Fresnel zone. We compare the elastodynamic response of the the fracture using the stress-induced changes ultrasonic wave velocities for a range of transmitter-receiver pairs to image spatial variations in contact properties, which is informed by fracture contact area measurements. These measurements of the nonlinear elasticity are related to the fluid-flow, permeability, in response to dynamic stressing and similar comparisons are made for the slow-dynamics, recovery, of the fracture interface following the stress perturbations.

opencc-by-4.0May 2019View details →

Data sources for the manuscript on groundwater stress indicators published in Water Resources Research

We computed seven global-scale groundwater stress indicators at the 0.5° grid-cell level and for transboundary aquifers> 20,000 km². All indicators were calculated for current conditions (1981-2010 or 2001-2010) based on a homogenized version of the concatenated WATCH Forcing Data ERA-40 (WFD) and WFD ERA-Interim data sets (WFDEI). In addition, four of the indicators were computed for the 2050s (2041-2070) under the worst-case greenhouse gas emissions scenario RCP8.5 applying ten climate and irrigation scenarios. The scenarios were derived by combining two irrigation scenarios (“AAI constant” and “AAI LandSHIFT”) with model output from the five global climate models GFDL-ESM2M, HadGEM2 -ES, IPSL-CM5A-LR, MIROC-ESM-CHEM, and NorESM1-M. Here, we provide the WaterGAP model output used to compute the groundwater stress indicators. A description of the indicators and the underlying data can be found in the reference below. Moreover, a table with coordinates and grid-cell area [km²] used in WaterGAP is provided for the conversion of units. The model output comprises: 1. Monthly groundwater recharge (GWR and GWRswb) 1981-2010 and 2041-2070 [mm/month, km³/month] 2. Monthly groundwater withdrawals (WWg) 1981-2010 (constWU, transWU) and 2041-2070 (constWU) [m³/month] 3. Monthly net abstractions from groundwater (NAg) 1981-2010 (constWU, transWU) and 2041-2070 (constWU) [m³/month] 4. Monthly groundwater discharge (“gwrunoff”) 2001-2010 from a model run with human water use (transWU) [mm/month] 5. Monthly groundwater discharge (“gwrunoff”) 2001-2010 from a model run without human water use (NAT) [mm/month] 6. Monthly groundwater storage 2001-2010 from a model run with human water use (transWU) [mm] 7. Monthly groundwater storage 2001-2010 from a model run without human water use (NAT) [mm]