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981 results for “Alienates”
Data from: Invasive alien plants benefit more from clonal integration in heterogeneous environments than natives
What confers invasive alien plants a competitive advantage over native plants remains open to debate. Many of the world's worst invasive alien plants are clonal and able to share resources within clones (clonal integration), particularly in heterogeneous environments. Here, we tested the hypothesis that clonal integration benefits invasive clonal plants more than natives and thus confers invasives a competitive advantage. We selected five congeneric and naturally co-occurring pairs of invasive alien and native clonal plants in China, and grew pairs of connected and disconnected ramets under heterogeneous light, soil nutrient and water conditions that are commonly encountered by alien plants during their invasion into new areas. Clonal integration increased biomass of all plants in all three heterogeneous resource environments. However, invasive plants benefited more from clonal integration than natives. Consequently, invasive plants produced more biomass than natives. Our results indicate that clonal integration may confer invasive alien clonal plants a competitive advantage over natives. Therefore, differences in the ability of clonal integration could potentially explain, at least partly, the invasion success of alien clonal plants in areas where resources are heterogeneously distributed.
Data from: A global meta-analysis of the ecological impacts of alien species on native amphibians
The exponential increase in species introductions during the Anthropocene has brought about a major loss of biodiversity. Amphibians have suffered large declines, with more than 16% considered to be threatened by invasive species. We conducted a global meta-analysis of the impacts of alien species on native amphibians to determine which aspects of amphibian ecology are most affected by plant, invertebrate, fish, amphibian, reptile or mammal introductions. Measures of fitness were most strongly affected; amphibian performance was consistently lower in the presence of alien species. While exposure to alien species caused a significant decrease in amphibian behavioural activity when compared to a no species control, this response was stronger towards a control of native impacting species. This indicates a high degree of prey naïveté towards alien species and highlights the importance of using different types of controls in empirical studies. Alien invertebrates had the greatest overall impact on amphibians. This study sets a new agenda for research on biological invasions, highlighting the lack of studies investigating impacts of alien species on amphibian terrestrial life-history stages. It also emphasises the strong ecological impacts that alien species have on amphibian fitness and suggests that future introductions or global spread of alien invertebrates could strongly exacerbate current amphibian declines.
Data from: Alien and native plant establishment in grassland communities is more strongly affected by disturbance than above- and below-ground enemies
Understanding the factors that drive commonness and rarity of plant species and whether these factors differ for alien and native species are key questions in ecology. If a species is to become common in a community, incoming propagules must first be able to establish. The latter could be determined by competition with resident plants, the impacts of herbivores and soil biota, or a combination of these factors. We aimed to tease apart the roles that these factors play in determining establishment success in grassland communities of 10 alien and 10 native plant species that are either common or rare in Germany, and from four families. In a two-year multisite field experiment, we assessed the establishment success of seeds and seedlings separately, under all factorial combinations of low vs. high disturbance (mowing vs mowing and tilling of the upper soil layer), suppression or not of pathogens (biocide application) and, for seedlings only, reduction or not of herbivores (net-cages). Native species showed greater establishment success than alien species across all treatments, regardless of their commonness. Moreover, establishment success of all species was positively affected by disturbance. Aliens showed lower establishment success in undisturbed sites with biocide application. Release of the undisturbed resident community from pathogens by biocide application might explain this lower establishment success of aliens. These findings were consistent for establishment from either seeds or seedlings, although less significantly so for seedlings, suggesting a more important role of pathogens in very early stages of establishment after germination. Herbivore exclusion did play a limited role in seedling establishment success. Synthesis: In conclusion, we found that less disturbed grassland communities exhibited strong biotic resistance to establishment success of species, whether alien or native. However, we also found evidence that alien species may benefit weakly from soilborne enemy release, but that this advantage over native species is lost when the latter are also released by biocide application. Thus, disturbance was the major driver for plant species establishment success and effects of pathogens on alien plant establishment may only play a minor role.
Data from: Introduced garden plants are strong competitors of native and alien residents under simulated climate change
1) Most invasive plants have been originally introduced for horticultural purposes. Still, most alien garden plants have not naturalized yet, probably due in part to inadequate climatic conditions. Climate change may alter this, but few experimental studies have addressed this for non-naturalized alien garden plants, and those that have, addressed only singular aspects of climate change. 2) In a greenhouse experiment, we examined the performance of nine non-naturalized alien herbaceous garden plants of varying climatic origins in response to simulated climate warming and reduced water availability, in a factorial design, as projected for southern Germany. To assess their invasion potential, we grew the species in competition with resident native and already-naturalized alien species. 3) Reduced watering negatively affected non-naturalized garden plants, as well as the native and naturalized competitors, particularly at higher temperatures. However, non-naturalized aliens performed better relative to competitors when temperatures increased. Naturalized and native resident competitor responses to climate change were both negative, but across climate treatments, non-naturalized aliens, irrespective of their climatic origins, performed better against native than against naturalized competitors. 4) Synthesis. We conclude that relative performance compared to resident species may increase for non-naturalized alien garden plants under climate change, as resident species become less competitive. Ongoing climate change is therefore likely to promote naturalization of commonly-planted alien herbaceous species.
Data from: Intraspecific trait variation is correlated with establishment success of alien mammals
Many studies have aimed to identify common predictors of successful introductions of alien species, but the search has had limited success, particularly for animals. Past research focused primarily on mean trait values even though genetic and phenotypic variation have been shown to play a role in establishment success in plants and some animals (mostly invertebrates). Using a global database describing 511 introduction events representing 97 mammalian species, we show that intraspecific variation in morphological traits is associated with establishment success, even when controlling for the positive effect of propagule pressure. In particular, greater establishment success is associated with more variation in adult body size but surprisingly, less variation in neonate body size, potentially reflecting distinct trade-offs and constraints that influence population dynamics differently. We find no mean trait descriptors associated with establishment success, although species occupying wider native distribution ranges (which likely have larger niches) are more successful. Our results emphasize the importance of explicitly considering intraspecific variation to predict establishment success in animal species, and generally to understand population dynamics. This understanding might improve management of alien species and increase the success of intentional releases, e.g. for biocontrol or reintroductions.
Data from: Phylogenetic and functional mechanisms of direct and indirect interactions among alien and native plants
Disentangling direct and indirect interactions among alien and native plants is essential to understanding the success of alien plants in multi-species communities, but studies have only focused on direct pairwise interactions. Moreover, it is also essential to explore phylogenetic and functional mechanisms driving these interactions. In a greenhouse experiment, we selected nine groups of alien and native plant species from the herbaceous flora of Germany to disentangle their direct and indirect interactions. Each group had an alien (A) that is common or rare in Germany (i.e. non-native range), two natives that are phylogenetically closely related (Nclose) and distantly related (Ndist) to A respectively, and a distantly related "target" native (T). We grew the four species of each group alone, and in two-species and three-species combinations. Specifically, we tested whether competition is greater between A and Nclose than between A and Ndist, whether presence of Nclose rather than Ndist indirectly alleviates competition of A on T, and whether these interaction patterns depend on commonness of A. Moreover, we tested how intensity of these interactions is explained by phylogenetic distance, functional traits (height, seed mass, SLA, leaf size, specific root length, leaf area ratio, root length ratio (root length/plant mass), shoot weight ratio) and traits-based functional distance. We found A had stronger competition on Nclose than on Ndist. In turn, A was more suppressed by Nclose than by Ndist, but this was only true for rare rather than common A. The presence of Ndist rather than Nclose indirectly reduced competition of A on T. The intensity of the interactions was not explained by phylogenetic or functional distance, but by some of the functional traits. Specifically, a plant experienced stronger competition when it was shorter and had smaller leaves and lower shoot weight ratio, and when its neighbors were taller, had greater SLA, leaf area ratio and shoot weight ratio, and had a lower root length ratio. Synthesis. Functional traits can help explain competitive interactions. While direct competition tended to be stronger between more closely related alien and native plants, this did not indirectly facilitate other co-occurring native plants.
Data from: Introgression of chromosome segments from multiple alien species in wheat breeding lines with wheat streak mosaic virus resistance
Pyramiding of alien-derived Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV) resistance and resistance enhancing genes in wheat is a cost-effective and environmentally safe strategy for disease control. PCR-based markers and cytogenetic analysis with genomic in situ hybridisation were applied to identify alien chromatin in four genetically diverse populations of wheat (Triticum aestivum) lines incorporating chromosome segments from Thinopyrum intermedium and Secale cereale (rye). Out of 20 experimental lines, 10 carried Th. intermedium chromatin as T4DL*4Ai#2S translocations, while, unexpectedly, 7 lines were positive for alien chromatin (Th. intermedium or rye) on chromosome 1B. The newly described rye 1RS chromatin, transmitted from early in the pedigree, was associated with enhanced WSMV resistance. Under field conditions, the 1RS chromatin alone showed some resistance, while together with the Th. intermedium 4Ai#2S offered superior resistance to that demonstrated by the known resistant cultivar Mace. Most alien wheat lines carry whole chromosome arms, and it is notable that these lines showed intra-arm recombination within the 1BS arm. The translocation breakpoints between 1BS and alien chromatin fell in three categories: (i) at or near to the centromere, (ii) intercalary between markers UL-Thin5 and Xgwm1130 and (iii) towards the telomere between Xgwm0911 and Xbarc194. Labelled genomic Th. intermedium DNA hybridised to the rye 1RS chromatin under high stringency conditions, indicating the presence of shared tandem repeats among the cereals. The novel small alien fragments may explain the difficulty in developing well-adapted lines carrying Wsm1 despite improved tolerance to the virus. The results will facilitate directed chromosome engineering producing agronomically desirable WSMV-resistant germplasm.
Data from: Commonness and rarity of alien and native plant species – the relative roles of intraspecific competition and plant–soil feedback
The success of invasive alien and common native species may be explained by the same underlying mechanisms. Differences in intraspecific competition as well as differences in plant–soil feedback have been put forward as potential determinants of plant success. We teased apart the relative roles of competition and plant–soil feedback in a greenhouse experiment with 30 common and rare alien and native species from nine plant families. We tested whether plant biomass decreased less for common than rare species, regardless of origin, when grown at higher relative frequencies (1, 3 or 6 out of 9 plants per pot) in a community and in soil previously conditioned by the same species at different frequencies (0, 1, 3 or 6 out of 9 plants per pot) in an orthogonal design for these two factors. Plant survival decreased slightly, but non-significantly, for all species when grown in soil previously occupied by conspecifics. Among surviving plants, we found a decrease in biomass with increasing intraspecific competition across all species (regardless of origin or commonness), and alien species were more negatively affected by previous high plant frequency than native species, but only marginally significantly so. Our findings suggest that, while intraspecific competition limits individual biomass in a density-dependent manner, these effects do not depend on species origin or commonness. Notably, alien species but not natives showed a decrease in performance when grown in soil pre-conditioned with a higher frequency of conspecifics. In conclusion, soil-borne pathogen accumulation might be weak in its effects on plant performance compared to intraspecific competition, with neither being clearly linked to species commonness.
Data from: Biotic resistance to an alien amphibian: larval competition between Japanese frogs and invasive cane toads
Understanding negative effects of native species on introduced taxa may suggest novel ways to control the invasive species by enhancing such effects. Previous studies have reported that the larvae of invasive cane toads (Rhinella marina) are suppressed by competition with the larvae of native anurans in Australia, but not in North America. We conducted laboratory trials to measure the effect of exposure to the larvae of Japanese frogs (Microhyla ornata, Fejervarya sakishimensis, Rhacophorus owstoni) on rates of survival, growth and development of cane toad tadpoles in Ishigaki Island, in southern Japan. Survival rates were not affected by native species, but competition with Dicroglossids and Rhacophorids (but not Microhylids) strongly reduced rates of growth and development in the tadpoles of cane toads. Dicroglossid tadpoles also reduced the body condition to toad tadpoles in addition to effects on SVL and mass. Encouraging populations of native frogs in toad-invaded areas of Japan thus may help to reduce the numbers of invasive cane toads.
FIGURE 2. Biflustra perambulata n in Biflustra perambulata n. sp. (Cheilostomata: Bryozoa), a new alien species from Cochin Harbour, Kerala, India
FIGURE 2. Biflustra perambulata n. sp., showing the white and foliaceous nature of the colony.
FIGURE 2 in Recent discoveries of alien Watersipora (Bryozoa) in Western Europe, with redescriptions of species
FIGURE 2. Measurements used for Watersipora morphometric analysis (see text).
Supplementary material 1 from: Probert AF, Vimercati G, Kumschick S, Volery L, Bacher S (2023) Clarification and guidance on the use of the Socio-Economic Impact Classification for Alien Taxa (SEICAT) framework. NeoBiota 89: 45-70. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.89.109911
SEICAT assessment supplementary material
Supplementary material 1 from: Galasso G, Domina G, Adorni M, Angiolini C, Baccheschi L, Bacchetta G, Barone G, Bartolucci F, Calvia G, Costantini S, Cuena-Lombraña A, De Fine G, Del Guacchio E, Di Gristina E, Fanfarillo E, Fiaschi T, Fois M, Laface VLA, Lallai A, Lonati M, Lupoletti J, Manti LM, Mascia F, Mei G, Nota G, Olivieri N, Passalacqua NG, Pica A, Pinzani L, Pirani S, Podda L, Prosser F, Ravetto Enri S, Ruggero A, Sarigu M, Stinca A, Lastrucci L (2023) Notulae to the Italian alien vascular flora: 16. Italian Botanist 16: 73-87. https://doi.org/10.3897/italianbotanist.16.115302
Categories concerning the occurrence status of taxa
Supplementary material 2 from: Mayer K, Heger T, Kühn I, Nehring S, Gaertner M (2023) Germany's first Action plan on the pathways of invasive alien species to prevent their unintentional introduction and spread. NeoBiota 89: 209-227. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.89.106323
List of some countries or regions that have already implemented action plans or similar documents
Supplementary material 1 from: Mayer K, Heger T, Kühn I, Nehring S, Gaertner M (2023) Germany's first Action plan on the pathways of invasive alien species to prevent their unintentional introduction and spread. NeoBiota 89: 209-227. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.89.106323
19 sectors identified and assigned to the 14 prioritised pathways
Supplementary material 4 from: Demetriou J, Georgiadis C, Martinou AF, Roy HE, Wetterer JK, Borowiec L, Economo EP, Triantis KA, Salata S (2023) Running rampant: the alien ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) of Cyprus. NeoBiota 88: 17-73. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.88.106750
Description of Solenopsis CYP139 and morphometric data for future comparisons
Supplementary material 1 from: Demetriou J, Georgiadis C, Martinou AF, Roy HE, Wetterer JK, Borowiec L, Economo EP, Triantis KA, Salata S (2023) Running rampant: the alien ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) of Cyprus. NeoBiota 88: 17-73. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.88.106750
Georeferenced records of alien ant species in Cyprus
Supplementary material 2 from: Demetriou J, Georgiadis C, Martinou AF, Roy HE, Wetterer JK, Borowiec L, Economo EP, Triantis KA, Salata S (2023) Running rampant: the alien ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) of Cyprus. NeoBiota 88: 17-73. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.88.106750
Alien ant species in protected NATURA 2000 and RAMSAR areas
Supplementary material 1 from: Bhatta S, Shrestha BB, Pyšek P (2023) Invasive alien plants in South Asia: Impacts and management. NeoBiota 88: 135-167. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.88.104118
372 papers were used for the analysis
Supplementary material 1 from: Těšitelová T, Knotková K, Knotek A, Cempírková H, Těšitel J (2024) Root hemiparasites suppress invasive alien clonal plants: evidence from a cultivation experiment. NeoBiota 90: 97-121. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.90.113069
Supplementary information
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