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Female and male song exhibit both parallel and divergent patterns of cultural evolution: a long-term study of song structure and diversity in tropical wrens
<p>Animal culture changes over time through processes that include drift, immigration, selection, and innovation. Cultural change has been particularly well-studied for animal vocalizations, especially for the vocalizations of male animals in the temperate zone. Here we examine cultural change in the vocalizations of tropical Rufous-and-white Wrens (<i>Thryophilus rufalbus</i>), quantifying temporal variation in song structure, song type diversity, and population-level distribution of song types in both males and females. We use data from 10 microsatellite loci to quantify patterns of immigration and neutral genetic differentiation over time, to investigate whether cultural diversity changes with rates of immigration. Based on 11 years of data, we show that the spectro-temporal features of several widely-used persistent song types maintain a relatively high level of consistency for both males and females, whereas the distribution and frequency of particular song types change over time for both sexes. Males and females exhibit comparable levels of cultural diversity (i.e. the diversity of song types across the population), although females exhibit greater rates of cultural change over time. We found that female changes in cultural diversity increased when immigration is high, whereas male cultural diversity did not change with immigration. Our study is the first long-term study to explore cultural evolution for both male and female birds and suggests that cultural patterns exhibit notable differences between the sexes.</p>
Social status, forest disturbance, and Barred Owls shape long-term trends in breeding dispersal distance of Northern Spotted Owls
<p>Dispersal among breeding sites in territorial animals (i.e. breeding dispersal) is driven by numerous selection pressures, including competition and spatiotemporal variation in habitat quality. The scale and trend of dispersal movements over time may signal changing conditions within the population or on the landscape. We examined 2,158 breeding dispersal events from 694 male and 608 female individually-marked Northern Spotted Owls (<i>Strix occidentalis caurina</i>) monitored over 28 years on seven study areas to assess the relative importance of individual (sex, experience), reproductive (annual productivity, mate availability), and environmental (forest alteration, presence of competitor) sources of variation in breeding dispersal distance. Median breeding dispersal distance was 3.17 km, with 99% of all breeding dispersal events less than 37 km. Mean annual dispersal distances increased by 2.43 km in Oregon and 9.40 km in Washington between 1990 and 2017, which coincided with increases in annual detections of non-native Barred Owl (<i>S. varia</i>). Frequency of breeding dispersal events, both among and within individuals, also increased over time. Female owls moved farther than males (median of 3.26 km and 3.10 km respectively), and birds with less experience (territory tenure) moved farther than those with more experience. Owls that were single in the year prior to dispersal moved 13–31% farther than those paired prior to dispersal. The greatest environmental change occurring over the course of our study was the expansion of Barred Owl populations. Breeding dispersal distance was positively related to Barred Owls in the study area and disturbance within the originating territory. While it appears that social factors continue to be important drivers of breeding dispersal distance in Spotted Owls, increased competition from Barred Owls and habitat alteration have a contributing effect. Increased breeding dispersal distances should be of concern for conservation efforts and considered in population monitoring because changing dispersal behavior may lead to higher rates of mortality and/or emigration from historic study areas.</p>
Population decline of a long-distance migratory passerine at the edge of its range: nest predation, nest replacement, and immigration
<p class="CxSpFirst">The relative importance of predators and resources (i.e., food) for the dynamics of migratory bird populations is poorly known. Resource availability may be more likely in resource poor environments, but given that nest failure in most systems is due mainly to predation, predator effects may predominate. We document a rapid decline of an isolated Eastern Kingbird (<i>Tyrannus tyrannus</i>) population breeding in the Great Basin Desert of eastern Oregon, USA, and evaluate whether it was driven by limited food resources (water availability ~ food), nest predation, or first-year or adult return rate (RR<sub>J</sub> and RR<sub>A</sub>, respectively) that reflect nonbreeding season events. Most nests failed (~68% of nests) due mainly to nest predation (>90% of failures); nestling starvation was rare. Bioyear precipitation (October-April), breeding season precipitation, and river flow all varied widely but none could account for annual variation in either nest success (NS) or fledging success of successful nest (FSSN). Neither RR<sub>J</sub> nor RR<sub>A</sub> varied with year, any measure of water resources, or reproductive success. Annual population growth rate (ln[N<sub>t+1</sub>/N<sub>t</sub>]) was independent of year, all measures of water availability, RR<sub>J</sub> and RR<sub>A</sub>, and NS of replacement nests, but was high following years of high NS of initial nests; FSSN was also higher in years of high NS. High rates of nest predation, due likely to the expansion of the local American Crow (<i>Corvus brachyrhynchos</i>) population, appeared to drive the population decline. Empirical data and population simulations indicated that replacement nests contributed little to λ, while simulations revealed that, given site-specific vital rates, the decline would have been even greater without immigration (λ = 0.812) than the observed (λ = 0.914). Long distance dispersal may thus be critical for persistence of kingbirds in the naturally highly fragmented habitat that it occupies in the Great Basin Desert.</p>
IS-mediated mutations both promote and constrain evolvability during a long-term experiment with bacteria
<p>The long-term dynamics of IS elements and their effects on bacteria are poorly understood, including whether they are primarily genomic parasites or important drivers of adaptation by natural selection. Here, we investigate the dynamics of IS elements and their contribution to genomic evolution and fitness during a long-term experiment with <em>Escherichia coli</em>. This data set includes the Rmd file to analyze the genomic and metagenomic data (Tenaillon et al. 2016 and Good et al. 2017) in light with the IS dynamics and their correlation with fitness improvements described in the present work. </p>
Local human population increase in the non-breeding areas of long-distance migrant bird species is only weakly associated with their declines, even for synanthropic species
<p><span>Aim: To show how recent declines in populations of long-distance migrant birds are associated with recent increases in human population growth and agricultural intensification on their tropical non-breeding grounds, except for synanthropic species, where we expect the reverse.</span></p> <p><span>Location: Breeding populations throughout Europe and North America spending the non-breeding season throughout Africa, and Central and South America, respectively. </span></p> <p><span>Methods: </span>We mapped 50 species of long-distance migrant birds from published tagging studies of 126 breeding populations and identified their breeding population trends from 2000-2015 from published Country or State census data. We then matched individual bird non-breeding locations, from each population, to local human population change and crop yield data. We used GLMs to predict whether bird population decline was associated with human population change or crop yield and whether this was dependent on if a species was synanthropic or not, controlling for absolute human population density, breeding and non-breeding location, migratory distance and phylogeny. We predicted that bird populations that spend the non-breeding season in areas of recent higher human population increase or agricultural intensification (crop yield), would show greater declines, but that declines would be less for species that frequently utilize anthropogenic habitats such as secondary woodland and farmland.</p> <p><span>Results: </span>Bird population change, even for synanthropic species, showed a significant negative relationship with relative human population change and crop yield (but this was weak, <2% and 6% of variance respectively), and this relationship was the same for the Neotropics and Africa, despite African human population change being three times larger.</p> <p><span>Main conclusions: </span>The results suggest that local human population change in the non-breeding area is likely to be only a relatively minor driver of migrant declines, and its effects may be through increases in agricultural intensification reducing carrying capacity but we currently lack local studies to confirm this.</p>
Figure 2 from: Kiew R, Chung-Lu L (2020) Checklist of vascular plants of Klang Gates Quartz Ridge, Malaysia, a 14-km long quartz dyke. PhytoKeys 166: 57-77. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.166.55778
Figure 2 View of the eastern ridge of Klang Gates Quartz Ridge from summit of western ridge, the summit (foreground) dominated by 2–3 m tall Baeckea frutescens.
Figure 3 from: Kiew R, Chung-Lu L (2020) Checklist of vascular plants of Klang Gates Quartz Ridge, Malaysia, a 14-km long quartz dyke. PhytoKeys 166: 57-77. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.166.55778
Figure 3 Endemic species in Klang Gates Quartz Ridge: Eulalia milsumi (left) and Aleisanthia rupestris.
AERA5-Asia: A long-term Asian precipitation dataset (0.1°, 1 hourly, 1951–2015, Asia) anchoring the ERA5-Land under the total volume control by APHRODITE (1982–1998)
<p>AERA5-Asia: A long-term Asian precipitation dataset (0.1°, 1 hourly, 1951–2015, Asia) is developed by organically combining the ERA5-Land dataset with high spatiotemporal resolutions and continuity and the APHRODITE dataset with high quality.</p> <p><strong>How to cite: Ma, Z., Xu, J., Ma, Y., Zhu, S., He, K., Zhang, S., Ma, W., Xu, X., 2022. AERA5-Asia: A long-term Asian precipitation dataset (0.1°, 1 hourly, 1951–2015, Asia) anchoring the ERA5-Land under the total volume control by APHRODITE. Bulletin of American Meteorological Society, 103 (4)., DOI: https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-20-0328.1.</strong></p> <p>Data Format: GeoTIFF</p> <p>Spatial Coverage: 60°E–150°E, 15°S–55°N, land.</p> <p>AERA5-Asia (0.1°/ hourly, 1951–1966, Asia) is available at <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3609352">https://doi.org/</a><a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4266081">10.5281/zenodo.6367463</a></p> <p>AERA5-Asia (0.1°/ hourly, 1962–1981, Asia) is available at <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3609352">https://doi.org/</a><a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4266081">10.5281/zenodo.6369796</a></p> <p>AERA5-Asia (0.1°/ hourly, 1999–2015, Asia) is available at <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3609352">https://doi.org/</a><a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4264451">10.5281/zenodo.4264451</a></p>
High Areal capacity porous Sn-Au Alloys with Long cycle Life for Li- ion Microbatteries
<p>Figures 1, 2, 3 & 4</p>
Figures 2-12 from: Oanh NT, Long KD, Mai PQ, Dzuong NV (2020) First record of the genus Trispinaria Quicke, 1986 (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Braconinae) in Vietnam, with descriptions of two new species. ZooKeys 996: 107-119. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.996.56562
Figures 2-12 Trispinaria seminigra Long, sp. nov., holotype, female. 2 head, frontal view 3 head, dorsal view 4 propodeum 5 mesopleuron 6 mesonotum 7 fifth and sixth metasomal tergites, lateral view 8 apex of ovipositor 9 metasoma 10 first and second metasomal tergites, lateral view 11 fore wing 12 hind wing.
Figures 14-24 from: Oanh NT, Long KD, Mai PQ, Dzuong NV (2020) First record of the genus Trispinaria Quicke, 1986 (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Braconinae) in Vietnam, with descriptions of two new species. ZooKeys 996: 107-119. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.996.56562
Figures 14-24 Trispinaria vietnamica Long, sp. nov., holotype, female 14 head, frontal view 15 head, dorsal view 16 mesonotum 17 mesopleuron 18 Fore wing 19 hind telotarsus and tarsal claw 20 apex of ovipositor 21 hind wing 22 propodeum 23 first and second metasomal tergites, lateral view 24 fifth and sixth metasomal tergites, lateral view.
Data from: Mercury exposure in an endangered seabird: long-term changes and relationships with trophic ecology and breeding success
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">Mercury (Hg) is an environmental contaminant which, at high concentrations, can negatively influence avian physiology and demography. Albatrosses (Diomedeidae) have higher Hg burdens than all other avian families. Here, we measure total Hg (THg) concentrations of body feathers from adult grey-headed albatrosses (<i>Thalassarche chrysostoma</i>) at South Georgia. Specifically, we: (i) analyse temporal trends at South Georgia (1989–2013) and make comparisons with other breeding populations; (ii) identify factors driving variation in THg concentrations; and, (iii) examine relationships with breeding success. Mean ± SD feather THg concentrations were 13.0 ± 8.0 µg g<sup>-1</sup> dw, which represents a threefold increase over the past 25 years at South Georgia and is the highest recorded in the <i>Thalassarche</i> genus. Foraging habitat, inferred from stable isotope ratios of carbon (<i>δ</i><sup>13</sup>C), significantly influenced THg concentrations – feathers moulted in Antarctic waters had far lower THg concentrations than those moulted in subantarctic or subtropical waters. THg concentrations also increased with trophic level (<i>δ</i><sup>15</sup>N), reflecting the biomagnification process. There was limited support for the influence of sex, age and previous breeding outcome on feather THg concentrations. However, in males, Hg exposure was correlated with breeding outcome – failed birds had significantly higher feather THg concentrations than successful birds. These results provide key insights into the drivers and consequences of Hg exposure in this globally important albatross population.</p>
Atlantic walrus signal latitudinal differences in the long-term decline of sea ice-derived carbon to benthic fauna in the Canadian Arctic
<p>Climate change is altering the biogeochemical and physical characteristics of the Arctic marine environment, which impacts sea ice algal and phytoplankton bloom dynamics and the vertical transport of these carbon sources to benthic communities. Little is known about whether the contribution of sea ice-derived carbon to benthic fauna and nitrogen cycling has changed over multiple decades in concert with receding sea ice. We combined compound-specific stable isotope analysis of amino acids with highly-branched isoprenoid diatom lipid biomarkers using archived (1982-2016) tissue of benthivorous Atlantic walrus to examine temporal trends of sea ice-derived carbon, nitrogen isotope baseline and trophic position of Atlantic walrus at high- and mid-latitudes in the Canadian Arctic. Associated with an 18% sea ice decline in the mid-Arctic, sea ice-derived carbon contribution to Atlantic walrus decreased by 75% suggesting a strong decoupling of sea ice-benthic habitats. In contrast, a nearly exclusive amount of sea ice-derived carbon was maintained in high-Arctic Atlantic walrus (98% in 1996 and 89% in 2006) despite a similar percentage in sea ice reduction. Nitrogen isotope baseline or the trophic position of Atlantic walrus did not change over time at either location. These findings indicate spatial differences in the restructuring of carbon energy sources utilized by Atlantic walrus and their benthic prey and in turn, a change in Arctic marine ecosystem functioning between sea ice-pelagic-benthic habitats.</p>
Impacts of recurrent dry and wet years alter long-term tree growth trajectories
<p>Climate extremes, such as abnormally dry and wet conditions, generate abrupt shifts in tree growth, a situation which is expected to increase under predicted climate conditions. Thus, it is crucial to understand factors determining short- and long-term tree performance in response to higher frequency and intensity of climate extremes.</p> <p>We evaluated how three successive droughts and wet years influenced short- and long -term growth of six dominant Iberian tree species. Within species variation in growth response to repeated dry and wet years was evaluated as a function of individual traits related to resource and water use (diameter at breast height (DBH), wood density (WD) and specific leaf area (SLA)) and tree-to-tree competition across climatically contrasted populations. Furthermore, we assessed how short-term accumulated impacts of the repeated dry and wet years influenced long-term growth performance.</p> <p>All species showed strong short-term growth decreases and enhancements due to repeated dry and wet years. However, patterns of accumulated growth decreases (AcGD) and enhancements (AcGE) across climatically contrasting populations were species-specific. Furthermore, individual trait data were weakly associated to either AcGD or AcGE and the few relevant associations were found for conifers. Intraspecific variations in tree growth responses to repeated climates extremes were large, and not explained by intraspecific variability in SLA and WD. Accumulated impacts of repeated dry and wet years were related to long-term growth trends, showing how the recurrence of climate extremes can determine growth trajectories. The relationships of AcGD and AcGE with long-term growth trends were more common in conifers species.</p> <p>Synthesis. Repeated climate extremes do not only cause short-term growth reductions and enhancements, but also determine long-term tree growth trajectories. This result shows how repeated droughts can lead to growth decline. Conifers were more susceptible to the accumulated effects of extreme weather events indicating that in the future, more intense and frequent climate extremes will alter growth performance in forests dominated by these species.</p>
Supplementary material for: Long branch attraction biases in phylogenetics
<p>Long branch attraction is a prevalent form of bias in phylogenetic estimation but the reasons for it are only partially understood. We argue here that it is largely due to differences in the sizes of the model spaces corresponding to different trees. Trees with long branches together allow much more flexible internal branch-length parameter estimation. Consequently, although each tree has the same number of parameters, trees with long branches together have larger effective model spaces. The problem of long branch attraction becomes particularly pronounced with partitioned data. Formulation of tree estimation as model selection leads us to propose bootstrap bias corrections as cross-checks on estimation when long branches end up being estimated together. </p>
Perceptual correlates of homosynaptic long term potentiation in human nociceptive pathways: a replication study
<p>Animal studies have shown that high-frequency stimulation (HFS) of peripheral C-fibers induces long-term potentiation (LTP) within spinal nociceptive pathways. The aim of this replication study was to assess if a perceptual correlate of LTP can be observed in humans. In 20 healthy volunteers we applied HFS to the left or right volar forearm. Before and after applying HFS we delivered single electrical test stimuli through the HFS electrode while a second electrode at the contralateral arm served as control condition. Moreover, to test the efficacy of the HFS protocol we quantified changes in mechanical pinprick sensitivity before and after HFS of the skin surrounding both electrodes. The perceived intensity was collected for both electrical and mechanical stimuli. After HFS, the perceived pain intensity elicited by the mechanical pinprick stimuli applied on the skin surrounding the HFS-treated site was significantly higher compared to control site (heterotopic effect). Furthermore, we found a higher perceived pain intensity for single electrical stimuli delivered to the HFS-treated site compared to the control site (homotopic effect). Whether the homotopic effect reflects a perceptual correlate of homosynaptic LTP remains to be elucidated.</p>
Positive long-term impacts of restoration on soils in an experimental urban forest
<p>As urbanization increases worldwide, so too are investments in nature-based solutions that aim to mitigate urban stressors and counter the impacts of global climate change. Tree planting on degraded urban lands—or afforestation—is one form of nature-based solution that has been increasingly implemented in cities around the world. The benefits of afforestation are, however, contingent on the capacity of soils to support the growth of planted trees, which poses a challenge in some urban settings where unfavorable soil conditions limit tree performance. Soil-focused site treatments could help urban areas overcome impediments to afforestation, yet few studies have examined the long-term (> 5 years) effects of site treatments on soils and other management objectives. We analyzed the impacts of compost amendments, interplanting with shrubs, and tree species composition (six species vs. two species) on soil conditions and associated tree growth in 54 experimental afforestation plots in New York City, USA. We compared baseline soil conditions to conditions after six years and examined changes in the treatment effects from one to six years. Site treatments and tree planting increased soil microbial biomass, water holding capacity, and total carbon and nitrogen and reduced soil pH and bulk density relative to baseline conditions. These changes were most pronounced in compost-amended plots, and the effects of the shrub and species composition treatments were minimal. In fact, compost was key to sustaining long-term changes in soil carbon stocks, which increased by 17% in compost-amended plots but declined in unamended plots. Plots amended with compost also had 59% more nitrogen than unamended plots, which was associated with a 20% increase in the basal area of planted trees. Improvements in soil conditions after six years departed from the initial trends observed after one year, highlighting the importance of longer-term studies to quantify restoration success. Altogether, our results show that site treatments and tree planting can have long-lasting impacts on soil conditions and that these changes can support multiple urban land management objectives.</p>
Data from: Telomere length reflects phenotypic quality and costs of reproduction in a long-lived seabird
Telomere length is associated with cellular senescence, lifestyle and ageing. Short telomeres indicate poor health in humans and reduced life expectancy in several bird species, but little is known about telomeres in relation to phenotypic quality in wild animals. We investigated telomere lengths in erythrocytes of known-age common terns (Sterna hirundo), a migratory seabird, in relation to arrival date and reproductive performance. Cross-sectional data revealed that, independent of age, individuals with short telomeres performed better: they arrived and reproduced earlier in the season and had more chicks in the nest. The latter effect was stronger the older the brood and stronger in males, which do most of the chick provisioning. Longitudinal data confirmed this pattern: compared with birds that lost their brood, birds that raised chicks beyond the 10th nestling day experienced higher telomere attrition from one year to the next. However, more detailed analysis revealed that the least and most successful individuals lost the fewest base pairs compared with birds with intermediate success. Our results suggest that reproductive success is achieved at the expense of telomeres, but that individual heterogeneity in susceptibility to such detrimental effects is important, as indicated by low telomere loss in the most successful birds.
Data from: Long and short-term responses of Asclepias species differ in respect to fire, grazing, and nutrient addition
Premise: The tallgrass prairie ecosystem has experienced a dramatic reduction over the last 150 years. This reduction has impacted the abundance of native grassland species including milkweeds (Asclepias). Methods: Here we use two long-term (27-year) datasets to examine how fire, grazing, and nutrient addition shape milkweed abundance in tallgrass prairie. We compare these results to a greenhouse experiment that varies nutrient levels in the absence competition, herbivory, and mutualistic relationships. Key Results: We find that Asclepias species exhibit broad patterns in response to burning regimes that do not include grazing, but experience more species-specific patterns in other combinations. Asclepias syriaca was the only species to increase in abundance in plots that included burning and nutrient addition. In the greenhouse we find that nitrogen significantly increases biomass while no effect of phosphorus was detected. Conclusions: These results indicate that A. syriaca will do best in settings with high nutrient loads, low competition, and no grazers. These characteristics define a small portion of the tallgrass prairie, while these conditions exemplify modern agricultural settings, which have replaced prairies. However, other milkweed examined did not share this pattern. This indicates that milkweed species will respond differently when exposed to agricultural settings, with some less able to cope with land conversion to pasture or row crop agriculture.
Data from: Quantifying genotype x environment effects in long-term common wheat yield trials from an agroecologically diverse production region
Multienvironment trials (METs) are used to investigate the performance of crop genotypes. To efficiently generate reliable performance estimates, the magnitude and patterns of genotype × environment interaction (G×E) in MET data must be known. We quantified G×E in fall-planted common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in California, with the goal of increasing the reliability and efficiency of statewide variety testing activities. Linear mixed models and the genotype main effects plus G×E interaction effects (GGE) biplot method were used to analyze MET data for 211 common wheat genotypes, the MET consisted of 9 locations and 14 seasons. The representativeness and discriminating power of the MET locations were tested, and estimates of the optimum number of test locations were made. The analyses did not find evidence for significant, repeatable, crossover G×E. The genotype and G×E effects were of a similar magnitude, and the G×E effects were relatively strong compared with other sources of variance but were dominated by seasonal effects, with potentially repeatable genotype-by-location (G×L) effects being relatively weak. The GGE analyses did not detect repeatable G×L patterns across seasons. As a result, we conclude that the cereal production regions of California consist of a single, but unstable, mega-environment for common wheat grain yield. The test location evaluation found few significant differences between test locations in terms of how well they represent the target production environment. We estimate that the number of test locations could be reduced while maintaining trial accuracy, which would improve the resource use efficiency of statewide trial activities without sacrificing information about variety-specific common wheat yield performance.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.