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1,355 results for “manipulation”
Juggling options: manipulation ease determines primate optimal fruit size choice
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Multiple modes of selection can influence the role of phenotypic plasticity in species’ invasions: Evidence from a manipulative field experiment
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Leaf gas exchange in Ipomopsis aggregata under manipulated snowmelt timing and summer precipitation
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On the spread of microbes that manipulate reproduction in marine invertebrates
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Monsoon Rainfall Manipulation Experiment (MRME) Meteorology Data from a Chihuahuan Desert Grassland at the Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge, New Mexico (7/2007 - 8/2009)
The Monsoon Rainfall Manipulation Experiment (MRME) is to understand changes in ecosystem structure and function of a semiarid grassland caused by increased precipitation variability, which alters the pulses of soil moisture that drive primary productivity, community composition, and ecosystem functioning. The overarching hypothesis being tested is that changes in event size and variability will alter grassland productivity, ecosystem processes, and plant community dynamics. In particular, we predict that many small events will increase soil CO2 effluxes by stimulating microbial processes but not plant growth, whereas a small number of large events will increase aboveground NPP and soil respiration by providing sufficient deep soil moisture to sustain plant growth for longer periods of time during the summer monsoon.
Research data supporting "Remote magnetic nanoparticle manipulation enables the dynamic patterning of cardiac tissues"
<p>Research data supporting the publication:</p> <p>Zwi-Dantsis et al., 2020, Advanced Materials, DOI: 10.1002/adma.201904598.</p>
Dataset of prenatal thyroid hormones manipulation in Japanese quails
<p>This is the dataset of an experiment conducted on Japanese quails in which we elevated yolk thyroid hormones. This dataset contains all the responses measured in this experiment.</p>
Data and code for Chong, Moroni, et al. (2020) Science: "Manipulating synthetic optogenetic odors reveals the coding logic of olfactory perception"
<p>Behavioral response dataset, mitral cell responses, and code to implement the STM model in Chong, Moroni, Wilson, Shoham, Panzeri and Rinberg (2020) Science. </p> <p>Please contact Edmund Chong (edmund.w.chong@gmail.com) and Monica Moroni (monica.moroni@outlook.com) for questions</p>
Males adjust their manipulation of female remating in response to sperm competition risk
<p>To reduce the potential for sperm competition, male insects are thought to inhibit the post-mating reproductive behaviour of females through receptivity inhibiting compounds transferred in the ejaculate. Selection is expected to favour phenotypic plasticity in male post-copulatory expenditure, with males investing strategically in response to their perceived risk of sperm competition. However, the impact that socially cued strategic allocation might have on female post-mating behaviour has rarely been assessed. Here, we varied male perception of sperm competition risk, both prior to and during mating, to determine if a male's competitive environment impacts the extent to which he manipulates female remating behaviour. We found that female Australian field crickets<i> </i>(<i>Teleogryllus oceanicus</i>) mated to males that were reared under sperm competition risk emerged from a shelter in search of male song sooner than did females mated to males reared without risk, but only when mating occured in a risk free environment. We also found that females reared in a silent environment where potential mates were scarce displayed greater post-mating mate searching behaviour than females exposed to male calls during development. Collectively, our findings suggest complex interacting effects of male and female sociosexual environments on female post-mating sexual receptivity.</p>
Burying beetle parents adaptively manipulate information broadcast from a microbial community
<p>Microbial volatiles provide essential information for animals, which compete to detect, respond to and perhaps control this information. Burying beetle parents have the opportunity to influence microbially-derived semiochemicals because they monopolize a small carcass for their family, repairing feeding holes and applying exudates that alter the microbial community. To study adaptive manipulation of microbial cues we integrated mechanistic and functional approaches. We contrasted Gas Chromatography, Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) volatile profiles from carcasses that were or were not prepared by a resident pair of <i>Nicrophorus orbicollis</i>. Methyl thiocyanate (MeSCN), the primary attractant for burying beetles seeking a fresh carcass, was reduced 20-fold by carcass preparation, while dimethyl trisulfide (DMTS), which deters beetles, was increased 20-fold. These results suggest that parental care serves to make previously public information more private (crypsis, MeSCN) and to disinform rivals with a deterrent (DMTS). Functional tests in the field demonstrated that carcass preparation reduced discovery and use by congeners (three-fold) as well as by dipteran rivals. Because microbes and their chemicals influence nearly every aspect of animal ecology, animal manipulation of microbial cues may be as widespread as manipulation of their own signals.</p>
Data from: Manipulating plant community composition to steer efficient N-cycling in intensively managed grasslands
<p>1. Minimizing nitrogen (N) losses and increasing plant N uptake in agroecosystems is a major global challenge. Ecological concepts from (semi)natural grasslands suggest that manipulating plant community composition using plants species with different traits may represent a promising opportunity to face this challenge. Here we translate these trait-based concepts to agricultural systems in a field experiment, aiming to reveal the main determinants of how plant community composition regulates N-cycling in intensively managed grasslands.</p> <p>2. We focused on key N pools (plant N from soil and from biological N-fixation, soil mineral N, and N<sub>2</sub>O emissions) as well as on biological drivers of N-cycling in soil (abundance of N-cycling microbial communities, earthworm populations, and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi), using three common grass and one legume species in monoculture, 2- and 4-species mixtures. We hypothesized that: (1) plant species mixtures increase plant N uptake, reduce soil mineral N concentrations and N<sub>2</sub>O emissions, and promote the abundance of biological N-cyclers; (2) legume presence stimulates N pools, fluxes, and biological N-cycling activity, (3) but in combination with a grass with acquisitive traits, more N is retained in the plant community, while N<sub>2</sub>O emissions are reduced.</p> <p>3. We found that mixtures increased plant N and lowered the soil mineral N pool compared to monocultures. However, plant species identity played an overarching role: legume presence increased N<sub>2</sub>O emissions, plant N pools, soil mineral N, and the abundance of N-cycling microbes and earthworms. Combining the legume with a grass with low leaf dry matter content and high root length density (and with high root biomass) reduced the higher soil mineral N and N<sub>2</sub>O emissions induced by the legume, while harnessing positive effects on plant N pools and biological N-fixation.</p> <p>4. Synthesis and applications. Our results unfold the potential of plant community composition to steer N-cycling in fertilized agroecosystems, paving the way for a more biologically-based <a>agriculture</a>. Legumes will play a crucial role, but selecting an optimum companion species is key for the sustainability of the agroecosystem.</p>
Data from: What drives selection on flowering time? An experimental manipulation of the inherent correlation between genotype and environment
The optimal timing of the seasonal switch from somatic growth to reproduction can depend on an individual's condition at reproduction, the quality of the environment in which it will reproduce, or both. In annual plants, vegetative size (a function of age at flowering) affects resources available for seed production, while exposure to mutualists, antagonists, and abiotic stresses in the environment (functions of Julian date of flowering), influences success in converting resources into offspring. The inherent tight correlation between age, size, and environment obscures their independent fitness contributions. We isolated the fitness effects of these factors by experimentally manipulating the correlation between age at flowering and date of flowering in Brassica rapa. We staggered the planting dates of families with differing ages at flowering to produce experimental populations in which age at flowering and date of flowering were positively-, negatively-, or uncorrelated. In all populations, plants with an early date of flowering produced more seed than those flowering late, regardless of age or size at flowering onset. The temporal environment was thus the principal driver of selection on flowering time, but its importance relative to that of age and size varied with the presence/absence of herbivores and seed predators.
Data from: Manipulation of parental nutritional condition reveals competition among family members
Parental care is thought to be costly, as it consumes time and energy. Such costs might be reduced in animal parents that raise their young on valuable food sources such as dung or carcasses, as parents are able to invest in self-maintenance by feeding from the same resource. However, this might lower the nutritional value for other family members and, as a consequence, food competition might arise. To promote our understanding of the outcome of such competition, we manipulated the necessity of parents to feed from the resource. Using a full factorial design, we paired food-deprived or well-fed males with food-deprived or well-fed females of burying beetles, which are known to raise their young on vertebrate cadavers. We found that food-deprived parents consumed more of the carrion than those that were well-fed and this had a negative impact on other family members. However, the outcome of the competition depended on the sex of the parents, with females suffering when males fed more and offspring suffering when females fed more. Thus, family life involves selfish elements, as both parents remove resources for the purpose of self-maintenance. However, females show altruistic aspects, as they appear to restrict their food consumption for the benefit of their offspring when paired with a food-deprived male. Interestingly, males extend their stay with the brood when having faced food scarcity prior to reproduction, presumably to replenish their energy reserves. Our study therefore reveals that breeding on shared resources can promote family living, but also results in competition.
Data from: Enhanced flight performance by genetic manipulation of wing shape in Drosophila
Insect wing shapes are remarkably diverse and the combination of shape and kinematics determines both aerial capabilities and power requirements. However, the contribution of any specific morphological feature to performance is not known. Using targeted RNA interference to modify wing shape far beyond the natural variation found within the population of a single species, we show a direct effect on flight performance that can be explained by physical modelling of the novel wing geometry. Our data show that altering the expression of a single gene can significantly enhance aerial agility and that the Drosophila wing shape is not, therefore, optimized for certain flight performance characteristics that are known to be important. Our technique points in a new direction for experiments on the evolution of performance specialities in animals.
Data from: Precopulatory but not postcopulatory male reproductive traits diverge in response to mating system manipulation in Drosophila melanogaster
Competition between males creates potential for pre- and postcopulatory sexual selection and conflict. Theory predicts that males facing risk of sperm competition should evolve traits to secure their reproductive success. If those traits are costly to females, the evolution of such traits may also increase conflict between the sexes. Conversely, under the absence of sperm competition, one expectation is for selection on male competitive traits to relax thereby also relaxing sexual conflict. Experimental evolution studies are a powerful tool to test this expectation. Studies in multiple insect species have yielded mixed and partially conflicting results. In this study, we evaluated male competitive traits and male effects on female costs of mating in Drosophila melanogaster after replicate lines evolved for more than 50 generations either under enforced monogamy or sustained polygamy, thus manipulating the extent of intrasexual competition between males. We found that in a setting where males competed directly with a rival male for access to a female and fertilization of her ova polygamous males had superior reproductive success compared to monogamous males. When comparing reproductive success solely in double mating standard sperm competition assays, however, we found no difference in male sperm defense competitiveness between the different selection regimes. Instead, we found monogamous males to be inferior in precopulatory competition, which indicates that in our system, enforced monogamy relaxed selection on traits important in precopulatory rather than postcopulatory competition. We discuss our findings in the context of findings from previous experimental evolution studies in Drosophila ssp. and other invertebrate species.
Data from: Tapeworm manipulation of copepod behaviour: parasite genotype has a larger effect than host genotype
Compared to uninfected individuals, infected animals can exhibit altered phenotypes. The changes often appear beneficial to parasites, leading to the notion that modified host phenotypes are extended parasite phenotypes, shaped by parasite genes. However, the phenotype of a parasitized individual may reflect parasitic manipulation, host responses to infection, or both, and disentangling the contribution of parasite genes versus host genes to these altered phenotypes is challenging. Using a tapeworm (Schistocephalus solidus) infecting its copepod first intermediate host, I performed a full-factorial, cross-infection experiment with five host and five parasite genotypes. I found that a behavioural trait modified by infection, copepod activity, was affected by both host and parasite genotype. There was not clear evidence for host genotype by parasite genotype interactions. Several observations indicated that host behaviour was chiefly determined by parasite genes: 1) all infected copepods, regardless of host or parasite genotype, exhibited behavioural changes, 2) parasitism reduced the differences among copepod genotypes, and 3) within infected copepods, parasite genotype had twice as large an effect on behaviour as host genotype. I conclude that the altered behaviour of infected copepods primarily represents an extended parasite phenotype, and I discuss how genetic variation in parasitic host manipulation could be maintained.
Data from: Pre- and post-natal effects of experimentally manipulated maternal corticosterone on growth, stress reactivity, and survival of nestling house wrens
1. Corticosterone plays a central role in maintaining homeostasis, promoting energy acquisition, and regulating the stress response in birds. Exposure to elevated levels of corticosterone during development can profoundly alter offspring behaviour and physiology, but the effects of elevated maternal corticosterone on offspring development remain poorly understood. 2. We tested two competing hypotheses concerning the effect of maternally derived corticosterone on growth and development of free-living house wrens: i) elevated maternal corticosterone causes damaging effects on nestling phenotype and fitness (collateral damage hypothesis) and (ii) increased maternal corticosterone enhances offspring fitness by preparing nestlings for the environment experienced by their mother (environmental/maternal-matching hypothesis). 3. We used a non-invasive means to increase maternal corticosterone by providing females with corticosterone-injected mealworms prior to and during egg production in the absence of any overt pre-natal maternal stress. To disentangle pre- and post-natal effects of this elevation in maternal corticosterone, we cross-fostered young in two experiments: i) nestlings of control and experimental females were reared by unmanipulated, natural females in a uniform maternal environment; ii) a split-brood design that enabled us to assess the interaction between the mother's corticosterone treatment and that of the nestlings. 4. There were significant pre-natal effects of increased maternal corticosterone on nestling growth and survival. Offspring of females experiencing experimentally increased corticosterone were heavier and larger than offspring of control females. There also was a significant interaction between maternal corticosterone treatment and the corticosterone treatment to which young were exposed within the egg in their effect on nestling survival while in the nest; experimental young exhibited greater survival than control young, but only when reared by control mothers. There was also a significant effect of maternal corticosterone treatment on nestling stress reactivity and, in both experiments, on the eventual recruitment of offspring as breeding adults in the local population. 5. These patterns are broadly consistent with the environmental/maternal-matching hypothesis, and highlight the importance of disentangling pre- and post-natal effects of manipulations of maternal hormone levels on offspring phenotype.
Data from: Heritable variation in an extended phenotype: the case of a parasitoid manipulated by a virus
In host-symbiont interactions, the genes of both host and symbiont can influence phenotypic traits. In the context of a conflict of interest, fitness-related traits are subjected to opposing selective pressures in the genomes of the partners. In the Drosophila parasitoid Leptopilina boulardi, females usually avoid laying eggs into already parasitized larvae. However, when infected by the virus LbFV, they readily lay additional eggs into parasitized larvae. Inducing superparasitism allows the virus to colonize uninfected parasitoid lineages, but is usually mal-adaptive for the parasitoid. We tested for the presence of resistance genes to this behavioural manipulation in the parasitoid genotype by sampling 30 lines from 5 populations with contrasting viral prevalence, after infecting them with a reference viral isolate. No geographical differentiation was observed although some genotypes underwent less manipulation than others and these differences were heritable across generations. The viral titre was not correlated to these differences, although fecundity differed between extreme lines.
Data from: Interspecific signalling between mutualists: food-thieving drongos use a cooperative sentinel call to manipulate foraging partners
Interspecific communication is common in nature, particularly between mutualists. However, whether signals evolved for communication with other species, or are in fact conspecific signals eavesdropped upon by partners, is often unclear. Fork-tailed drongos (Dicrurus adsimilis) associate with mixed-species groups and often produce true alarms at predators, whereupon associating species flee to cover, but also false alarms to steal associating species' food (kleptoparasitism). Despite such deception, associating species respond to drongo non-alarm calls by increasing their foraging and decreasing vigilance. Yet, whether these calls represent interspecific sentinel signals remains unknown. We show that drongos produced a specific sentinel call when foraging with a common associate, the sociable weaver (Philetairus socius), but not when alone. Weavers increased their foraging and decreased vigilance when naturally associating with drongos, and in response to sentinel call playback. Further, drongos sentinel-called more often when weavers were moving, and weavers approached sentinel calls, suggesting a recruitment function. Finally, drongos sentinel-called when weavers fled following false alarms, thereby reducing disruption to weaver foraging time. Results therefore provide evidence of an 'all clear' signal that mitigates the cost of inaccurate communication. Our results suggest that drongos enhance exploitation of a foraging mutualist through coevolution of interspecific sentinel signals.
Data from: Multiple endosymbiont infections and reproductive manipulations in a linyphiid spider population
In many arthropods, maternally inherited endosymbiotic bacteria can increase infection frequency by manipulating host reproduction. Multiple infections of different bacteria in a single host population are common, yet few studies have documented concurrent endosymbiont phenotypes or explored their potential interactions. We hypothesized that spiders might be a particularly useful taxon for investigating endosymbiont interactions, because they are host to a plethora of endosymbiotic bacteria and frequently exhibit multiple infections. We established two matrilines from the same population of the linyphiid spider Mermessus fradeorum and then used antibiotic curing and controlled mating assays to demonstrate that each matriline was subject to a distinct endosymbiotic reproductive manipulation. One matriline was co-infected with Rickettsia and Wolbachia and produced offspring with a radical female bias. Antibiotic treatment eliminated both endosymbionts and restored an even sex ratio to subsequent generations. Chromosomal and fecundity observations suggest a feminization mechanism. In the other matriline, a separate factorial mating assay of cured and infected spiders demonstrated strong cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) induced by a different strain of Wolbachia. However, males with this Wolbachia induced only mild CI when mated with the Rickettsia–Wolbachia females. In a subsequent survey of a field population of M. fradeorum, we detected these same three endosymbionts infecting 55% of the spiders in almost all possible combinations, with nearly half of the infected spiders exhibiting multiple infection. Our results suggest that a dynamic network of endosymbionts may interact both within multiply infected hosts and within a population subject to multiple strong reproductive manipulations.
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