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3,709 results for “urbanization.”
Data from: Vegetation biomass and landscape context shape web-building spider dietary niche breadth in urban vacant lots
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Urban land use impact on soil heavy metal levelsin Lafayette, Louisiana
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Scale insects contribute to spider conservation in urban trees and shrubs
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Host-parasite relationship in urban environments: A network analysis of hemoparasite infections in Nasua nasua Linnaeus (South American coati)
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Potential local adaptation in populations of invasive reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea) across an urbanization gradient
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Urbanization's dual role in the exacerbation and mitigation of drought dynamics in China
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Brain size predicts bees’ tolerance to urban environments
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Data for: Urban form and its impacts on air pollution and access to green space: A global analysis of 462 cities
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Synthetic urban gamma-ray spectra for training spectral detection and identification models
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EAP21-0576.R1 - Implementing Community-Engaged Ecological Research in Proctor Creek, an Urban Watershed in Atlanta, GA
The Southeast Region of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) implemented community-engaged research in Proctor Creek, an urban watershed in Northwest Atlanta, Georgia, to sample for aquatic species of concern in Atlanta, Georgia’s Proctor Creek Watershed as a part of the Urban Waters Federal Partnership program. This research shifted the focus of the agency from the endangered and pristine natural spaces to a major city watershed negatively impacted by urbanization and other human influences for more than a century. Team members from USFWS, Proctor Creek Watershed residents, local students, and other stakeholders in the UWFP spent three months conducting stream surveys and participating in community-led events to build relationships and learn community priorities. The team collected data at 11 sites throughout the Proctor Creek Watershed, visually assessed each site, and collected aquatic species using dip nets, seines, and traps. We observed approximately 28 aquatic species, including 13 unique fish species, and eight macroinvertebrate species, including two unique crayfish species. We also observed varying degrees of ecological health throughout the watershed. Native aquatic animal species were found at all stream sites, no matter the condition of the stream. Through creating training resources and disseminating data among team members for future sampling, the team established pathways to keep natural resource stewardship sustainable outside of direct federal involvement. Through engaging in community-engaged research to achieve the mission of the agency, the USFWS Proctor Creek watershed survey helped shift the paradigm of how government agencies can connect their mission statements to the ever-changing complex needs of the American public.
Bulk atmospheric deposition data along an agricultural-to-urban transect, central Ohio, 2021-2022
As precipitation acidity in the United States has decreased dramatically over the past forty years, new questions have emerged about the role of base cations and nitrogen (N) species in regulating precipitation pH. To address these questions, we studied precipitation chemistry in Ohio, a state with high N deposition and a mix of urban, industrial, and agricultural land use. This dataset contains precipitation chemistry and the flux of particulate matter collected at four sites along an agricultural-urban transect in central Ohio over the summers of 2021 and 2022. Samples were collected weekly from three or five replicate passive bulk deposition collectors at each site. In the lab, we filtered the samples and calculated the flux of total particulate matter. Liquid samples were measured for pH, nitrate, ammonium, and major ions. This dataset is complete and will not be added to in the future.
The Influence of Flow on Creek Chub (Semotilus atromaculatus) Movement in an Intermittent Urban Headwater Stream
Fish movement in freshwater streams is often tied to patterns of flow, especially when the stream is intermittent, flashy, or some combination thereof. This relationship between flow and fish movement is exacerbated in small urban streams in impervious surface-dominated watersheds that lead to extreme flow conditions. This study focused on the response of Creek Chub (Semotilus atromaculatus), a common pioneer fish species in eastern North America, to flow events of various sizes in a small intermittent urban headwater stream. Our primary goals were to determine 1) the level of Creek Chub movement occurring in an intermittent headwater stream, 2) the influence of flow on movement direction and magnitude, 3) the degree of variation in individual movement behavior, and 4) mortality rates in the system. The study used PIT tagging and telemetry surveys to monitor Creek Chub movement over a six-month period. We found that individual Creek Chub in our study system were generally mobile (71%), but usually moved short distances only; however, a few individuals moved much farther, with a maximum single movement of 521 m. Moderate or major flow events increased the probability and magnitude of Creek Chub movement, and neither upstream nor downstream movement was favored. Movement was variable among individual fish and fish were able to respond to large and small flow events to move among habitats. Finally, we observed relatively high, but episodic, mortality in our study site, potentially related to pollution events. Evidence of elevated mortality emphasizes the importance of movement in highly disturbed streams, as it may enable recolonization after local extirpation.
White oak and red maple foliar chemistry of urban and reference forests of the eastern US
Foliar chemistry values were obtained from two important native tree species (white oak (Quercus alba L.) and red maple (Acer rubrum L.)) across urban and reference forest sites of three major cities in the eastern United States during summer 2015 (New York, NY (NYC); Philadelphia, PA; and Baltimore, MD). Trees were selected from secondary growth oak-hickory forests found in New York, NY; Philadelphia, PA; and Baltimore, MD, as well as at reference forest sites outside each metropolitan area. In all three metropolitan areas, urban forest patches and references forest sites were selected based on the presence of red maple and white oak canopy dominant trees in patches of at least 1.5 hectares with slopes less than 25%, and well-drained soils of similar soil series within each metropolitan area. Within each city, several forest patches were selected to capture the variation in forest patch site conditions across an individual city. All reference sites were located in protected areas outside of the city and within intermix wildland-urban interface landscapes, in order to target similar contexts of surrounding land use and population density (Martinuzzi et al. 2015). Several reference sites were selected for each city, located within the same protected area considered representative of rural forests of the region. White oaks were at least 38.1 cm diameter at breast height (DBH), red maples were at least 25.4 cm DBH, and all trees were dominant or co-dominant canopy trees. The trees had no major trunk cavities and had crown vigor scores of 1 or 2 (less than 25% overall canopy damage; Pontius & Hallett 2014). From early July to early August 2015, sun leaves were collected from the periphery of the crown of each tree with either a shotgun or slingshot for subsequent analysis to determine differences in foliar chemistry across cities and urban vs. reference forest site types. The data were used to invstigate whether differences in native tree physiology occur between urban
Environmental fate of combustion-derived organic compounds in arid, urban soils in central Arizona-Phoenix
In this research we wanted to ask, what is the magnitude, distribution, and fate of non-point carbon pollution in a low-density, urban area? To answer this question, the goal of the project is to: 1) characterize and quantify combustion-derived carbon compounds in soils near roadways across the Phoenix valley, 2) explore the dynamic fate of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soils, and 3) assess the importance of microbial community structure in PAH storage and dynamics. We collected 63 soil samples near highways across the Phoenix valley to characterize and quantify PAH compounds using extraction methods with Ultrasound Sonication and analyses by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Additionally, we measured a suite of soil properties and processes to explore the role of abiotic and biotic factors on the retention of PAHs in urban soil. PAH concentrations in arid Phoenix soils ranged from 52 ug/kg dry soil to 8,296 ug/kg (mean 926 ug/kg), nearly an order of magnitude lower on average than expected based on data from other cities (Figure 1, Table 1). The project findings show the extent of these pollutants, an EPA-priority group of hazardous compounds, in urban soils. Although the most likely sources for PAH content in roadway soils are vehicle emissions, they were not correlated with traffic density (r2 = 0.024; p = 0.26) or highway age (r2 = 0.044; p = 0.13) across all sites. However, PAH concentrations were significantly correlated to soil organic matter (r2 = 0.36; p less than 0.001). These results suggest that PAH concentrations in roadway soils of desert cities may be controlled by factors associated with carbon retention, such as soil organic matter, rather than source or rate of deposition
Ecophysiological and behavioral adaptations of birds to rapid urbanization of a desert environment in central Arizona-Phoenix, from 2006 to 2008.
We used Sonoran desert species that have adapted to urbanization to various degrees to investigate relations between endocrine parameters, in particular plasma corticosterone in response to acute stress, and aspects of the immune system, parasite infections, and body condition. Desert residents generally suppressed their endocrine response to acute stress during the breeding season and underwent marked seasonal changes in body condition. By contrast, conspecific urban residents tended to maintain an acute stress response throughout the year and showed subdued seasonal changes in body condition. We surmise that this difference is related to differences between desert and urban environments in food resources that birds use to sustain themselves. The goal of upcoming studies will be to test this hypothesis. In addition, we are carrying out studies aimed at elucidating the neuroendocrine mechanisms that mediate differential stress responses seen in birds residing in rural vs. urban habitats. We are also developing experiments examining relation between the stress response and the activity of the immune and reproductive system. The data that we have already collected, and those to be collected in the coming year, will provide the most extensive set of data to date on effects of urbanization on wild vertebrates and on the mechanisms that are responsible for these effects.
Hierarchical regulation of nitrogen export from urban catchments in central Arizona-Phoenix
In urban catchments of arid central Arizona, we investigate how the export of mineral and organic nitrogen (N) in storm runoff is regulated by interactions between local landscape characteristics and broader scale storm features. First, we test whether N export is more a function of (1) processes that affect N concentration in runoff or (2) the propensity of the catchment to convey rainfall as runoff. With data pooled across catchments, the mass of N in export (load) is determined by processes regulating runoff N concentration. There are exceptions when catchments are examined individually, where N load from some catchments is determined by the hydrologic responsiveness of the catchment. Second, we investigate the relationship between N export and catchment features. Loads per catchment area were greater from more impervious catchments, probably because impervious catchments held more N in a mobilizable phase and conveyed more rainfall as overland flow. Loads per area were lower from larger catchments, possibly owing to more N-retention hot spots in larger catchments. Catchments with the greatest N exports were those with commercial land use, and loads decreased as development became less prevalent or as residential replaced industrial land use. Third, we investigated how catchment features moderated direct responses of N export to storms. Export was less correlated with storm features in catchments that were larger, more pervious, and less industrial. Results support an N build and flush hypothesis, which purports that there is little biotic processing of N deposited to arid, urban surfaces with little organic matter. The rate and duration of deposition determine the size of the mobile N pool. Any amount of rainfall capable of generating overland flow would entrain nearly all mobilizable N and export it from the catchment. Nonetheless, these results suggest that, even with daunting seasonal and interannual variability in storm conditions, material export can be red
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal diversity and functioning in urban desert preserves and surrounding deserts in the central Arizona
The creation of urban preserves has been proposed to as a method of reducing the impact of urbanization on biodiversity of native ecosystems. This research compared root colonization by two important fungal root symbionts, arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and dark septate endophytes (DSE), at two urban desert preserve sites located in Phoenix, Arizona and at two surrounding Sonoran desert sites. Diversity of AM fungi was also compared between sites. AM root colonization was greater in surrounding deserts in comparison to urban preserves, but root colonization by DSE was not significantly different. A greater number of AM fungal species was detected in surrounding deserts in comparison to urban preserves, although the number of species/sample was not significantly different. About 70% of the AM fungal species were detected at both urban preserve and surrounding desert sites, but species in the family Acaulosporaceae were only detected at the surrounding deserts. Decreases in AM functioning and diversity observed at urban preserves may reduce the ability of preserves to sustain biodiversity.
Physiological consequences of urbanization to Sonoran Desert birds
As cities expand worldwide, understanding how species adapt to novel urban habitats will become increasingly important to conservation. The adrenocortical stress response enables vertebrates to cope with novel environmental challenges to homeostasis. We examined baseline and stress-induced corticosterone (CORT) concentrations in three songbird species within and around Phoenix, Arizona. We tested whether baseline and stress-induced CORT patterns differed among species living at varying densities in Phoenix and tested the hypothesis that, for species capable of successfully colonizing cities, individuals living in urban areas have a decreased acute stress response compared to individuals living in native desert. Baseline CORT levels were generally similar in urban and desert birds. Capture and handling stress typically produced greater total CORT responses in urban birds than in desert birds, although these responses differed as a function of sampling date. Urban birds showed less seasonal variability in stress responses than desert birds. We propose that more predictable resources in the city than in rural areas may decrease the need to vary stress responsiveness across life history stages. The results highlight the species-specific effects of urbanization on stress physiology and the difficulty to predict how urbanization impacts organisms.
Flashiness of urban and desert streams in arid Arizona watersheds (2003-2016)
There is general consensus that urbanization results in dramatic changes in stream hydrology, such as higher peak flows and increased flashiness (the rate at which water levels rise and fall). However, this has not been thoroughly assessed for aridlands, which are characterized by these very same hydrograph properties. This study analyzed streamflow records from 19 watersheds of central Arizona, USA to determine how hydrograph characteristics varied with urban development. This study evaluated influences on streamflow regime metrics calculated from daily and sub-daily flow data using linear mixed effects models, which factored in imperviousness along with other watershed characteristics. Results indicate that flashiness, coefficient of variation, zero flow days, and hydrograph rise and fall rates decreased with extent of imperviousness, which is the opposite pattern to that observed in previous studies predominately in humid regions. Engineered retention basins are one explanation for this observation, though novel urban sources of dry weather flows are likely also playing a role. This study also identified strong relationships between these hydrologic metrics and mean area-weighted discharge, watershed area, and annual precipitation. As in more humid systems, more high flow events in the urban desert streams compared to non-urban desert streams were observed. However, this was only at the lower flood threshold, and there was not an increase in larger floods with urban development. Overall, the urban stream syndrome manifests differently in this arid system: urbanization increases water retention and leads to less variable flows in stream ecosystems. Data and analysis code are included with this data set.
Ecohydrological monitoring of urban ecological infrastructure at the Arizona State University Tempe Campus (Tempe, Arizona)
Urban Ecological Infrastructure (UEI) are urban ecological structures whose ecological functions are increasingly being used to deliver key urban services and address urban sustainability challenges. The growing use of UEI to address urban sustainability challenges can bring together teams of urban researchers and practitioners to co-produce UEI design, monitoring and maintenance. However, this co-production process received little attention in the literature, and has not been studied in the Phoenix Metro Area. This study examined several components of a co-produced design process and related project outcomes associated with a small-scale UEI project – bioretention basins installed at the Arizona State University (ASU) Orange Mall and Student Pavilion in Tempe, AZ. We explored the design process associated with the collaborative development of an ecohydrological monitoring protocol for assessment of post-construction performance of this UEI system. This co-production process involved both CAP LTER researchers and practitioners, designers, and managers at ASU and associated third-party consultants involved in site design and management. Together, these researchers and practitioners co-produced a suite of ecohydrological metrics to monitor the performance of the bioretention basins at Orange Mall. Specifically, this protocol evaluated the performance of the UEI system with regards to two of it’s key design goals: storm water capture and storm water quality improvement. The ecohydrological data produced by the implementation of this monitoring protocol are presented here. Monitoring equipment were installed throughout the site in June and July 2018. Site monitoring and data collection began in August 2018, and continued through Feb 2019.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.