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Fig. 2a in Appraisal of sperm dynamics as a crucial trait of radio- sterilized Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and its F progeny for evaluation of the 'inherited sterility technique' for pest suppression

Fig. 2a. Loose apyrene sperm descent from the testes to the reproductive tract [upper vasa deferentia (UVD), seminal vesicles (SV) and the duplex] of irradiated male Spodoptera litura and their F1 progeny during the photophase (white bars) and the scotophase (black bars). Means ± SE followed by the same capital letter within white bars, or within black bars for each treatment regimen of sperm descent in the UVD, SV and duplex are not significantly different at P ≤ 0.05 (ANOVA followed by LSD post-test). Means ± SE followed by different small letter between the white bars and black bars, within each age group within a regimen are significantly different at P ≤ 0.05 (ANOVA followed by LSD posttest).

Fig. 1 in Appraisal of sperm dynamics as a crucial trait of radio- sterilized Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and its F progeny for evaluation of the 'inherited sterility technique' for pest suppression

Fig. 1. Reproductive system of male moth, Spodoptera litura. The ductus ejaculatorius simplex is also known as the prostatic part. Sperm pass through the prostatic part at the onset of mating and acquire motility for the first time.

Fig. 4 in Appraisal of sperm dynamics as a crucial trait of radio- sterilized Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and its F progeny for evaluation of the 'inherited sterility technique' for pest suppression

Fig. 4. Effect of gamma irradiation on (a) the percentage of active apyrene sperm and (b) the intensity of active sperm (no. of undulations /s) in virgin irradiated parental (P) male Spodoptera litura and their F1progeny.

Fig. 5 in Appraisal of sperm dynamics as a crucial trait of radio- sterilized Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and its F progeny for evaluation of the 'inherited sterility technique' for pest suppression

Fig. 5. Effect of gamma irradiation on (a) the percentage of active apyrene sperm, and (b) the intensity of active sperm (no. of undulations /s) in mated irradiated parental (P) male Spodoptera litura.

Fig. 6 in Appraisal of sperm dynamics as a crucial trait of radio- sterilized Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and its F progeny for evaluation of the 'inherited sterility technique' for pest suppression

Fig. 6. Effect of gamma irradiation on (a) the percentage of active apyrene sperm, and (b) the intensity of sperm activity (no. of undulations /s) in mated irradiated parental (P) male Spodoptera litura and their F1progeny.

Fig 1 in Host specificity evaluation for Gynaikothrips uzeli (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae) on ornamental Ficus (Rosales: Moraceae)

Fig 1. Cage setup for Ficus benjamina variety choice test with Gynaikothrips uzeli in the greenhouse (year 2).

Fig. 1 in An evaluation of plant genotypes for rearing Asian citrus psyllid (Hemiptera: Liviidae)

Fig. 1. Adult Asian citrus psyllids with wing deformities. (a) Normal adult. (b–d) Mild to moderate wing deformities. (e–f) Severe wing deformities.

Fig. 5 in Evaluating categories of resistance in soybean genotypes from the United States and Brazil to Aphis glycines (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

Fig. 5. Mortality (%) of Aphis glycines on 7 soybean genotypes at 5, 7, and 10 d afer infestation (23 ± 3 °C; 60 ± 10% RH; 16:8 h L:D photoperiod).

Fig. 4 in Evaluating categories of resistance in soybean genotypes from the United States and Brazil to Aphis glycines (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

Fig. 4. Cumulative aphid-days (CAD) for soybean genotypes infested with Aphis glycines at V1 and V3 stages (23 ± 3 °C; 60 ± 10% RH; 16:8 h L:D photoperiod).

Fig. 3 in Evaluating categories of resistance in soybean genotypes from the United States and Brazil to Aphis glycines (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

Fig. 3. Number (mean ± SE) of Aphis glycines individuals on 7 soybean genotypes 24 h afer infestation (23 ± 3 °C; 60 ± 10% RH; 16:8 h L:D photoperiod). Means with the same lower case letter do not differ by Fisher's LSD test (P> 0.05). (F = 1.74; df = 6; P = 0.0110).

Fig. 2 in Evaluating categories of resistance in soybean genotypes from the United States and Brazil to Aphis glycines (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

Fig. 2. Number (mean ± SE) of Aphis glycines individuals on KS4202 plants 24 h afer infestation (23 ± 3 °C; 60 ± 10% RH; 16:8 h L:D photoperiod). Means with the same lower case letter do not differ by Fisher's LSD test (P> 0.05). (F = 1.09; df = 6; P = 0.3897).

Fig. 1 in Evaluation of food lures for fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) captured in a citrus orchard of the Serra Gaúcha

Fig. 1. Mean number of adult Anastrepha fraterculus (male and female) flies captured per trap per day (FTD) with McPhail monitoring traps containing food lures in a citrus orchard growing the Citrus sinensis cv. 'Valência' from Nov 2012 to Oct 2013. Municipality of Pinto Bandeira, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. The continuous horizontal line indicates an FTD index of 0.5 (economic injury level).

Fig. 3 in Performance improvement through quality evaluations of sterile cactus moths, Cactoblastis cactorum (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), mass-reared at two insectaries

Fig. 3. The mean percentage increase in mating of Cactoblastis cactorum females in mating cage bioassays as influenced by the insectary (DPI or TIF) and the trial conducted before (trial 1) and afer (trial 2) quality improvements were made to the rearing and handling protocols at the DPI insectary. Vertical bars denote 0.95 confidence intervals.

Fig. 6 in Performance improvement through quality evaluations of sterile cactus moths, Cactoblastis cactorum (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), mass-reared at two insectaries

Fig. 6. The mean distance (m) from the field release site that Cactoblastis cactorum males were recaptured was significantly influenced by the insectary (DPI or TIF), the day that released males were recaptured, and the trial conducted before (trial 1) and afer (trial 2) quality improvements were made to the rearing and handling protocols at the DPI insectary. Vertical bars denote 0.95 confidence intervals.

Fig. 2 in Performance improvement through quality evaluations of sterile cactus moths, Cactoblastis cactorum (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), mass-reared at two insectaries

Fig. 2. The mean percentage of Cactoblastis cactorum females that were mated at time of collection from the insectaries (DPI or TIF) and the trial conducted before (trial 1) and afer (trial 2) quality improvements were made to the rearing and handling protocols at the DPI insectary. Vertical bars denote 0.95 confidence intervals.

Fig. 5 in Performance improvement through quality evaluations of sterile cactus moths, Cactoblastis cactorum (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), mass-reared at two insectaries

Fig. 5. The relationship between the mean percentage recapture of Cactoblastis cactorum males released in the field as influenced by the day that released males were recaptured. Males recaptured include individuals from both DPI and TIF insectaries. Vertical bars denote 0.95 confidence intervals.

Fig. 4 in Performance improvement through quality evaluations of sterile cactus moths, Cactoblastis cactorum (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), mass-reared at two insectaries

Fig. 4. The mean percentage recapture of Cactoblastis cactorum males released in the field as influenced by the insectary (DPI or TIF) and the trial conducted before (trial 1) and afer (trial 2) quality improvements were made to the rearing and handling protocols at the DPI insectary. Vertical bars denote 0.95 confidence intervals.

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Fig. 3 in Laboratory evaluations of the foraging success of Tamarixia radiata (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) on flowers and extrafloral nectaries: potential use of nectar plants for conservation biological control of Asian citrus psyllid (Hemiptera: Liviidae)

Fig. 3. Choice of cups with either unscented sucrose solution or with bananascented sucrose solution made by Tamarixia radiata following a pre-test exposure to either 1.0 M sucrose solution or 1.0 M sucrose solution and banana flavor extract (G-test; ** = P ≤ 0.01; NS = not significant).

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Fig. 1 in Laboratory evaluations of the foraging success of Tamarixia radiata (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) on flowers and extrafloral nectaries: potential use of nectar plants for conservation biological control of Asian citrus psyllid (Hemiptera: Liviidae)

Fig. 1. Diagrammatic representation of nectary architectures presented to Tamarixia radiata in foraging evaluations. Location of nectaries shown in red. A. Cy- athium of euphorbiaceous species with exposed nectaries. B. Partially exposed nectaries as found in buckwheat. C. Partially hidden nectaries as found in alyssum. D. Partially exposed nectaries covered with trichomes as found in marjoram. E. Hidden nectaries as found in composites. Drawings are only indicative of size and spatial relationships and are not to scale.