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9,882 results for “Scale”
Dataset for "First Observations of Large Scale Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances Using Automated Amateur Radio Receiving Networks"
<p># 20171103.rbn_pskreporter_wspr_data.csv<br> #<br> # This data file contains the amateur radio spot data used in the manuscript:<br> # "First Observations of Large Scale Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances Using Automated Amateur Radio Receiving Networks"<br> # by Nathaniel A. Frissell W2NAF, Stephen R. Kaeppler AD0AE, Diego F. Sanchez KD2RLM, Gareth W. Perry KD2SAK,<br> # William D. Engelke AB4EJ, Philip J. Erickson W1PJE, Anthea J. Coster, J. Michael Ruohoniemi, and Joseph B. H. Baker<br> #<br> # Observations are provided courtesy of:<br> # 1. The Weak Signal Propagation Reporting Network (WSPRNet, https://www.wsprnet.org/)<br> # Operated by Bruce Walker W1BW<br> #<br> # 2. The Reverse Beacon Network (RBN, http://www.reversebeacon.net/)<br> # Operated by Nick Sinanis F5VIH/SV3SJ, David Pascoe KM3T, Mark Glenn K7MJG, Peter Smith N4ZR, Felipe Ceglia PY1NB/CT7ANO, and Dick Williams W3OA<br> #<br> # 3. PSKReporter (https://pskreporter.info/)<br> # Operated by Philip Gladstone N1DQ<br> #<br> # Explanation of Data Columns:<br> # freq: Frequency [kHz]<br> # ut: Time of Observation in Universal Time (UT)<br> # source: Observation Network (WSPRNet, RBN, or PSKReporter)<br> # tx_grid: Transmitter Maidenhead Gridsquare<br> # rx_grid: Receiver Maindenhead Gridsquare<br> # tx_lat: Transmitter Latitude (deg)<br> # tx_long: Transmitter Longitude (deg)<br> # rx_lat: Receiver Latitude (deg)<br> # rx_long: Receiver Longitude (deg)<br> # dist_Km: Ground-Level Great Circle Distance between Transmitter and Receiver (km)<br> # md_lat: Midpoint between Transmitter and Receiver Latitude (deg)<br> # md_long: Midpoint between Transmitter and Receiver Longitude (deg)<br> # slt_mid: Solar Local Time of Midpoint (hr)<br> #<br> # This datafile is a subset of the full WSPRNet/RBN/PSKReporter data, filtered with the following parameters:<br> # ut min: 2017-11-03 00:00:00<br> # ut max: 2017-11-03 23:59:59<br> # freq min: 14000.382<br> # freq max: 14280.0<br> # md_lat min: 20.004737453151876<br> # md_lat max: 54.99977112001497<br> # md_long min: -129.99845895196913<br> # md_long max: -60.008771378901315<br> # dist_Km min: 0.0<br> # dist_Km max: 19861.14355003741</p>
Subgrid-scale effects in cloud-like atmospheric flows: Colliding thermals - volume 1
<p>Datasets to perform surrogate modeling of subgrid-scale effects in cloud-like atmospheric flows. Please see README.md file for detailed description and metadata.</p>
COmpliance with pandemic COmmands Scale (COCOS): The relationship between compliance with COVID-19 measures and sociodemographic and attitudinal variables
<p>Dataset of the article "COmpliance with pandemic COmmands Scale (COCOS): The relationship between compliance with COVID-19 measures and sociodemographic and attitudinal variables"</p>
Niche differentiation within a cryptic pathogen complex: climatic drivers and hyperparasitism at multiple spatial scales
<p><span>Pathogens are embedded in multi-trophic food webs, which often include co-occurring cryptic species within the same pathogen complex. Nonetheless, we still lack an understanding of what dimensions of the ecological niche might allow these cryptic species to coexist. We explored the role of climate, host characteristics (tree autumn phenology) and attack by the fungal hyperparasite <em>Ampelomyces</em> (a group of fungi attacking plant pathogens) in defining the niches of three powdery mildew species (<em>Erysiphe alphitoides</em>, <em>E. hypophylla</em> and<em> E. quercicola</em>) within a cryptic pathogen complex on the pedunculate oak Quercus robur at the continental (Europe), national (Sweden and France) and landscape scales (a 5 km2 island in southwestern Finland). Previous studies have shown that climate separated the niches of three powdery mildew species (<em>E. alphitoides</em>, <em>E. hypophylla </em>and <em>E. quercicola</em>) in Europe and two species (<em>E. alphitoides </em>and <em>E. quercicola</em>) in France. In our study, we did not detect a significant relationship between temperature or precipitation and the distribution of <em>E. alphitoides </em>and <em>E. hypophylla</em> present in Sweden, while at the landscape scale, temperature, but not relative humidity, negatively affected disease incidence of <em>E. alphitoides</em> in an exceptionally warm year. Tree variation in autumn phenology did not influence disease incidence of powdery mildew species, and hyperparasite presence did not differ among powdery mildew species at the continental, national and landscape scale. Climate did not affect the distribution of the hyperparasite at the continental scale and at the national scale in Sweden. However, climate affected the hyperparasite distribution in France, with a negative relationship between non-growing season temperature and presence of the hyperparasite. Overall, our findings, in combination with earlier evidence, suggest that climatic factors are more important than species interactions in defining the niches of cryptic species within a pathogen complex on oak. </span></p>
R code: Large-scale assessment of bird data quality in a citizen science platform
<p>R code archived to Zenodo for publication</p>
Data from: Opportunities for understanding MS mechanisms and progression with MRI using large‐scale data‐sharing and artificial intelligence
<p>This is supplementary material accompanying the paper "Opportunities for understanding MS mechanisms and progression with MRI using large‐scale data‐sharing and artificial intelligence"</p>
Data from: Trait-environment relationships could alter the spatial and temporal characteristics of aquatic insect subsidies at the macrospatial scale
<p>Ecological flows across ecosystem boundaries are typically studied at spatial scales that limit our understanding of broad geographical patterns in ecosystem linkages. Aquatic insects that metamorphose into terrestrial adults are important resource subsidies for terrestrial ecosystems. Traits related to their development and dispersal should determine their availability to terrestrial consumers. Here, we synthesize geospatial, aquatic biomonitoring and biological traits data to quantify the relative importance of several environmental gradients on the potential spatial and temporal characteristics of aquatic insect subsidies across the contiguous United States. We found the trait composition of benthic macroinvertebrate communities varies among hydrologic regions and could affect how aquatic insects transport subsidies as adults. Further, several trait-environment relationships were underpinned by hydrology. Large bodied taxa that could disperse further from the stream were associated with hydrologically stable conditions. Alternatively, hydrologically variable conditions were associated with multivoltine taxa that could extend the duration of subsidies with periodic emergence events throughout the year. We also found that anthropogenic impacts decrease the frequency of individuals with adult flight but potentially extend the distance subsidies travel into the terrestrial ecosystem. Collectively, these results suggest that natural and anthropogenic gradients could affect aquatic insect subsidies by changing the trait composition of benthic macroinvertebrate communities. The conceptual framework and trait-environment relationships we present shows promise for understanding broad geographical patterns in linkages between ecosystems.</p>
Data from: Taxonomic scale and community organization impact observed latitudinal gradients of parasite diversity
<p>Aim: While most free-living taxa follow the latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG), or the trend of higher diversity at lower latitudes, we know little about how the diversity of parasitic taxa is distributed across latitudes. To better understand the macroecological patterns of parasite diversity, we sought to determine if: 1) helminths follow the traditional LDG; 2) taxonomic resolution impacts observed patterns; 3) latitudinal patterns are consistent across levels of community organization; and 4) helminth diversity is correlated with climate- and host- associated variables.</p> <p>Location: San Juan de Peñas Blancas, Costa Rica; Calnali, Hidalgo, Mexico; College Station, Texas, USA; Brownsville, Nebraska, USA; Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Churchill, Manitoba, Canada</p> <p>Taxa: Rodentia: Cricetidae; Nematoda; Platyhelminthes</p> <p>Methods: We sampled parasites from hosts at field sites set approximately every 10 degrees in latitude. We evaluated the relationships between parasite species richness (of all helminths as well as nematodes, cestodes, and trematodes separately) and latitude, climate, and host mass at two levels of parasite community organization, the infracommunity and the component community, using generalized additive models.</p> <p>Results: Total helminth richness was significantly correlated with latitude, but the relationship was non-linear. Nematode, cestode, and trematode diversity were also significantly correlated with latitude, but the relationship differed between the levels of community organization and among the taxonomic groups. Climate and host-associated variables were significantly correlated with different parasite taxa, although the strength and size of the correlations varied among the groups.</p> <p>Main conclusions: There are complex associations between parasite richness and latitude, climate, and host traits, and community organization and taxonomic grouping affected the observed relationships. Climate has been implicated as an important factor in shaping LDG patterns and may similarly influence helminth diversity patterns. Overall, this work provides further support and exceptions to the LDG and stresses the importance of considering scale in ecological investigations.</p>
Data from: A whole-ecosystem method for experimentally suppressing ants on a small scale
<p>Ant suppression experiments have emerged as a powerful method for assessing the role of ants in ecosystems. However, traditional methods have been limited to canopy ants, and not assessed the role of ants on and below ground. Recent advances have enabled whole-ecosystem ant suppression in large plots, but large-scale experiments are not always feasible. Here, we develop a small-scale, whole-ecosystem suppression method. We compare techniques for monitoring suppression experiments, and assess whether habitat complexity in oil palm influences our method's effectiveness.</p> <p>We conducted ant suppression experiments in oil palm agroforestry in Sumatra, Indonesia. We used targeted poison baits, a physical barrier, and canopy isolation to suppress ants in 4m-radius arenas around single palms. We sequentially tested three suppression methods that increased in intensity over 18 months. We sampled ant abundance before and after suppression by fogging, using pitfall traps, and extracting soil monoliths. We also monitored ants throughout the experiment by baiting. We tested the soil for residual poison and monitored other invertebrates (Araneae, Coleoptera, Orthoptera, and Chilopoda) to test for cross-contamination. Plots were established under four oil palm management treatments that varied in their habitat complexity: reduced, intermediate, and high understory complexity treatments in mature plantation, and a recently-replanted plantation.</p> <p>Post-treatment ant abundance was 92% lower in suppression than control plots. Only the most intensive suppression method, which ran for the final nine months, worked. Baiting rarely reflected the other monitoring methods. The treatment negatively affected Orthoptera, but not other taxa. We detected no residual poison in the soil. Coleoptera abundance increased in suppression plots post-treatment, potentially due to reduced competition with ants. Our findings were consistent across management treatments.</p> <p>We developed a whole-ecosystem method for suppressing ants on a small scale in oil palm plantations. Our method represents a significant advance; previous reductions in ant abundance have not exceeded 38%. We provide the first example of ants being experimentally suppressed belowground. Baiting is not adequate for assessing suppression effectiveness, and testing a range of taxa for confounding impacts is important. Our study acts as a blueprint for developing suppression methods for other taxa, which offer unique insights into community ecology.</p>
Data from: Scaling of maneuvering performance in baleen whales: larger whales outperform expectations
<p class="western"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Despite their enormous size, whales make their living as voracious predators. To catch their much smaller, more maneuverable prey, they have developed several unique locomotor strategies that require high energetic input, high mechanical power output, and a surprising degree of agility. </span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span>To better understand how body size affects maneuverability at the largest scale, we used bio-logging data, aerial photogrammetry, and a high-throughput approach to quantify the maneuvering performance of seven species of free-swimming baleen whales. We found that as body size increases, absolute maneuvering performance decreases: larger whales use lower accelerations and perform slower pitch-changes, rolls, and turns than smaller species. We also found that baleen whales exhibit positive allometry of maneuvering performance: relative to their body size, larger whales use higher accelerations, and perform faster pitch-changes, rolls and certain types of turns than smaller species. However, not all maneuvers were impacted by body size in the same way, and we found that larger whales behaviorally adjust for their decreased agility by using turns that they can perform more effectively. T</span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span>he positive allometry of maneuvering performance suggests that large whales have compensated for their increased body size by evolving more effective control surfaces and by preferentially selecting maneuvers that play to their strengths. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Phased, chromosome-scale genome assemblies of tetraploid potato reveals a complex genome, transcriptome, and predicted proteome landscape underpinning genetic diversity
<p>Hoopes G., Meng X., Hamilton J.P., Achakkagari S.R., de Alves Freitas Guesdes F., Bolger M.E., Coombs J.J., Esselink D., Kaiser N.R., Kodde L., Kyriakidou M., Lavrijssen B., van Lieshout N., Shereda R., Tuttle H.K., Vaillancourt B., Wood J.C., de Boer J.M., Bornowski N., Bourke P., Douches D., van Eck H.J., Ellis D., Feldman M.J., Gardner K.M., Hopman J.C.P., Jiang J., De Jong W.S., Kuhl J.C., Novy R.G., Oome S., Sathuvalli V., Tan E.H., Ursum R.A., Vales M.I., Vining K., Visser R.G.F., Vossen J., Yencho G.C., Anglin N.L., Bachem C.W.B., Endelman J.B., Shannon L.M., Strömvik M.V., Tai H.H., Usadel B., Buell C.R., and Finkers R. (2022). Phased, chromosome-scale genome assemblies of tetraploid potato reveals a complex genome, transcriptome, and predicted proteome landscape underpinning genetic diversity. Mol. Plant. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molp.2022.01.003.</p> <p>Cultivated potato is a clonally propagated autotetraploid species with a highly heterogeneous genome. Phased assemblies of six cultivars including two chromosome-scale phased genome assemblies revealed extensive allelic diversity including altered coding and transcript sequences, preferential allele expression, and structural variation that collectively result in a highly complex transcriptome and predicted proteome which are distributed across the homologous chromosomes. Wild species contribute to the extensive allelic diversity in tetraploid cultivars, demonstrating ancestral introgressions predating modern breeding efforts. As a clonally propagated autotetraploid that undergoes limited meiosis, dysfunctional and deleterious alleles are not purged in tetraploid potato. Nearly a quarter of the loci bore mutations predicted to have a high negative impact on protein function, complicating breeder's efforts to reduce genetic load. The <em>StCDF1</em> locus controls maturity and analysis of six tetraploid genomes revealed 12 allelic variants correlated with maturity in a dosage dependent manner. Knowledge of the complexity of the tetraploid potato genome with its rampant structural variation and embedded deleterious and dysfunctional alleles will be key not only to implementing precision breeding of tetraploid cultivars but also to the construction of homozygous, diploid potato germplasm containing favorable alleles to capitalize on heterosis in F1 hybrids.</p>
Figure 6 from: Pan Y, Yu Z, Yuan X (2022) Ultrastructure of androconia and surrounding scales of nine species of Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). ZooKeys 1084: 65-81. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1084.78883
Figure 6 Ultrastructure of scales in and around the scent glands patches of A. virgataA Scent glands patches B Scales (androconia) in the scent glands patches C Ultrastructure of the androconium D Type 1 scales around the scent glands patches E Ultrastructure of type 1 scale around the scent glands patches F Type 2 scales around the scent glands patches G Ultrastructure of type 2 scale around the scent glands patches.
Figure 9 from: Pan Y, Yu Z, Yuan X (2022) Ultrastructure of androconia and surrounding scales of nine species of Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). ZooKeys 1084: 65-81. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1084.78883
Figure 9 Ultrastructure of scales in and around the scent glands patches of T. colonA Scent glands patches B Scales in the scent glands patches (S1: The first scale (androconium); S2: The second scale) C Ultrastructure of the first scale D Ultrastructure of the second scale E Scales around the scent glands patches F Ultrastructure of the scale around the scent glands patches.
Figure 5 from: Pan Y, Yu Z, Yuan X (2022) Ultrastructure of androconia and surrounding scales of nine species of Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). ZooKeys 1084: 65-81. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1084.78883
Figure 5 Ultrastructure of scales in and around the scent glands patches of E. montanusA Scent glands patches B and C Scales in the scent glands patches (S1: The first scale; S2: The second scale; S3: The third scale) D The second scale E The third scale F Type 1 scales around the scent glands patches G Ultrastructure of type 1 scale around the scent glands patches H Type 2 scales around the scent glands patches I Ultrastructure of type 2 scale around the scent glands patches J Type 3 scales around the scent glands patches K Ultrastructure of type 3 scale around the scent glands patches.
Figure 1 from: Pan Y, Yu Z, Yuan X (2022) Ultrastructure of androconia and surrounding scales of nine species of Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). ZooKeys 1084: 65-81. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1084.78883
Figure 1 Ultrastructure of scales in and around the scent glands patches of B. striataA Scent glands patches B Scales in the scent glands patches (S1: The first scale; S2: The second scale) C Ultrastructure of the first scale D Ultrastructure of the second scale E Scales around the scent glands patches (S3: The third scale; S4: The fourth scale) F Ultrastructure of the third scale G Ultrastructure of the fourth scale.
Figure 2 from: Pan Y, Yu Z, Yuan X (2022) Ultrastructure of androconia and surrounding scales of nine species of Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). ZooKeys 1084: 65-81. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1084.78883
Figure 2 Ultrastructure of scales in and around the scent glands patches of H. taminataA Scent glands patches B and C Scales in the scent glands patches (S1: The first scale (androconium); S2: The second scale) D Ultrastructure of the first scale E Ultrastructure of the second scale F Scales around the scent glands patches.
Figure 3 from: Pan Y, Yu Z, Yuan X (2022) Ultrastructure of androconia and surrounding scales of nine species of Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). ZooKeys 1084: 65-81. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1084.78883
Figure 3 Ultrastructure of scales in and around the scent glands patches of L. bifasciataA Scent glands patches B Type 1 scales (androconia) in the scent glands patches C Ultrastructure of type 1 scale in the scent glands patches D Type 2 scales (androconia) in the scent glands patches E Ultrastructure of type 2 scale in the scent glands patches F Type 1 scales around the scent glands patches G Ultrastructure of type 1 scale around the scent glands patches H Type 2 scales around the scent glands patches I Ultrastructure of type 2 scale around the scent glands patches.
Figure 7 from: Pan Y, Yu Z, Yuan X (2022) Ultrastructure of androconia and surrounding scales of nine species of Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). ZooKeys 1084: 65-81. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1084.78883
Figure 7 Ultrastructure of scales in and around the scent glands patches of B. leechiA and B Scent glands patches C Scales in the scent glands patches D Ultrastructure of scale in the scent glands patches E Type 1 scales around the scent glands patches F Ultrastructure of type 1 scale around the scent glands patches G Type 2 scales around the scent glands patches H Ultrastructure of type 2 scale around the scent glands patches I Type 3 scales around the scent glands patches J Ultrastructure of type 3 scale around the scent glands patches K Type 4 scales around the scent glands patches L Ultrastructure of type 4 scale around the scent glands patches.
Figure 4 from: Pan Y, Yu Z, Yuan X (2022) Ultrastructure of androconia and surrounding scales of nine species of Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). ZooKeys 1084: 65-81. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1084.78883
Figure 4 Ultrastructure of scales in and around the scent glands patches of P. alveusA Scent glands patches B Scales in the scent glands patches (S1: The first scale (androconium); S2: The second scale) C Ultrastructure of the first scale in the scent glands patches D Type 1 scales around the scent glands patches E Ultrastructure of type 1 scale around the scent glands patches F Type 2 scales around the scent glands patches G Ultrastructure of type 2 scale around the scent glands patches.
Figure 8 from: Pan Y, Yu Z, Yuan X (2022) Ultrastructure of androconia and surrounding scales of nine species of Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). ZooKeys 1084: 65-81. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1084.78883
Figure 8 Ultrastructure of scales in and around the scent glands patches of T. leoninusA Scent glands patches B Scales (androconia) in the scent glands patches C Ultrastructure of androconium D Type 1 scales around the scent glands patches E Ultrastructure of type 1 scale around the scent glands patches F Type 2 scales around the scent glands patches.
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.