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Fatigue resistant jaw muscles facilitate long-lasting courtship behavior in the southern alligator lizard (Elgaria multicarinata)
<p>The southern alligator lizard (<i>Elgaria multicarinata</i>) exhibits a courtship behavior during which the male firmly grips the female's head in his jaws for many hours at a time. This extreme behavior counters the conventional wisdom that reptile muscles are fast to fatigue and incapable of powering high endurance behaviors. We conducted <i>in situ</i> experiments in which the jaw-adductor muscles of lizards were stimulated directly while bite force was measured simultaneously with a force transducer. Fatigue tests were performed by supramaximally and bilaterally stimulating the muscles for several minutes with a series of tetanic trains. Our results show that a substantial sustained force gradually develops during the first few minutes of the fatigue test. This sustained force persists after peak tetanic forces have declined to a fraction of their initial magnitude. The observed sustained force during <i>in situ</i> fatigue tests is consistent with the natural courtship behavior of these lizards and likely reflects physiological specialization. The results of molecular analysis reveal that the jaw-adductor muscles contain masticatory myosin and tonic myosin fibers. We propose that the presence of tonic fibers may explain the unusual sustained force properties during mate-holding behavior. The characterization of muscle properties that facilitate extreme performance in specialized systems may help reveal general mechanisms, especially when done in light of convergently evolved systems exhibiting similar performance characteristics.</p>
Nitrogen‐Doped Carbons with Hierarchical Porosity via Chemical Blowing Towards Long‐Lived Metal‐Free Catalysts for Acetylene Hydrochlorination
<p>Porous nitrogen-doped carbons (NCs) are sustainable alternatives to the toxic mercury-based acetylene hydrochlorination catalysts applied in the manufacture of polyvinyl chloride. However, the application of NCs as metal-free catalysts is hampered by their insufficient durability under industrially relevant process conditions. In particular, pore blockage leads to accelerated deactivation of NCs compared to the state-of-the-art precious metal-based systems. Herein, we develop a salt template-assisted synthesis strategy coupled with chemical blowing to tune the textural properties of NCs, while preserving the N-content and speciation. The addition of metal salts (i.e., Mg(OAc)2 or CaCO3) enhances gas evolution, leading to an increased formation of micro- and mesopores, while the in-situ generated CaO/CaCl2 and MgO/MgCl2 develop auxiliary pore networks. Micropores are easily blocked during acetylene hydrochlorination, but meso- and macropores are structurally stable, enhancing the lifetime of hierarchical NCs by ca. 50 times compared to their non-templated analogues, rivalling the stability of benchmark metal-based catalysts.</p>
Figure 9 from: Cumming RT, Le Tirant S, Teemsma SN, Hennemann FH, Willemse L, Büscher TH (2020) Lost lovers linked at long last: elusive female Nanophyllium mystery solved after a century of being placed in a different genus (Phasmatodea, Phylliidae). ZooKeys 969: 43-84. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.969.56214
Figure 9 Female Nanophyllium genitalia, ventral view ANanophyllium species NHMUK 012497230 BNanophyllium species, Papua New Guinea, Central Province, Coll RC 16-224 CNanophyllium species, Indonesia, West Papua, Mapia, Coll SLTDNanophyllium chitoniscoides, Coll FH.
Figure 8 from: Cumming RT, Le Tirant S, Teemsma SN, Hennemann FH, Willemse L, Büscher TH (2020) Lost lovers linked at long last: elusive female Nanophyllium mystery solved after a century of being placed in a different genus (Phasmatodea, Phylliidae). ZooKeys 969: 43-84. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.969.56214
Figure 8 Three primary venation patterns seen in female Nanophyllium tegmina, dorsal view ANanophyllium chitoniscoidesColl FHBNanophyllium suzukii holotype, SDEICNanophyllium keyicumColl FH. Abbreviations used: Sc (subcosta); R (radius); R1 (radius 1); Rs (radial sector); R–M (radius and medial crossvein); M (media); MA (media anterior); MP (media posterior); Cu (cubitus); CuA (cubitus anterior); CuP (cubitus posterior); 1A (first anal).
Figure 7 from: Cumming RT, Le Tirant S, Teemsma SN, Hennemann FH, Willemse L, Büscher TH (2020) Lost lovers linked at long last: elusive female Nanophyllium mystery solved after a century of being placed in a different genus (Phasmatodea, Phylliidae). ZooKeys 969: 43-84. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.969.56214
Figure 7 Thorax of various Nanophyllium females, dorsal ANanophyllium species female Coll RC 16-224 BNanophyllium frondosum female Coll RC 16-049 CNanophyllium chitoniscoidesColl FHDNanophyllium species NHMUK 012497230.
Figure 6 from: Cumming RT, Le Tirant S, Teemsma SN, Hennemann FH, Willemse L, Büscher TH (2020) Lost lovers linked at long last: elusive female Nanophyllium mystery solved after a century of being placed in a different genus (Phasmatodea, Phylliidae). ZooKeys 969: 43-84. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.969.56214
Figure 6 Head capsule posteriomedial tubercles compared between select genera/species ANanophyllium species female NHMUK 012497230 BNanophyllium frondosum female, Coll SLTCNanophyllium miyashitai sp. nov. holotype male DPhyllium letiranti Cumming & Teemsma, 2018 female, Coll SLT (note the singular tubercle in this Phyllium species versus the double tubercles of Nanophyllium).
Figure 5 from: Cumming RT, Le Tirant S, Teemsma SN, Hennemann FH, Willemse L, Büscher TH (2020) Lost lovers linked at long last: elusive female Nanophyllium mystery solved after a century of being placed in a different genus (Phasmatodea, Phylliidae). ZooKeys 969: 43-84. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.969.56214
Figure 5 Female Nanophyllium antennae, dorsal view ANanophyllium asekienseColl SLTBNanophyllium species, Indonesia, West Papua, Mapia, Coll SLTCNanophyllium daphne sp. nov., RMNHDNanophyllium species NHMUK 012497230.
Figure 3 from: Cumming RT, Le Tirant S, Teemsma SN, Hennemann FH, Willemse L, Büscher TH (2020) Lost lovers linked at long last: elusive female Nanophyllium mystery solved after a century of being placed in a different genus (Phasmatodea, Phylliidae). ZooKeys 969: 43-84. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.969.56214
Figure 3 Nanophyllium asekiense (Größer, 2002), comb. nov. eggs laid by the single adult female which made it to adulthood in the Montreal Insectarium; note the variability of color within the eggs laid by this singular female.
Figure 24 from: Cumming RT, Le Tirant S, Teemsma SN, Hennemann FH, Willemse L, Büscher TH (2020) Lost lovers linked at long last: elusive female Nanophyllium mystery solved after a century of being placed in a different genus (Phasmatodea, Phylliidae). ZooKeys 969: 43-84. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.969.56214
Figure 24 Nanophyllium females and their collection data which likely represent the unknown female Nanophyllium rentzi, Nanophyllium hasenpuschi, Nanophyllium pygmaeum, Nanophyllium adisi, or possibly undescribed species, scaled to relative size A Eastern Highlands District LJBrass, Coll., Sixth Archbold Exped. To Papua New Guinea, No. 7, Kotuni, south slopes Mt. Otto, 2200m. Aug.4–20.1959, AMNHB Papua New Guinea, Central Province, Along Hiritano HWY., E. of Vanama River Crossing: June 1989, Coll RC 16-224 C Papua New Guinea, Central, 20 km SE Port Moresby, I.1985, NHMUK 012497230 D Daru, Papua (New Guinea) Mouth of Fly R., VII-1941, Collector RG Wind, CASE New Guinea, West Irian, Kobakma, North Slope of Central Range N. of Baliem Valley 3500' October 1971, Robert Mitton Coll, CASF Indonesia, West Papua, Mapia, May 1999, Coll SLT.
Figure 23 from: Cumming RT, Le Tirant S, Teemsma SN, Hennemann FH, Willemse L, Büscher TH (2020) Lost lovers linked at long last: elusive female Nanophyllium mystery solved after a century of being placed in a different genus (Phasmatodea, Phylliidae). ZooKeys 969: 43-84. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.969.56214
Figure 23 Likely N. australianum subadult females A preserved specimen which was collected by G. B. Monteith in June 1971 on the edge of Iron Range, Queensland (photograph by Susan Wright, collections manager, Queensland Museum) B dorsal, live individual photographed by Chien C. Lee (Malaysia) in July 2014; Lockhart, Queensland C same individual as in B but viewed from the lateral aspect.
Figure 21 from: Cumming RT, Le Tirant S, Teemsma SN, Hennemann FH, Willemse L, Büscher TH (2020) Lost lovers linked at long last: elusive female Nanophyllium mystery solved after a century of being placed in a different genus (Phasmatodea, Phylliidae). ZooKeys 969: 43-84. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.969.56214
Figure 21 Female holotype of Nanophyllium daphne sp. nov. A front left leg showing lobes and serration B antennae, head, and thorax dorsal details C full body dorsal D thorax, lateral view E genitalia, ventral.
Figure 22 from: Cumming RT, Le Tirant S, Teemsma SN, Hennemann FH, Willemse L, Büscher TH (2020) Lost lovers linked at long last: elusive female Nanophyllium mystery solved after a century of being placed in a different genus (Phasmatodea, Phylliidae). ZooKeys 969: 43-84. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.969.56214
Figure 22 Live observations of unidentifiable male NanophylliumA individual observed by Mike Wild in Mokndoma, Indonesia B individual observed by Achmad Rian Dietra, May, 2017 on Aiduma Island, Indonesia.
Figure 2 from: Cumming RT, Le Tirant S, Teemsma SN, Hennemann FH, Willemse L, Büscher TH (2020) Lost lovers linked at long last: elusive female Nanophyllium mystery solved after a century of being placed in a different genus (Phasmatodea, Phylliidae). ZooKeys 969: 43-84. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.969.56214
Figure 2 Live Nanophyllium asekiense (Größer, 2002), comb. nov. raised in the Montreal Insectarium A subadult female, full body dorsal B subadult female, head and front legs, dorsal C adult male, full body dorsal D freshly hatched nymph E nymph, later instar.
Figure 20 from: Cumming RT, Le Tirant S, Teemsma SN, Hennemann FH, Willemse L, Büscher TH (2020) Lost lovers linked at long last: elusive female Nanophyllium mystery solved after a century of being placed in a different genus (Phasmatodea, Phylliidae). ZooKeys 969: 43-84. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.969.56214
Figure 20 Holotype male Nanophyllium miyashitai sp. nov. A full body dorsal B full body ventral C right front leg D abdominal segment X and dorsal view of cerci E genitalia, ventral F head through thorax, dorsal.
Figure 19 from: Cumming RT, Le Tirant S, Teemsma SN, Hennemann FH, Willemse L, Büscher TH (2020) Lost lovers linked at long last: elusive female Nanophyllium mystery solved after a century of being placed in a different genus (Phasmatodea, Phylliidae). ZooKeys 969: 43-84. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.969.56214
Figure 19 Male Nanophyllium asekiense (Größer, 2002), comb. nov. morphological details A profemoral and protibial lobes B dorsal thorax spination C ventral view of the genitalia D dorsal view of the head and antennae.
Figure 17 from: Cumming RT, Le Tirant S, Teemsma SN, Hennemann FH, Willemse L, Büscher TH (2020) Lost lovers linked at long last: elusive female Nanophyllium mystery solved after a century of being placed in a different genus (Phasmatodea, Phylliidae). ZooKeys 969: 43-84. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.969.56214
Figure 17 Nanophyllium asekiense (Größer, 2002), comb. nov. males and females, all originating from Papua New Guinea, Morobe Province. Note the variation in the male abdominal shape and the female abdominal, color, and femoral lobe variability A yellow form female, Morobe Province, Aseki, Oiwa Village, July, 2016, Coll RC 16-268 B green form female, Papua New Guinea, Morobe, Aseki (Oiwa), Nov. 2000, Coll SLTC brown form female, Morobe Province, Aseki, Oiwa Village, July, 2016, Coll RC 16-264 D red/brown form female, Papua New Guinea, Morobe, Aseki (Oiwa), Nov. 2000, Coll SLTE serrate abdominal male bred by the Montreal Insectarium, IMQCF spade shaped male bred by the Montreal Insectarium, Coll RC 19-055.
Figure 12 from: Cumming RT, Le Tirant S, Teemsma SN, Hennemann FH, Willemse L, Büscher TH (2020) Lost lovers linked at long last: elusive female Nanophyllium mystery solved after a century of being placed in a different genus (Phasmatodea, Phylliidae). ZooKeys 969: 43-84. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.969.56214
Figure 12 Pronotum and thorax of males for the two species groups, dorsal ANanophyllium stellae (stellae species group) BNanophyllium asekiense comb. nov. (pygmaeum species group).
Figure 11 from: Cumming RT, Le Tirant S, Teemsma SN, Hennemann FH, Willemse L, Büscher TH (2020) Lost lovers linked at long last: elusive female Nanophyllium mystery solved after a century of being placed in a different genus (Phasmatodea, Phylliidae). ZooKeys 969: 43-84. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.969.56214
Figure 11 Front legs and lobes of males of the stellae species group (A–C) and the pygmaeum species group (D–H) ANanophyllium stellaeBNanophyllium miyashitai sp. nov. CNanophyllium larssoniDNanophyllium australianumENanophyllium asekiense comb. nov. FNanophyllium rentziColl SLTGNanophyllium hasenpuschiHNanophyllium adisi line drawing based on holotype.
Figure 18 from: Cumming RT, Le Tirant S, Teemsma SN, Hennemann FH, Willemse L, Büscher TH (2020) Lost lovers linked at long last: elusive female Nanophyllium mystery solved after a century of being placed in a different genus (Phasmatodea, Phylliidae). ZooKeys 969: 43-84. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.969.56214
Figure 18 Nanophyllium rentzi males dorsal, note the variation in abdominal shape A holotype in the NHMUK (copyright NHMUK 2020 online Data Portal; https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/b03f481f-1a1c-4ccd-8558-505668fc78f3/1591228800000) B male from Fak Fak, Indonesia, Coll SLT.
Figure 14 from: Cumming RT, Le Tirant S, Teemsma SN, Hennemann FH, Willemse L, Büscher TH (2020) Lost lovers linked at long last: elusive female Nanophyllium mystery solved after a century of being placed in a different genus (Phasmatodea, Phylliidae). ZooKeys 969: 43-84. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.969.56214
Figure 14 A–CNanophyllium asekienseColl RC 18-046 A dorsal view B lateral view C Opercular (anterior) view D–F egg from Nanophyllium sp. NHMUK 012497230 D dorsal view E lateral view F opercular (anterior) view.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.