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802 results for “urban data”
Data from: Urbanization as a facilitator of gene flow in a human health pest
Urban fragmentation can reduce gene flow that isolates populations, reduces genetic diversity and increases population differentiation, all of which have negative conservation implications. Alternatively, gene flow may actually be increased among urban areas consistent with an urban facilitation model. In fact, urban adapter pests are able to thrive in the urban environment and may be experiencing human-mediated transport. Here, we used social network theory with a population genetic approach to investigate the impact of urbanization on genetic connectivity in the Western black widow spider, as an urban pest model of human health concern. We collected genomewide SNP variation from mitochondrial and nuclear ddRAD sequence datasets from 210 individuals sampled from 11 urban and 10 non-urban locales across its distribution of the Western U.S. From urban and non-urban contrasts of population, phylogenetic, and network analyses, urban locales have higher within-population genetic diversity, lower between-population genetic differentiation, and higher estimates of genetic connectivity. Social network analyses show that urban locales not only have more connections, but can act as hubs that drive connectivity among non-urban locales, which show signatures of historical isolation. These results are consistent with an urban facilitation model of gene flow, and demonstrate the importance of sampling multiple cities and markers to identify the role that urbanization has had on larger spatial scales. As the urban landscape continues to grow, this approach will help determine what factors influence the spread and adaptation of pests, like the venomous black widow spider, in building policies for human and biodiversity health.
Data from: The preference and costs of sleeping under light at night in forest and urban great tits
Artificial light at night (ALAN) is an increasing phenomenon associated with worldwide urbanisation. In birds, broad-spectrum white ALAN can have disruptive effects on activity patterns, metabolism, stress response and immune function. There has been growing research on whether the use of alternative light spectra can reduce these negative effects, but surprisingly, there has been no study to determine which light spectrum birds prefer. To test such a preference, we gave urban and forest great tits (Parus major) the choice where to roost using pairwise combinations of darkness, white or green dim light at night (1.5 lux). Birds preferred to sleep under artificial light instead of darkness, and green was preferred over white light. In a subsequent experiment, we investigated the consequence of sleeping under a particular light condition, and measured birds' daily activity levels, daily energy expenditure (DEE), oxalic acid as a biomarker for sleep debt, and cognitive abilities. White light affected activity patterns more than green light. Moreover, there was an origin-dependent response to spectral composition: in urban birds the total daily activity and night activity did not differ between white and green light, while forest birds were more active under white than green light. We also found that individuals who slept under white and green light had higher DEE. However, there were no differences in oxalic acid levels or cognitive abilities between light treatments. Thus, we argue that in naïve birds that never encountered light at night, white light might disrupt circadian rhythms more than green light. However, it is possible that negative effects of ALAN on sleep and cognition might be observed only under intensities higher than 1.5 lux. These results suggest that reducing the intensity of light pollution as well as tuning the spectrum towards long wavelengths may considerably reduce its impact.
Data from:Microgeographic differentiation in thermal performance curves between rural and urban populations of an aquatic insect
The rapidly increasing rate of urbanization has a major impact on the ecology and evolution of species. While increased temperatures are a key aspect of urbanization ("urban heat islands"), we have very limited knowledge whether this generates differentiation in thermal responses between rural and urban populations. In a common garden experiment, we compared the thermal performance curves (TPCs) for growth rate and mortality in larvae of the damselfly Coenagrion puella from three urban and three rural populations. TPCs for growth rate shifted vertically, consistent with the faster-slower theoretical model whereby the cold-adapted rural larvae grew faster than the warm-adapted urban larvae across temperatures. In line with costs of rapid growth, rural larvae showed lower survival than urban larvae across temperatures. The relatively lower temperatures, hence expected shorter growing seasons in rural populations compared to the populations in the urban heat islands likely impose stronger time constraints to reach a certain developmental stage before winter, thereby selecting for faster growth rates. In addition, higher predation rates at higher temperature may have contributed to the growth rate differences between urban and rural ponds. A faster-slower differentiation in TPCs may be a widespread pattern along the urbanization gradient. The observed microgeographic differentiation in TPCs supports the view that urbanization may drive life history evolution. Moreover, because of the urban heat island effect, urban environments have the potential to aid in developing predictions on the impact of climate change on rural populations.
Hydrostatic pressure sensor logger data for floodX urban flooding experiments
<p>Film of pressure sensor loggers for floodX dataset</p>
Data from: Habitat diversification associated with urban development has a little effect on genetic structure in the annual native plant Commelina communis in an East Asian megacity
<p>Basic statistics for each population and genetic and landscape data between populations.</p>
Raw data sharing for the study of land usecover change and ecological effects in Lanxi urban agglomeration
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Data from: Assessing urban-scale spatiotemporal heterogeneous metro station coverage using multi-source mobility data
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Data from: Are British urban foxes (Vulpes vulpes) 'bold'? The importance of understanding human-wildlife interactions in urban areas
<p>Urban fox behaviour recorded during an extensive field experiment in Bristol, UK. We examined two different but inter-related behaviours, both of which influence a fox's propensity to take risks. Neophobia affects a fox's reaction to novelty in the environment, and wariness its reaction to potential threats. We investigated how social status and foraging social context influenced both behaviours in Bristol's fox population. For further information please see Padovani <em>et al.</em> 2021.</p> <p> </p>
Data for: Local contributions to beta-diversity in urban pond networks: implications for biodiversity conservation and management
<p><b>Aim:</b> An understanding of how biotic communities are spatially organised is necessary to identify and prioritize habitats within landscape-scale biodiversity conservation. Local Contribution to Beta diversity (LCBD) identifies individual habitats that make a significant contribution to beta-diversity and may have important practical implications, particularly for conservation of habitat networks. In this study, we develop and apply a conservation prioritisation approach based on LCBD in aquatic invertebrate communities from 132 ponds.</p> <p><b>Location:</b> Five urban settlements in the UK: Halton, Loughborough, Stockport, Birmingham, Huddersfield.</p> <p><b>Methods:</b> We partition LCBD into richness difference (nestedness: <sub>RichDiff</sub>LCBD) and species replacement (turnover: <sub>Repl</sub>LCBD) and identify key environmental variables driving LCBD. We examine LCBD at two scales relevant to conservation planning: within urban settlements and nationally across the UK.</p> <p><b>Results:</b> Significant differences in LCBD values were recorded among the five settlements. In four of the five urban settlements studied, pond sites with the greatest LCBD values typically showed high replacement values. Significant LCBD sites and sites with high taxonomic diversity together supported more of the regional species pool (70%-97%) than sites with high taxonomic diversity alone (54% to 94%) or what could be protected by the random selection of sites. LCBD was significantly associated with vegetation shading, surface area, altitude and macrophyte cover.</p> <p><b>Main conclusions:</b> Conservation prioritisation that incorporates LCBD and sites with high taxonomic diversity improves the effectiveness of conservation actions within pond habitat networks, ensures site supporting high biodiversity are protected, and provides a method to define a spatial network of protected sites. Identifying new, effective conservation approaches, particularly in urban areas where resources may be scarce and conflicts regarding land use exist, is essential to ensure biodiversity is fully supported and detrimental anthropogenic effects are reduced.</p>
Data from: Contrasting responses in community structure and phenology of migratory and non-migratory pollinators to urbanization
[No abstract entered]
Sources and meteorology influencing highly-time resolved PM2.5 trace elements at 3 urban sites in extremely polluted Indo Gangetic Plain in India, Measurement_Report_Data_21-06-2024
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Data and scripts for the article entitled "Heatwaves may trigger unexpected surge in aerosol and ozone precursor emissions from sedges in urban landscapes"
<p>The package includes the data and scripts for generating the figures for the paper entitled "Heatwaves may trigger unexpected surge in aerosol and ozone precursor emissions from sedges in urban landscapes".</p>
Supplementary material 1 from: Balzan MV, Debono I (2018) Assessing urban recreation ecosystem services through the use of geocache visitation and preference data: a case-study from an urbanised island environment. One Ecosystem 3: e24490. https://doi.org/10.3897/oneeco.3.e24490
Supplementary Information
Data for "Relative contribution rates of influencing factors of urban non-point source pollutants (TSS, TN, TP, COD)"
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DATA_measure and predict the travel time reliability on the urban rail transit network
<p>(1)The automatic fare collection data recorded the time of entering and exiting stations for each trip.<br>(2)The automatic fare collection data format is CSV, and the columns of the table are in Chinese. The columns are ticket card number, ticket card type, date, time of entering the station, entering station name, time of exiting the station, exiting station name, and day of the week.</p>
Data from: A game-theoretical model of kleptoparasitic behaviour in an urban gull (Laridae) population.
Kleptoparasitism (food stealing) is a significant behaviour for animals that forage in social groups as it permits some individuals to obtain resources whilst avoiding the costs of searching for their own food. Evolutionary game theory has been used to model kleptoparasitism, with a series of differential equation based compartmental models providing significant theoretical insights into behaviour in kleptoparasitic populations. In this paper we apply this compartmental modelling approach to kleptoparasitic behaviour in a real foraging population of urban gulls (Laridae). Field data was collected on kleptoparasitism and a model developed that incorporated the same kleptoparasitic and defensive strategies available to the study population. Two analyses were conducted: 1. An assessment of whether the density of each behaviour in the population was at an equilibrium. 2. An investigation of whether individual foragers were using Evolutionarily Stable Strategies (ESS) in the correct environmental conditions. The results showed the density of different behaviours in the population could be at an equilibrium at plausible values for handling time and fight duration. Individual foragers used aggressive kleptoparasitic strategies effectively in the correct environmental conditions but some individuals in those same conditions failed to defend food items. This was attributed to the population being composed of three species that differed in competitive ability. These competitive differences influenced the strategies that individuals were able to use. Rather than gulls making poor behavioural decisions these results suggest a more complex three-species model is required to describe the behaviour of this population.
Data from: Cold nights, city lights: artificial light at night reduces photoperiodically induced diapause in urban and rural populations of Aedes albopictus
<p>As the planet becomes increasingly urbanized, it is imperative that we understand the ecological and evolutionary consequences of urbanization on species. One common attribute of urbanization that differs from rural areas is the prevalence of artificial light at night (ALAN). For many species, light is one of the most important and reliable environmental cues, largely governing the timing of daily and seasonal activity patterns. Recently, it has been shown that ALAN can alter behavioral, phenological, and physiological traits in diverse taxa. For temperate insects, diapause is an essential trait for winter survival and commences in response to declining daylight hours in the fall. Diapause is under strong selection pressure in the mosquito, <i>Aedes albopictus</i>; local adaptation and rapid evolution has been observed along a latitudinal cline. It is unknown how ALAN affects this photosensitive trait or if local adaptation has occurred along an urbanization gradient. Using a common garden experiment, we experimentally demonstrated that simulated ALAN reduces diapause incidence in this species by as much as 40%. There was no difference, however, between urban and rural demes. We also calculated diapause incidence from wild demes in urban areas to determine if wild populations exhibited lower than predicted incidence compared to estimates from total nocturnal darkness. In early fall, lower than predicted diapause incidence was recorded but all demes reached nearly 100% diapause before terminating egg laying. It is possible that nocturnal resting behavior in vegetation limits the amount of ALAN exposure this species experiences potentially limiting local adaptation.</p>
Data from: Socioeconomic status effects on health vary between rural and urban Turkana
<p>Background and objectives: Understanding the social determinants of health is a major goal in evolutionary biology and human health research. Low socioeconomic status (often operationalized as absolute material wealth) is consistently associated with chronic stress, poor health, and premature death in high income countries. However, the degree to which wealth gradients in health are universal<span>—</span>or are instead made even steeper under contemporary, post-industrial conditions<span>—</span>remains poorly understood.</p> <p>Methodology: We quantified absolute material wealth and several health outcomes among a population of traditional pastoralists, the Turkana of northwest Kenya, who are currently transitioning toward a more urban, market-integrated lifestyle. We assessed whether wealth associations with health differed in subsistence-level versus urban contexts. We also explored the causes and consequences of wealth-health associations by measuring serum cortisol, potential sociobehavioral mediators in early life and adulthood, and adult reproductive success (number of surviving offspring).</p> <p>Results: Higher socioeconomic status and greater material wealth predicts better self-reported health and more offspring in traditional pastoralist Turkana, but worse cardiometabolic health and fewer offspring in urban Turkana. We do not find robust evidence for either direct biological mediators (i.e., cortisol) or indirect sociobehavioral mediators (e.g., adult diet or health behaviors, early life experiences) of wealth-health relationships in either context.</p> <p>Conclusions and implications: While social gradients in health are well-established across a variety of primate species, and in humans, across a variety of socioecological contexts, we show that the relationship between wealth and health can vary within a single population. Our findings emphasize that changes in economic and societal circumstances may directly alter how, why, and under what conditions socioeconomic status is predictive of health.</p>
Boston Trustees urban garden crop and tree data
<div> <p>This dataset includes field data collected from gardens plots<strong> </strong>in 38 urban gardens across the city of Boston in 8 neighborhoods: Dorchester, East Boston, Fenway, Jamaica Plain, Mattapan, Mission Hill, Roxbury, and South End across 3 seasons: spring, summer, and fall (June 3-7, 2021; August 25-26, 2021; October 23-24, 2021). Neighborhood borders were defined by census tract block group designations available from the city <a href="https://www.zotero.org/google-docs/?iT7ffU">(Department of Innovation and Technology 2021)</a>. Census data was taken from American Community Survey -1 year estimates for 2021 available from the <a href="https://www.census.gov/data/developers/data-sets/acs-1year.html">U.S. Census Bureau</a>. For each garden, all plots were hand mapped on site by researchers, enumerated, and then randomly selected using a number generator for further census. In each plot, every individual crop plant was counted and identified to species and cultivar if known or marked by gardeners. In addition, the number and species of each tree in the garden was surveyed. </p> <p>We identified each crop species (no ornamental, non-edible plants were surveyed other than communal garden trees) and classified each plant species as annual or perennial according to whether they could survive across multiple growing seasons in the temperate region and are practiced as perennial crops, ie. gardeners do not typically remove the entire plant at the end of growing season. Biennial and woody plants were all classified as perennial. We classified all crops according to USDA classifications as vegetable, fruit, grain, culinary, medicinal, and combinations of these classifications. </p> <p>We also include an R notebook with code used to generate figures and run analyses supporting the work entitled, "Rooting in place: Trees and perennials reflect permanence in urban gardens and communities" by the authors listed. A knitted html for R Markdown file is also included.</p> <p> </p> </div>
How have South Australian urban planning policies affected Blakeview's surface temperatures? Data
<p>The attached data includes the study's Landsat Images and ERDAS models </p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.