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993 results for “T Dwarfs”
Figure 6 in Life history and host utilization pattern of a strepsipteran parasite (Insecta: Strepsiptera) on the Blissine bugs (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae) living under dwarf bamboo leaf sheaths
Figure 6. Comparison of Macropes obnubilus body lengths between sexes and between stylopized and unstylopized bugs. Bar shows SD.
Figure 4 in Life history and host utilization pattern of a strepsipteran parasite (Insecta: Strepsiptera) on the Blissine bugs (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae) living under dwarf bamboo leaf sheaths
Figure 4. Seasonal changes in the number of strepsipterans per host bug compared among larva, male pupa (including exuvia), and female adult.
Figure 5 in Life history and host utilization pattern of a strepsipteran parasite (Insecta: Strepsiptera) on the Blissine bugs (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae) living under dwarf bamboo leaf sheaths
Figure 5. Summarized life cycles of the host dwarf bamboo, Macropes obnubilus, and Blissoxenos esakii. Solid and broken lines indicate major and infrequent occurrences, respectively.
F in Phylogeny and systematics of the Arrupinae (Chilopoda Geophilomorpha Mecistocephalidae) with the description of a new dwarfed species
F 2–12. Nannarrup hoffmani n. g. n. sp., female holotype from Central Park, New York City (introduced): (2) habitus; (3) antennae, dorsal, with detail of the apical sensilla; (4) antennal articles XIII and XIV of left antenna, dorsal: a, b, c: type a, b and c specialized sensilla; (5) antennae, ventral; (6) antennal articles XIII and XIV of left antenna, ventral; (7) head and two leg-bearing segments, dorsal; (8) head and two leg-bearing segments, ventral; (9) cephalic shield with clypeus, labrum and buccae; (10) labrum, ventral; (11) left mandible, ventral; (12) first and second maxillae, ventral.
F in Phylogeny and systematics of the Arrupinae (Chilopoda Geophilomorpha Mecistocephalidae) with the description of a new dwarfed species
F. 1. Phylogeny of the Arrupinae: strict consensus tree from the 60 most parsimonious trees (34 steps long with c.i. 82 and r.i. 89) obtained through the cladistic analysis of 18 taxa (table 1) and 23 characters (table 2). Terminal taxa and nodes are assigned conventional numbers. For acronyms see table 1.
F in Phylogeny and systematics of the Arrupinae (Chilopoda Geophilomorpha Mecistocephalidae) with the description of a new dwarfed species
F. 29. Morphometric correlates of size reduction in the Arrupinae. Adult body lengths (30 mm in Arrup cf. holstii, 17 mm in Arrup sp., 10 mm in Nannarrup hoffmani) are all reduced to unit value. Morphometric data for A. cf. holstii (a large species in the genus and, indeed, in the subfamily Arrupinae) are taken as units for comparison with the smaller species. The length of the antenna and the number of clypeal setae are reduced isometrically with the total body length. Maxillae and poison claws (the length of the forcipular trochanteropraefemur is illustrated in the graph) are reduced, in the smaller species, more than expected from an isometric relationship. Other traits, however, 'resist' reduction, but to different degrees. The length of the claviform sensilla and the ordinary setae on the antennae is only slightly reduced in the smaller species, whereas the size of the cuticular cells in different parts of the body (shown here for the antenna and the clypeus) is the same irrespective of changes in body size.
F in Phylogeny and systematics of the Arrupinae (Chilopoda Geophilomorpha Mecistocephalidae) with the description of a new dwarfed species
F 13–27. Nannarrup hoffmani n. g. n. sp., female holotype from Central Park, New York City (introduced): (13) forcipules, dorsal; (14) detail of poison calyx, dorsal; (15) a typical tergum; (16–22) sterna I, VI, XV, XXI, XXIV, XXV, XXX (in figure 17 the posterior process of the next anterior segment is visible in outline); (23) XI left leg, dorsal; (24) XXVI right leg, ventral; (25) claw of XIX left leg, postero-ventral; (26) last leg-bearing segment and terminal segments, dorsal; (27) same, ventral.
Figure 1 in Geometric morphometrics of mandibular shape in the dwarf fat-tailed jerboa: relevancy for trinomial taxonomy
Figure 1. Distribution of geographic locations of dwarf fat-tailed jerboa (Pygeretmus pumilio). The grey area outlines the range of the species and the symbols correspond to subspecies (modified from: Shenbrot et al. 1995). For a key to the subspecies, see UPGMA tree (inset C) which was constructed from a matrix of Procrustes distances. Two subspecies groups differ in the glans penis, which has more spines in the pumilio subspecies group (A) than in the potanini subspecies group (B). These two groups are separated on the map by a bold line, while the dotted line separates geographical clusters (western and eastern) obtained in k-means clustering of Procrustes coordinates. Pie diagrams show the proportion of individuals in each of the 22 populations classified into the western (black) and eastern (white) cluster. Numbers refer to populations (for identities, see Supporting Information, Table S2). The proportion of individuals classified into the western (black) and eastern cluster (white) per 5o longitudinal belt is shown in inset D.
Figure 2 in Geometric morphometrics of mandibular shape in the dwarf fat-tailed jerboa: relevancy for trinomial taxonomy
Figure 2. Projection of dwarf fat-tailed jerboas (Pygeretmus pumilio) on the first two discriminant functions (DF) derived from discriminant function analysis on Procrustes coordinates, with subspecies as an calssification variable. Proportion of variance explained by each DF is in parenthesis. Polygons enclose extreme specimens within each subspecies. Symbols for subspecies are the same as in Figure 1. Large symbols show the position of group centroids. Wire-frame graphs show shape changes along the two DF axes for the unit of 10 in the negative and positive direction (black) compared to the mean shape (grey).
Figure 12 in Alpine-Himalayan orogeny drove correlated morphological, molecular, and ecological diversification in the Persian dwarf snake (Squamata: Serpentes: Eirenis persicus)
Figure 12. Response curve of the maximum entropy (Maxent) model. A, response curves of the precipitation of the coldest quarter, used to calculate the western operational taxonomic unit (OTU) Maxent model of the Eirenis persicus species group; B, response curves of the minimum temperature of the coldest month (°C), used to calculate the nigrofasciatus and eastern OTU Maxent model of the E. persicus species group. The logistic prediction values changed as each environmental variable was varied one by one whilst keeping all other environmental variables at their average sample value. In (A), boxplots represent the precipitation of the coldest quarter in the habitat of E. persicus specimens in southwestern Iran (SW-IR), Turkey and western Iran (TK, W-IR), and northern Iran (N-IR); in (B), boxplots represent the minimum temperature of the coldest month (°C) in the habitat of E. persicus specimens of the nigrofasciatus OTU (nig), eastern Iran and Turkmenistan sub-OTU (E-IR, TM), north-eastern Pakistan sub-OTU (NE-PK), and specimens referred to Eirenis mcmahoni (mc).
Figure 11. Predicted suitable habitat for the Eirenis persicus species group. A in Alpine-Himalayan orogeny drove correlated morphological, molecular, and ecological diversification in the Persian dwarf snake (Squamata: Serpentes: Eirenis persicus)
Figure 11. Predicted suitable habitat for the Eirenis persicus species group. A, western operational taxonomic unit (OTU) specimens; B, eastern and nigrofasciatus OTUs. The model was reclassified into ten equal probability classes. Only classes with probabilities greater than 60% are presented here. Maximum training sensitivity plus specificity logistic threshold (dark grey) is equal to 15.7% in (A) and 23% in (B). In (A), circles indicate the south-western Iran sub-OTU, ◆ indicate the south-eastern Turkey and western Iran sub-OTU, and plus symbols indicate the northern Iran specimens. In (B), circles indicate specimens of the nigrofasciatus OTU, triangles indicate the eastern Iran and Turkmenistan sub-OTU, plus symbols indicate the north-eastern Pakistan sub-OTU, and stars indicate the localities of the specimens referred to Eirenis mcmahoni.
Figure 10 in Alpine-Himalayan orogeny drove correlated morphological, molecular, and ecological diversification in the Persian dwarf snake (Squamata: Serpentes: Eirenis persicus)
Figure 10. Median joining network of Eirenis persicus cytochrome b haplotypes. Abbreviations: PE, E. persicus specimens with persicus morph with bases of their anterior dorsal scales are darker, PW, persicus morph with unicoloured dorsal scales; W, walteri morph; nigrofasciatus, nigrofasciatus morph. Numbers indicate the number of nucleotide substitutions.
Figure 9 in Alpine-Himalayan orogeny drove correlated morphological, molecular, and ecological diversification in the Persian dwarf snake (Squamata: Serpentes: Eirenis persicus)
Figure 9. Maximum likelihood chronogram representing the evolution of the genus Eirenis and its immediate ancestors, as well as the hypothetical ancestral distribution of Eirenis persicus over the Eurasia plate. A, divergence of E. persicus (vertical line) from the Eirenis lineage (square) 16–18 Mya. B, divergence of E. persicus into the western and eastern clades 10–13 Mya. Abbreviations: Pleis., Pleistocene; Plioc., Pliocene.
Figure 8 in Alpine-Himalayan orogeny drove correlated morphological, molecular, and ecological diversification in the Persian dwarf snake (Squamata: Serpentes: Eirenis persicus)
Figure 8. Bayesian inference tree of the members of the Eirenis persicus species group and their relatives. Branch support measures are Bayesian posterior probabilities (×100)/maximum likelihood bootstrap support (the latter value presented only for the E. persicus species group). Abbreviations: PE, E. persicus specimens of the persicus morph with bases of their anterior dorsal scales are darker than the rest of scales; PW, persicus morph with unicoloured dorsal scales; W, walteri morph; nigrofasciatus, nigrofasciatus morph. The scale bar shows the length of branch that represents 3% genetic divergence.
Figure 3 in Alpine-Himalayan orogeny drove correlated morphological, molecular, and ecological diversification in the Persian dwarf snake (Squamata: Serpentes: Eirenis persicus)
Figure 3. Geographical positions of the different operational taxonomic units (OTUs): eastern OTU (dotted line), western OTU (dashed line), nigrofasciatus OTU (solid line), novum OTU (stars).
Figure 2 in Alpine-Himalayan orogeny drove correlated morphological, molecular, and ecological diversification in the Persian dwarf snake (Squamata: Serpentes: Eirenis persicus)
Figure 2. All available distribution records of the Eirenis persicus species group. Circles indicate the E. persicus specimens, with the persicus morph bearing unicoloured dorsal scales; squires indicate specimens from eastern Iran, southern Turkmenistan, and southern and western Pakistan, having both persicus morph that base of their anterior dorsal scales are darker, and walteri morph; stars indicate specimens referred to Eirenis mcmahoni (Wall, 1911); plus symbols indicate specimens in north-eastern Pakistan, having both persicus morphs that base of their anterior dorsal scales are darker, and with walteri morph; asterisks indicate specimens with the novum pattern; triangles indicate specimens of the nigrofasciatus morph. Circle 29 indicates the type locality of Cyclophis persicus Anderson, 1872; squire 2 indicates the type locality of Pseudocyclophis walteri Boettger, 1888; squire 7 indicates the type locality of Contia zebrina Wall, 1923; triangle 6 indicates the type locality of Contia persica var. nigrofasciata Nikolsky, 1907; star 3 indicates the type locality of Contia angusticeps Boulenger, 1894; plus symbols 2–5 indicate the type series localities of Contia mcmahoni Wall, 1911. For more details, see Appendix 1.
Figure 1 in Alpine-Himalayan orogeny drove correlated morphological, molecular, and ecological diversification in the Persian dwarf snake (Squamata: Serpentes: Eirenis persicus)
Figure 1. Different morphs of the Eirenis persicus species group: A, persicus morph from Dasht-e Arjan, Fars province, south-western Iran (photo by F. Hidary); B, walteri morph from Dehbakri, Kerman province, south-eastern Iran (photo by R. Nazarov); C, new morph from Sisakht, Yasuj province, central Zagros mountains, Iran (photo by H. Esmaeili); D, persicus morph from Kafir Kot, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province, Pakistan (photo by R. Masroor); E, nigrofasciatus morph from Dezful, Khuzestan province, south-western Iran (photo by F. Hidary).
Figure 14 in Alpine-Himalayan orogeny drove correlated morphological, molecular, and ecological diversification in the Persian dwarf snake (Squamata: Serpentes: Eirenis persicus)
Figure 14. Dorsal body (A), dorsal head (B), and lateral head (C) view of the holotype of Eirenis (Pseudocyclophis) occidentalis sp. nov.
Dwarf emu eggs retained large size: Supplementary material
<p>Islands off southern Australia once harboured three subspecies of the mainland emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae), the smaller Tasmanian emu (D. n. diemenensis), and two dwarf emus, King Island emu (D. n. minor) and Kangaroo Island emu (D. n. baudinianus), which all became extinct rapidly after discovery by human settlers. Little was recorded about their life-histories and only a few historical museum specimens exist, including a number of complete eggs from Tasmania and a unique egg from Kangaroo Island. Here we present a detailed analysis of dwarf emu eggs, including a first record of an almost complete specimen from King Island. Our results show that despite the reduction in size of all island emus, especially the King Island emu that averaged 46% smaller than mainland birds, the egg remained virtually the same size and had slightly thinner eggshell, and we provide possible reasons why these phenomena occurred.</p>
Following the Lithium: Tracing Li-bearing Molecules across Age, Mass, and Gravity in Brown Dwarfs
<p>Lithium is an important element for the understanding of ultracool dwarfs because it is lost to fusion at masses above ∼68MJ. Hence, the presence of atomic Li has served as an indicator of the nearby H-burning boundary at about 75MJ between brown dwarfs and very low mass stars. Historically, the “lithium test,” a search for the presence of the Li line at 670.8 nm, has been a marker if an object has a substellar mass. While the Li test could, in principle, be used to distinguish masses of later-type L–T dwarfs, Li is predominantly no longer found as an atomic gas but rather a molecular species such as LiH, LiF, LiOH, and LiCl in cooler atmospheres. The L- and T-type dwarfs are quite faint at 670 nm and thus challenging targets for high-resolution spectroscopy. But only recently have experimental molecular line lists become available for the molecular Li species, allowing molecular Li mass discrimination. Here we generated the latest opacity of these Li-bearing molecules and performed a thermochemical equilibrium atmospheric composition calculation of their abundances. Finally, we computed thermal emission spectra for a series of radiative–convective equilibrium models of cloudy and cloudless brown dwarf atmospheres (with Teff = 500–2400 K and log g = 4.0–5.0) to understand where the presence of atmospheric lithium-bearing species is most easily detected as a function of brown dwarf mass and age. After atomic Li, the best spectral signatures were found to be LiF at 10.5–12.5 μm and LiCl at 14.5–18.5 μm. Also, LiH shows a narrow feature at ∼9.38 μm.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.