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15,542 results for “How long”
Figs 128–133. Artema transcaspica Spassky, 1934 in Daddy-long-leg giants: revision of the spider genus Artema Walckenaer, 1837 (Araneae, Pholcidae)
Figs 128–133. Artema transcaspica Spassky, 1934, male chelicerae in lateral and frontal views. 128– 131. ♂♂, Uzbekistan, Zarafshon (ZMMU). 132. ♂, Turkmenistan, Badkhyz, Kushka (NHMW 13.677). 133. ♂, Uzbekistan, 36.5 km SSW of Uchkuduk (ZMMU). Arrows = absence of proximal projections on frontal processes. Scale lines: 128–130 = 0.5 mm; 131–133 = 0.2 mm.
Fig. 3 in Contribution to the Willowsia species having body scales of the long basal rib type: four new species and a redescription of W. qui (Collembola: Entomobryidae)
Fig. 3. Willowsia fascia Zhang & Pan sp. nov. A. Thoracic chaetotaxy. B–C. Abdominal chaetotaxy. B. Abd. I–IV (long sens on Abd. IV incomplete). C. Abd. V. Scale bars: 100 μm.
Genetic variation of the Chilean endemic long-haired mouse Abrothrix longipilis (Rodentia, Supramyomorpha, Cricetidae) in a geographical and environmental context
<p>Here we make available to the scientific community the dataset used in the study on genetic variation of the sigmodintine rodent <em>Abrothrix longipilis. </em>The dataset consists of transcriptome-derived raw SNPs from 17 individuals of <em>A. longipiis </em>collected from natural populations in Chile and Argentina.</p>
Long-Evans Rat Eating (modified from Ethan Tyler's drawing)
Drawing uploaded to scidraw.io on: 10 November 2019
Data: Interacting effects of short-term and long-term noise exposure on anti-predator behaviour: A field experiment with sand gobies
<p>Data on anti-predator behaviour of sand gobies during trials with exposure to either boat noise or a silent control. Gobies were living in a range of quiet to noisy habitats.</p>
Simulation results of long-period ground motion in the Kanto region
<p>Simulation results in the submitted paper, Takemura, Yoshimoto, and Shiomi (2020) <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-43689/v1">Preprint</a></p> <p><strong>Model name</strong></p> <ul> <li>JIVSM : JIVSM (Koketsu et al., 2012)</li> <li>NOBSN : JIVSM without sedimentary layers</li> <li>FNT1D : F-net 1D velocity model (Kubo et al., 2002)</li> </ul> <p><strong>Wavefiled </strong><br> YYMMDD${MODEL}.ob.u.nc </p> <ul> <li>NetCDF formatted Displacement or velocity wavefield data</li> <li>Details are described in <a href="https://tktmyd.github.io/OpenSWPC/English/2._Parameter_Settings/0205_output/">the OpenSWPC document page</a>.</li> </ul> <p><strong>Components</strong></p> <ul> <li>Vx : North</li> <li>Vy : East</li> <li>Vz : Up</li> </ul> <p><strong>SAC header</strong></p> <ul> <li>We added centroid time, location, depth, and station location information in SAC header. </li> </ul> <p><strong>Movie file</strong></p> <ul> <li>Movie S1 is a simulated vertical velocity wavefield for an earthquake that occurred on 4 August 2019.</li> </ul>
Long-term vegetation changes in Nardus grasslands indicate eutrophication, recovery from acidification, and management change as the main drivers
<p>Abstract</p> <p>Questions</p> <p>Which trends and patterns of community change occurred in <em>Nardus</em> grasslands over recent decades in parts of the Continental biogeographic region of Germany? Are patterns and trends consistent across two study regions? Do impacts of environmental changes on <em>Nardus</em> grasslands in Central Europe correspond to those identified in the European Atlantic biogeographic region?</p> <p>Location</p> <p>East Hesse Highlands, Germany</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>In 2012-2015, we re-surveyed quasi-permanent plots that had been initially surveyed between 1971 and 1987, and re-measured soil parameters. We tested for differences in species frequency and cover, mean Ellenberg indicator values, species richness, and soil variables. Nitrogen- and sulphur-deposition data were analysed to evaluate possible effects of atmospheric pollutants. We used regression- and redundancy analyses to identify environmental drivers responsible for changes in species composition.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Across regions, we found significant increases in soil pH, Ellenberg R and N indicator values, plant-nutrient indicators, forbs, species of agricultural grasslands and of fallows. By contrast, the C:N ratio<em>, Nardus</em> grassland specialists, low-nutrient indicators, and graminoids declined. Changes in species composition were related to changes in pH and management. There was a strong decrease in sulphur and a moderate increase in nitrogen deposition, whose local scale pattern did not correlate with changes in soil parameters. However, there was an effect of local NH<sub>y</sub> changes on species composition.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The findings indicate significant overall eutrophication, a trend towards less acidic conditions and insufficient management, which are widely consistent across our study regions and correspond to recent reports of vegetation changes and recovery from acidification in the Atlantic biogeographic region. We assume the reduced sulphur deposition during recent decades to be a major driver of these changes, combined with increased nitrogen deposition and reduced management intensity. This suggests a large-scale validity of processes that influenced changes in <em>Nardus</em> grasslands of Western and Central Europe.</p>
South African Long Bone Database
<p>A database of diaphyseal dimensions of 1310 South African children between the ages of birth and 12.99 years. Additional details can be found in the SALB_Readme.txt file.</p>
Stable carbon, oxygen and nitrogen isotopes in tree rings from temperate forests within long-term monitoring network in the UK
<p>Supporting dataset for the paper "Climate and atmospheric deposition effects on forest water‑use efficiency and nitrogen availability across Britain" by Guerrieri et al. 2020 Scientific Reports DOI is 10.1038/s41598-020-67562-w (<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-67562-w">https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-67562-w</a>)</p> <p>The dataset includes carbon, oxygen and nitrogen stable isotope composition measured in tree rings for four species at twelve forests across climate and atmospheric deposition gradients in Britain. Data were used to i) investigate spatial and temporal (over 30‑years) changes in tree intrinsic water use efficiency (iWUE, i.e., the ratio between CO<sub>2</sub> assimilation - A, and stomatal conductance- g<sub>s</sub>); ii) assess the possible species-specific physiological mechanisms (changes in A and/or g<sub>s</sub>) evaluate whether sites receiving high Ndep experience increase in ecosystem N availability and N saturation (using tree-ring nitrogen isotope composition as a proxy); iv) elucidate drivers of spatial and temporal changes in the isotope-derived physiological and ecological processes (i.e., relative contribution of climate vs. changes in atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> and nitrogen and sulfur deposition). </p> <p>The following files are available:</p> <ul> <li>CSV file including: a) Site names; b) Species; c) Latitude; d) Longitude; e) Investigated years (1980-2010); f) Measured isotope-related parameters and tree ring nitrogen %. Isotope-related parameters included in the dataset are: 1) delta13C, 2) carbon isotope discrimination (Delta13C), 3) intercellular CO2 concentration (ci) and the ratio of intercellular to atmospheric CO2 concentrations (ci/ca), delta18O, estimated delta18O in precipitation (delta18OP) according to Barbour et al. 2001 (see Method in Guerrieri et al. 2020 Scientific Reports), oxygen isotope discrimination above the source water (Delta18O), delta15N. </li> <li>PDF file reporting the equations used to calculate the isotope-derived parameters, which can also be found in the paper by Guerrieri et al. 2020 Scientific Reports (accepted)</li> </ul>
Data from: Long‐term follow‐up, quality of life and survival of Lambert‐Eaton myasthenic syndrome patients
Objective To study survival and characterize long-term functional impairments as well as health-related quality of life (HRQOL) of Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS) patients. Methods In this observational study, survival of LEMS patients, separately for non-tumor (NT) and small-cell lung cancer (SCLC), was compared to the Dutch general population and to patients with SCLC. Disease course in LEMS patients was recorded retrospectively. Several scales for functional impairments and health-related quality of life were assessed. Results We included 150 LEMS patients. Survival was similar to the general population in 65 NT-LEMS patients. Tumor survival was significantly longer in 81 SCLC-LEMS patients compared to non-LEMS SCLC patients (overall median survival 17 vs. 7.0 months, p<0.0001). At diagnosis, 39 patients (62%) of 63 patients with complete follow-up data were independent for ADL activities, improving to 85% at 1-year follow-up. Physical HRQOL composite score (55.9) was significantly lower than in the general population (76.3, p<0.0001) and comparable to myasthenia gravis (60.5) Mental HRQOL composite score was 71.8 in LEMS patients, comparable to the general population (77.9, p=0.19) and myasthenia gravis (70.3). Conclusions This study shows NT-LEMS patients have normal survival. SCLC-LEMS patients have an improved tumor survival, even after correcting for tumor stage. A majority of LEMS patients report a stable disease course and remain or become independent for self-care after treatment.
Data from: Long-term employment outcomes after epilepsy surgery in childhood
Objective: To analyse long-term employment outcomes in a population-based cohort of adults who underwent epilepsy surgery in childhood or adolescence and to compare the results to general population reference data. Methods: Prospective data on epilepsy surgery procedures performed on patients <19 years of age between 1995 and 2012 were extracted from the Swedish National Epilepsy Surgery Register. Five-, 10-, 15- and 20-year follow-up data were analysed. Patients aged ≥19 years at follow-up were eligible for inclusion. Educational attainment and employment status were analysed in relation to seizure outcome. Education and employment outcomes of seizure-free patients with a preoperative IQ of ≥70 were compared to general population reference data. Results: A total of 203 patients were included. The mean age at surgery was 13.6 years and 66% had IQ≥70. Of these, a majority had attained at least high school education five years after surgery. Employment rates were 44%, 69%, 71% and 77% at the 5-, 10-, 15- and 20-year follow-ups, respectively. Seizure-free patients were significantly more likely to work full-time. Educational attainment and rates of full-time employment of seizure-free patients were similar to the general population. A majority of patients with IQ<70 had attended special education and were reliant on social benefits. Conclusion: Long-term overall employment rates were higher compared to most previous studies on surgery in adults. Seizure-free patients with a preoperative IQ≥70 showed rates of full-time employment similar to the general population. Further research is needed to determine whether this also applies for occupational complexity and wages.
Data from: Secondary contact and genomic admixture between rhesus and long-tailed macaques in the Indochina Peninsula
Understanding the process and consequences of hybridization is one of the major challenges in evolutionary biology. A growing body of literature has reported evidence of ancient hybridization events or natural hybrid zones in primates, including humans; however, we still have relatively limited knowledge about the pattern and history of admixture because there have been little studies that simultaneously achieved genome-scale analysis and a geographically extensive sampling of wild populations. Our study applied double-digest restriction site-associated DNA sequencing to samples from the six localities in and around the provisional hybrid zone of rhesus and long-tailed macaques and evaluated population structure, phylogenetic relationships, demographic history, and geographic clines of morphology and allele frequencies. A latitudinal gradient of genetic components was observed, highlighting the transition from rhesus (north) to long-tailed macaque distribution (south) as well as the presence of one northern population of long-tailed macaques exhibiting unique genetic structure. Interspecific gene flow was estimated to have recently occurred after an isolation period, and the migration rate from rhesus to long-tailed macaques was slightly greater than in the opposite direction. Although some rhesus macaque-biased alleles have widely introgressed into long-tailed macaque-populations, the inflection points of allele frequencies have been observed as concentrated around the traditionally recognized interspecific boundary where morphology discontinuously changed; this pattern was more pronounced in the X-chromosome than in autosomes. Thus, due to geographic separation before secondary contact, reproductive isolation could have evolved, contributing to the maintenance of an interspecific boundary and species-specific morphological characteristics.
Data from: Helping decisions and kin recognition in long-tailed tits: is call similarity used to direct help towards kin?
<p>Most cooperative breeders live in discrete family groups, but in a minority, breeding populations comprise extended social networks of conspecifics that vary in relatedness. Selection for effective kin recognition may be expected for individuals in such kin neighbourhoods to maximise indirect fitness. Using a long-term social pedigree, molecular genetics, field observations and acoustic analyses, we examine how vocal similarity affects helping decisions in the long-tailed tit <i>Aegithalos caudatus</i>. Long-tailed tits are cooperative breeders in which help is typically redirected by males that have failed in their own breeding attempts towards the offspring of male relatives living within kin neighbourhoods. We identify a positive correlation between call similarity and kinship suggesting that vocal cues offer a plausible mechanism for kin discrimination. Furthermore, we show that failed breeders choose to help males with calls more similar to their own. However, although helpers fine-tune their provisioning rates according to how closely related they are to recipients, their effort was not correlated with their vocal similarity to helped breeders. We conclude that although vocalisations are an important part of the recognition system of long-tailed tits, discrimination is likely to be based on prior association and may involve a combination of vocal and non-vocal cues.</p>
Satellite-derived long-term estimates of full-coverage PM1 concentrations across China based on a stacking decision tree model
<p>The open data uploaded by Rui Li</p>
Supporting data for the manuscript "metaFlye: scalable long-read metagenome assembly using repeat graphs"
<p>Genome assemblies, simulated datasets and evaluations described in the manuscript "metaFlye: scalable long-read metagenome assembly using repeat graphs".</p>
Interacting Infrastructure Disruptions Due to Environmental Events and Long-Term Climate Change
<p>This dataset contains shapefiles of shoreline protection, flood extent, and roadway disruptions for four shoreline scenarios implemented in South San Francisco Bay. The scenarios were modeled with a hydrodynamic model (Delft3D) and an agent-based traffic model (MATSim) for the manuscript entitled: <em>Interacting Infrastructure Disruptions Due to Environmental Events and Long-Term Climate Change</em> (doi: xxx).</p>
Data from: To migrate or not: drivers of over-summering in a long-distance migratory shorebird
<p>The phenomenon of over-summering in southern non-breeding areas by boreal-breeding birds is particularly prevalent among shorebirds. Despite its frequency, it is understudied compared with most other aspects of shorebird ecology. Our aim was to expand knowledge of this subject through a study of Red Knots <i>Calidris canutus rufa </i>over-summering at a site in Argentina during the austral winter. We measured the proportion of one-year-old and adult over-summerers and evaluated the roles of flight-feather condition and physiological status (through leukocite profile, physiological stress index, and presence of blood parasites) as triggers for over-summering. We also explore sex-ratio, the evolution of body mass and extent of breeding plumage within each age-class. Over-summerers were 57% yearlings and 43% adults, 46% females and 54% males. Almost all yearlings exhibited incomplete molt of primary feathers and some were in active primary molt. This suggests that the condition of flight-feathers and the timing of molt are likely to be important factors selecting for deferred migration during the first year of life. Other factors, not associated with flight-feather molt, seem to trigger over-summering in adults, which had completed flight feather molt but had low fat loads and/or incomplete alternate plumage. We found no evidence of a weakened immune system, high loads of blood parasites, or high stress levels that can explain this poor migratory conditioning and therefore over-summering. Our data indicates that our adult age-class comprises both young individuals postponing first breeding until they are at least two years old and sexually mature individuals with prior reproductive experience skipping a breeding opportunity. Breeding propensity and age at first breeding are both poorly known, but key demographic parameters that determine population growth. This study suggests that potentially they can be estimated from mark-recapture at non-breeding areas and this warrants further study.</p>
Supplementary materials for: Female‐female aggression in a cooperatively breeding bird during the non‐breeding period: The behavioral strategy to maintain long‐term partnerships
<p>Social monogamy evolves in association with biparental care. However, males who tend to pursue multiple mating are expected to place less value on established partnerships, whereas females do the opposite to ensure males'participation in rearing offspring. Accordingly, selection is expected to favor paired females to behave aggressively towards females that approach their social mates. For species with long-term partnerships, female-female aggression commonly observed during the breeding period should also occur in the non-breeding period. We look at whether these expectations are held up by conducting a field experiment in Tibetan ground tits Pseudopodoces humilis, a cooperatively breeding bird that has lifetime monogamy and forms new pair bonds in winter. Paired but not unpaired females were more aggressive towards the same-sex than towards opposite-sex intruders experimentally introduced into the winter group territory, an indication that paired females may be protecting partnerships. Both paired and unpaired males, on the other hand, displayed aggression almost equally against intruders of both sexes, indicating a likely function in territory defense. Our work provides the first evidence for the female's role in maintaining long-term monogamy during the non-breeding period in birds, and contributes to the recent progress regarding intrasexual competition between females as a component of sexual selection.</p>
Quantifying shell outline variability in extant and fossil Laqueus (Brachiopoda: Terebratulida): are outlines good proxies for long-looped brachidial morphology and can they help us characterize species?
<p>Extant and extinct terebratulide brachiopod species have been defined primarily on the basis of morphology. What is the fidelity of morphological species to biological species? And how can we test this fidelity with fossils? Taxonomically and phylogenetically, the most informative internal feature in the brachiopod suborder Terebratellidina is the geometrically complex long-looped brachidium, which, given their fragile nature, are not commonly preserved in the fossil record. In their absence, it is essential to test other sources of morphological data when trying to recognize and identify species. We analyzed valve outlines and brachidia in the genus <i>Laqueus</i> to explore the utility of shell shape in discriminating extant and fossil species. Using geometric morphometric methods, we quantified valve outline variability using elliptical Fourier methods and tested whether long-looped brachidial morphology correlates with shell outline shape. We then built classification models based on machine learning algorithms using outlines as shape variables to predict fossil species' identities. Our results demonstrate that valve outline shape is significantly correlated with long-looped brachidial shape and that even relatively simple outlines are sufficiently morphologically distinct to enable extant <i>Laqueus</i> species to be identified, validating current taxonomic assignments. These are encouraging results for the study and delimitation of fossil terebratulide species, and their recognition as biological species. In addition, machine learning algorithms can be successfully applied to help solve species recognition and delimitation problems in paleontology, especially when morphology can be characterized quantitatively and analyzed statistically.</p>
Diploid VCF files used for publication "Haplotype Threading: Accurate Polyploid Phasing from Long Reads"
<p>Diploid VCF files for three human samples, from which polyploid datasets were generated as evaluation data for the publication given in the title. Files contain gold standard haplotypes, which have been conducted by trio phasing from the samples themselves and their respective parents.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.