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FIGURE 5 in Geographic and temporal variability in Pleistocene lion-like felids: Implications for their evolution and taxonomy
FIGURE 5. Boxplots showing differences in cranial length and in the POC/IOB ratio. The horizontal dashed lines approximately span the minima and maxima in P. leo from Mazák (2010).
FIGURE 4 in Geographic and temporal variability in Pleistocene lion-like felids: Implications for their evolution and taxonomy
FIGURE 4. The types of lion crania distinguished based on cranial profile with the assumed life reconstruction. A: cranium with the straight nasofrontal profile (0)–cranium of Panthera spelaea from the Medvedia jaskyňa Cave in the Západné Tatry Mts. in Slovakia (Last Glacial), B: cranium with the intermediate profile between type 0 and type 2 (1)– cranium of Panthera spelaea from the Zoolithenhöhle Cave in Germany (Last Glacial), C: cranium with the concave nasofrontal profile (2)–cranium of Panthera fossilis from Azé in France (Holsteinian). © J. Gullár, 2011-2021. The crania are not scaled. Author of illustrations is J. Gullár (please, cite it as: J. Gullár in Sabol et al., 2022).
FIGURE 1 in Geographic and temporal variability in Pleistocene lion-like felids: Implications for their evolution and taxonomy
FIGURE 1. Chronology of lion lineages based on the data from the fossil record and molecular and paleogenetic researches, referred in the "State of art" section. The grey color in the Panthera spelaea lineage suggests questionable evolutionary position of these lion forms. American lions probably represent a separate lineage. The Quaternary chronostratigraphy system is created with the TimeScale Creator software, v. 8.0 (2021).
FIGURE 2. The 12 in Geographic and temporal variability in Pleistocene lion-like felids: Implications for their evolution and taxonomy
FIGURE 2. The 12 linear cranial characters measured on lion crania. 1: greatest cranial length (L, measured as the distance between the prosthion and the acrocranion), 2: palatal length (LP, measured parasagittally as the distance between the prosthion and the staphylion), 3: medial length of nasals (LMN, measured parasagittally as the distance between the naso-frontal suture and the dorsal margin of the external narial opening), 4: lateral length of nasals (LLN, measured as the distance between the naso-frontal suture and the anteriormost tip of the nasal), 5: greatest nasal width (BN, measured at rostral projection of nasals), 6: the snout width (BS, measured at the level of upper canines), 7: interorbital width (IOB, distance between orbits), 8: maximum cranial width across zygomatic arches (BZ), 9: width across postorbital constriction (POC), 10: greatest neurocranial width (BNC, greatest distance between lateral margins of braincase: euryon–euryon), 11: mastoid width (BM, measured across mastoid processes), and 12: greatest diameter of the auditory bullae (LAB). Cranium drawing modified according to Argant (1991).
FIGURE 10 in Fossil moles from the Gray Fossil Site (Tennessee): Implications for diversification and evolution of North American Talpidae
FIGURE 10. Plot of humerus shape based on canonical variates one (CV1) and two (CV2). Deformation grids show change in shape along each axis in positive and negative directions. Fossils taxa have a purple square in the center. GFS taxa are labeled.
FIGURE 9 in Fossil moles from the Gray Fossil Site (Tennessee): Implications for diversification and evolution of North American Talpidae
FIGURE 9. Relative warps analysis thin plate splines showing grid deformation in positive and negative directions to achieve change in humerus shape per relative warp. The consensus shape per relative warp is shown in the center.
FIGURE 6 in Fossil moles from the Gray Fossil Site (Tennessee): Implications for diversification and evolution of North American Talpidae
FIGURE 6. Parascalops grayensis sp. nov. material. ETMNH 20748, nearly complete disarticulated manus parts in dorsal view, A) articulated phalanges with claw cores (digits V - I), B) right trapezium, C) right capitate, D) right ulnar sesamoid, E) left scaphoid, F) left lunar, G) left triquetrum, H) left capitate, and I) left trapezium. ETMNH 24662, left M3 - J) occlusal view. Scale bars equal 1 mm.
FIGURE 1. Linear measurements used for morphological comparison. B-L in Fossil moles from the Gray Fossil Site (Tennessee): Implications for diversification and evolution of North American Talpidae
FIGURE 1. Linear measurements used for morphological comparison. B-L - buccolingual width; upper teeth - posterior-most tip of the metastyle to the lingual margin of the protocone; lower teeth - lingual-most tip of the metaconid to the buccal margin of the talonid. A-P - anteroposterior length; upper teeth - posterior-most tip of the metastyle to the anterior-most tip of the parastyle; lower teeth - anterior tip of the trigonid (paraconid) to the posterior end of the talonid (entostylid). TRI - width of the trigonid. TAL - width of the taloned basin. HL - total humerus length; proximal-most tip of greater tuberosity to distal-most point on capitulum. PW - width of the proximal end of the humerus: lateral most extent of the lesser tuberosity to the medial most aspect of the greater tuberosity. GT - length of the greater tuberosity. LT - length of the lesser tuberosity. DW - width of the distal end of the humerus: lateral most extent (entepicondylar process) to the medial most extent (ectepicondylar process). RL - total radius length: proximal-most tip of capitular process to distal-most tip of lunar articular facet. DL - length of the diaphysis. UF - length of the lunar articular facet. TUL - total ulna length; proximal-most tip of olecranon process to distal-most tip of terminal process. UL - ulna length without the olecranon fossa. Elements not to scale.
FIGURE 12 in Fossil moles from the Gray Fossil Site (Tennessee): Implications for diversification and evolution of North American Talpidae
FIGURE 12. Individual taxon phenogram based on squared Euclidean distance. Fossil taxa are in blue. Gray Fossil Site taxa are in red.
FIGURE 3 in Fossil moles from the Gray Fossil Site (Tennessee): Implications for diversification and evolution of North American Talpidae
FIGURE 3. Magnatalpa fumamons gen. et sp. nov. dental material. ETMNH 9664, right m2 - A) occlusal, B) labial, and C) lingual views. ETMNH 20747, left M1 - D) occlusal view. ETMNH 20779, right M1 - E) occlusal, F) lingual, and G) labial views. ETMNH 21077, edentulous dentary - H) lingual, I) labial, and J) occlusal views. Scale bars equal 1 mm.
FIGURE 5 in Fossil moles from the Gray Fossil Site (Tennessee): Implications for diversification and evolution of North American Talpidae
FIGURE 5. Parascalops grayensis sp. nov. material. ETMNH 6939, left humerus - A) posterior and B) anterior views. ETMNH 14849, right radius - C) medial view. ETMNH 20748, right ulna - D) medial, E) anterior, and F) lateral views.
FIGURE 8 in Fossil moles from the Gray Fossil Site (Tennessee): Implications for diversification and evolution of North American Talpidae
FIGURE 8. Neurotrichus sp. skeletal material ETMNH 20737, right dentary with m1-3 - A) lingual and B) occlusal views. ETMNH 4915, left humerus - C) posterior and D) anterior views. Scale bars equal 1 mm.
FIGURE 11 in Fossil moles from the Gray Fossil Site (Tennessee): Implications for diversification and evolution of North American Talpidae
FIGURE 11. Plot of humerus shape based on canonical variates one (CV1) and three (CV3). Deformation grids show change in shape along each axis in positive and negative directions. Fossils taxa have a purple square in the center. GFS taxa are labeled.
FIGURE 2 in Fossil moles from the Gray Fossil Site (Tennessee): Implications for diversification and evolution of North American Talpidae
FIGURE 2. Number and position of humerus landmarks. Line drawing showing landmarks positions with labels on the anterior view of a left humerus of Condylura cristata (Star-nosed mole). Scale bar equals 1 mm.
FIGURE 14 in Fossil moles from the Gray Fossil Site (Tennessee): Implications for diversification and evolution of North American Talpidae
FIGURE 14. Biostratigraphic ranges of GFS taxa and morphologically similar talpids. Age of the Gray Fossil Site in gray. ALMA = Asian Land Mammal Ages, Europe MN = European Mammal Neogene zones, and NALMA = North American Land Mammal Ages.
FIGURE 7 in Fossil moles from the Gray Fossil Site (Tennessee): Implications for diversification and evolution of North American Talpidae
FIGURE 7. Mioscalops sp. skeletal material. ETMNH 6942, left humerus - A) posterior and B) anterior views. ETMNH 20738, right ulna - C) medial view. Scale bar equal 1 mm.
FIGURE 13 in Fossil moles from the Gray Fossil Site (Tennessee): Implications for diversification and evolution of North American Talpidae
FIGURE 13. Average position phenogram. Major clusters color-coded to match He et al. (2016). GFS taxa in blue. * indicates fossil taxa.
FIGURE 3 in Geographic and temporal variability in Pleistocene lion-like felids: Implications for their evolution and taxonomy
FIGURE 3. Profile depths (blue) and angular variables (red) measured on lion crania. Angle A: the cranial profile angle (nasale–frontale angularity), angle B: the angle between narial aperture and nasofrontal profile (premaxillary– nasofrontale angularity), and angle C: the angle between alveolar margin and postorbital process (maxillary–frontale angularity). Cranium drawing modified according to Argant (1991).
FIGURE 1. Fossil locations and fossil ages. A in Leaf trait data of two Miocene floras from eastern China and its palaeoclimate implications
FIGURE 1. Fossil locations and fossil ages. A, yellow points indicate the locations of fossil floras. The numbered red lines indicate the regional vegetation of southeastern China (background picture by GeoMapApp: geomapapp.org; the vegetation division after Zhang et al., 2007): 1, tropical rainforest and humid rainforest; 2, subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest; 3, warm temperate deciduous oak forest; B, fossil ages of the Toupi flora (17 – 14 Ma) and Shengxian flora (10.5 ± 0.5 Ma).
FIGURE 2. Example for a in Leaf trait data of two Miocene floras from eastern China and its palaeoclimate implications
FIGURE 2. Example for a replenished fossil leaf. The yellow line is the outline of the original fossil. The blue line is the outline of replenished leaf (the leaf reconstruction was visually based on taxon specific gross morphology, Toumoulin et al., 2020). The petiole width was determined at the region of the insertion point (Traiser et al., 2018); Scale bar equals 1 cm.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.